Group Presentation- Chapter 5[1][1]

8/7/2019 Group Presentation- Chapter 5[1][1]

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Intercultural DevelopmentIntercultural DevelopmentConsidering the Growth of Self and OthersConsidering the Growth of Self and Others

Chapter 5Chapter 5


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Developing Models of Ethnic andDeveloping Models of Ethnic and

Racial IdentityRacial Identity

Ethnic IdentityEthnic Identity refers to the process of defining forrefers to the process of defining for

oneself the personal significance and social meaningoneself the personal significance and social meaningof belonging to a particular ethnic group.of belonging to a particular ethnic group.Grant & LandonGrant & Landon--BillingsBillings

Racial IdentityRacial Identity is used interchangeably with theis used interchangeably with the

concept of ethnic identity.concept of ethnic identity.


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Developmental Models andDevelopmental Models and

their Stagestheir StagesA fiveA five--stage model describing the process of racialstage model describing the process of racial

consciousness has been made to identity a personsconsciousness has been made to identity a personsview on society. Through this process, it showsview on society. Through this process, it showshow well a person can adapt to different groups,how well a person can adapt to different groups,

races, and ethnicities. The five stages of thisraces, and ethnicities. The five stages of thisprocess are:process are:

PrePre--EncounterEncounter EncounterEncounter ImmersionImmersion EmersionEmersion ImmersionImmersion InternalizationInternalization


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Stage 1Stage 1 PrePre--EncounterEncounter In this stage a person exhibits selfIn this stage a person exhibits self

hatred, and often believes the negativehatred, and often believes the negativestereotypes that are portrayed bystereotypes that are portrayed by

society. These negative stereotypessociety. These negative stereotypesoften become a part of a persons ethnicoften become a part of a persons ethnicidentity.identity. An example would be a student who believesAn example would be a student who believes

they are a failure in school, and then theythey are a failure in school, and then they

ultimately fail. Identifying yourself asultimately fail. Identifying yourself assomething youre not often takes over andsomething youre not often takes over andbecomes a selfbecomes a self--fulfilling prophecy.fulfilling prophecy.


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Stage 2Stage 2 -- EncounterEncounter

At this stage, individuals have confrontedAt this stage, individuals have confrontedothers on issues regarding negativeothers on issues regarding negativestereotypes that have become a part of theirstereotypes that have become a part of their

ethnic identity. This is a reevaluation of theirethnic identity. This is a reevaluation of theirprepre--encounter identity. People begin askingencounter identity. People begin askingthemselves,themselves, Why do I think this way aboutWhy do I think this way aboutmyself and my people?myself and my people?


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Stage 3Stage 3 ImmersionImmersion--EmersionEmersion During this inDuring this in--between stage, people begin tobetween stage, people begin to

rid themselves of their ethnic selfrid themselves of their ethnic self--hatred andhatred and

rediscover their traditional culture. Thisrediscover their traditional culture. Thisresults in a whole new ethnic identity.results in a whole new ethnic identity.

Wearing traditional clothing, learning to makeWearing traditional clothing, learning to maketraditional food, and adapting to their culture aretraditional food, and adapting to their culture are

all examples of a persons behavioral changesall examples of a persons behavioral changesduring this stage.during this stage.


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Stage 4Stage 4 -- ImmersionImmersion

This stage is represented by a completeThis stage is represented by a completeimmersion in a persons ethnic culture. Thisimmersion in a persons ethnic culture. Thisoften changes a persons perspective onoften changes a persons perspective on

certain events. People will now begin seeingcertain events. People will now begin seeingthe importance of their peoples contributionthe importance of their peoples contributionto society.to society.

During this stage, people begin to feelDuring this stage, people begin to feelaccepted by their own culture as well as otheraccepted by their own culture as well as othercultures.cultures.


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Stage 5Stage 5 -- InternalizationInternalization At the final stage, a person has finally comeAt the final stage, a person has finally come

to terms with living within the culture of theto terms with living within the culture of the

United States. Yet, they maintain aUnited States. Yet, they maintain arelationship with their own ethnic culture.relationship with their own ethnic culture.During this time, a person is fully accepting toDuring this time, a person is fully accepting tobicultural and multicultural ways of living.bicultural and multicultural ways of living.


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Developing Intercultural SensitivityDeveloping Intercultural Sensitivity

Many times people dont understand how they developMany times people dont understand how they developintercultural competence. People are often unaware of theirintercultural competence. People are often unaware of theiractions and, commonly dont see their behavior as a problem.actions and, commonly dont see their behavior as a problem.

TheThe Developmental Model of Intercultural SensitivityDevelopmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)(DMIS)was created to provide an understanding of the dynamics thatwas created to provide an understanding of the dynamics thatoccur when dealing with social identity. This tool is not onlyoccur when dealing with social identity. This tool is not onlybeneficial for students but, teachers will also achieve a greaterbeneficial for students but, teachers will also achieve a greaterunderstanding of crossunderstanding of cross--culture sensitivity during this process.culture sensitivity during this process.

