GROUP II METALSDr. Althea R. Arenajo

CALCIUMBoth plants and animals contain calcium in

some combined form In animals it is the primary element in

bonesReduction in the amount of ionized

calcium n the blood causes a hypocalcemic tetany characterized by an increase irritability of all types of nerves and muscles

CALCIUMSerum calcium in excess has the opposite

effect and from the pharmacological point of view may be considered as sedative

Calcium has a cardiac action similar to digitales The cardiac effects of calcium are related

to the delicate balance between calcium and potassium ion

CALCIUMEither one in excess when in excess causing

cessation of the heartExcess potassium causes a diastolic arrest,

whereas excess calcium causes systolic arrest

Oral administration of calcium salts durimg calcium therapy is not necessarily contraindicated because it is difficult to achieve a significant rise in blood calciun by this route

CALCIUMIt is necessary to observe great care if

large doses of vit D or parathyroid extract are being administered simultaneously

Calcium decreases the permeability of the capillaries and thereby prevents edemas

Cacium has a role in blood clotting however, calcium deficiency is the cause of prolonged clotting

CALCIUMNutritional deficiency of calcium lead to

faulty growthThe need for calcium therapy in this

condition may result from insufficient intake, insufficient Vit D

Vit D is essential for the maximum absorption of dietary calcium

Insufficient calcium in the diet together with too little calcium in the skeleton

CALCIUM results in rickets in children and

osteomalacia in adultsNew use of calcium salts is in the control

or relief of various allergic manifestations – eczema, pruritis, and urticaria

Some of the insoluble calcium salts are used as gastric anatacids and do not cause systemic alkalosis

CALCIUM Official calcium compounds:1. Calcium Carbonate The most distributed calcium salts Used as antacid but is not well absorbed, patients

treated with CaCO3 show alkalosis and hypercalemia2. Precipitated chalk (Creta Preparata, drop Chalk) Is a native form of calcium carbonate that has been

freed from most of its impurities

CALCIUM3. Calcium Chloride USPThe chloride part decreases the alkali reserve

of the bodyOften administered to produce an acid urine or

a definite acidosis4. Calcium Gluconate USPIt is a source of calcium ion both for oral,

intravenus and intramuscular useIt is much superior to calcium chloride, it has a

better taste and less irritating

CALCIUM4. Calcium Hydroxide (Slaked Lime)Internally, used as antacidThe sol’n is added to babies formula to prevent curding of milk in the presence of acid gastric contentsThis promotes the digestibility of milk5. Calcium Lactate NF Used orally and parenterally for the action of calcium ions

CALCIUM6. Calcium Oxide ( Lime, Quicklime)It is not used internally, but in making

various insecticides and a constituent of many fertilizers

7. Sulfurated Lime (Vlemincx’s Sol’n, Vlem-Dome) Useful as scabicide, acne and many other skin diseases

CALCIUM8. Dibasic Calcium PhosphateContains a ratio of 1:1 calcium to phosphorus, used for oral consumption as

electrolyte replenisherThis salt supply both calcium and

phosphorus, valuable for bone growth in children, pregnant women and lactating mothers

It is supplied with or without Vit D

CALCIUM9. Tribasic Calcium Phosphate(Precipitated

Calcium Phosphate) Use: gastric antacid Dose: 1 Gm10. Calcium Phosphate (Plaster of Paris,

Exsiccated Calcium Sulfate, Dried calcium Sulfate)

Used: for preparing bandages that will set up into a rigid form when wet with tepid water and wound onto a limb

CALCIUM10. Bleaching Powder (Chlorinated Lime,

Chloride of Lime) CaOCl . H2OIs a white or grayish – white, granular

powder, having a distict odor of chlorineIt is partially soluble in water and alcohol,

not deliquescentUsed for disinfecting and as bleaching

agents

CALCIUM10. Calcium Bromide NF It is a white granular salt, bitter taste, and very deliquescentIt is used as same purpose as any other

bromideHas sedative action of bromide ion, by

virtue of its being central depressant It has a synergistic action with calcium

bromide since both are nerve sedative

BERYLLIUMObtained from the mineral beryl , the chief

ore where it got its name Also contain a little chromium silicate, thus

also called as emeraldIt is a hard, white, ductile and malleable

mineralPharma Action of Berullium ion:There is a nutritional disturbances with

loss of nitrogen, sulfur an dphosphorus

BERYLLIUMIntravenously, it is toxic disturbing the

respiration, circulation & tempiseraturePoisoning results from cuts obtained by

glass of broken fluorescent light tubesThe metal is now regarded as one of the

most toxic in common useIt