The Ethnocentric Stages of the DMIS include:The Ethnocentric Stages of the DMIS include:

1. Denial1. Denial

2. Defense2. Defense3. Minimization3. Minimization


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First Stage: DenialFirst Stage: Denial

Denial is the inability to see culturalDenial is the inability to see culturaldifferences. During this stage, an individualdifferences. During this stage, an individualdemonstrates isolation amongst groups. Theydemonstrates isolation amongst groups. They

often separate themselves while in theseoften separate themselves while in thesegroups and, have an ignorant attitudegroups and, have an ignorant attitudetowards others.towards others.


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Stage 2: DefenseStage 2: Defense

During this stage, individuals have recognitionDuring this stage, individuals have recognitionof cultural differences. Yet, they still haveof cultural differences. Yet, they still havenegative perspectives of those whose culturenegative perspectives of those whose culture

is different from their own.is different from their own. Three areas of defense are typically found:Three areas of defense are typically found:

denigration, superiority, and reversal.denigration, superiority, and reversal.DenigrationDenigration refers to discrimination againstrefers to discrimination against

another person.another person. SuperioritySuperiority is the point whereis the point whereone looks down on another person. And,one looks down on another person. And,reversalreversal is evaluating ones own culture yet,is evaluating ones own culture yet,identifying with a new one.identifying with a new one.


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Stage 3Stage 3 -- MinimizationMinimization This is the last and final stage of theThis is the last and final stage of the

ethnocentric process. During this stage,ethnocentric process. During this stage,people recognize and accept superficialpeople recognize and accept superficialcultural differences. Individuals now believecultural differences. Individuals now believethat all human beings are equal.that all human beings are equal.

Most teachers are at this stage and, haveMost teachers are at this stage and, have

transcended the issue of defense.transcended the issue of defense.


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Ethnorelative Stages of DMISEthnorelative Stages of DMIS

The Ethnorelative stages ofDMISThe Ethnorelative stages ofDMISinclude:include:

1.1. AcceptanceAcceptance

2.2. AdaptationAdaptation

3.3. IntegrationIntegration

During these stages, individuals haveDuring these stages, individuals havethoroughly accepted the values and ideasthoroughly accepted the values and ideasfrom other cultures. They now realize that wefrom other cultures. They now realize that weare all equal and live in a diverse society.are all equal and live in a diverse society.


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Stage 1: AcceptanceStage 1: Acceptance

During this stage, people have fully acceptedDuring this stage, people have fully acceptedcultural differences for the first time. Theycultural differences for the first time. Theynow understand and have respect for othersnow understand and have respect for others

and their culture.and their culture.


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Stage 2Stage 2 -- AdaptationAdaptation

At this point, individuals now understand theAt this point, individuals now understand theconcept of different cultures. Culture is seemconcept of different cultures. Culture is seemmore flexibly and, individuals are moremore flexibly and, individuals are more

competent in their behavior.competent in their behavior. There are two kinds of adaptation:There are two kinds of adaptation:

1. Behavioral1. Behavioral

2. Cultural2. Cultural


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Stage 3Stage 3 -- IntegrationIntegration

This is the last and final stage of theThis is the last and final stage of theDMIS process. During this stage, anDMIS process. During this stage, anindividual communicates or interactsindividual communicates or interactswith one of more culturally diversewith one of more culturally diversegroups. If a person reaches this stage,groups. If a person reaches this stage,they are able to keep a self identity thatthey are able to keep a self identity that

is marginal.is marginal.


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Understanding PrejudiceUnderstanding Prejudice

Prejudice implies that there is a lack ofPrejudice implies that there is a lack ofthought and care when makingthought and care when makingjudgmentsjudgments

Speaking of stereotyping andSpeaking of stereotyping andcategorizing leads up to issues ofcategorizing leads up to issues ofprejudiceprejudice

Individuals tend to gather with othersIndividuals tend to gather with otherswho give acceptancewho give acceptance


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Prejudice ContPrejudice Cont

One consequence is that those groupsOne consequence is that those groupsof people think that their actions areof people think that their actions aregood and normalgood and normal

Just as in ethnocentrism prejudiceJust as in ethnocentrism prejudicerefers to the judgments people makerefers to the judgments people makebased on their own standardsbased on their own standards

They make remarks that are discriminatoryThey make remarks that are discriminatoryand involve rejectionand involve rejection


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How children learnHow children learn

PrejudicePrejudice

It is in the early childhood andIt is in the early childhood andelementary school years that childrenselementary school years that childrensattitudes towards members of othersattitudes towards members of othersare formed and crystallized. Therefore,are formed and crystallized. Therefore,a critical role of schooling should be toa critical role of schooling should be toprovide positive experiences that causeprovide positive experiences that cause

children to rethink their beliefs aboutchildren to rethink their beliefs aboutgroup differences.group differences.


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Strategies for PrejudiceStrategies for Prejudice

ReductionReduction

1.1. Improving social contact andImproving social contact andintergroup relationsintergroup relations

2.2. Increasing Cognitive SophisticationIncreasing Cognitive Sophistication3.3. Improving SelfImproving Self--Confidence and SelfConfidence and Self--

AcceptanceAcceptance

4.4. Increasing Empathy for andIncreasing Empathy for andUnderstanding ofOthersUnderstanding ofOthers


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The End

Documents

Group Presentation- Chapter 5[1][1]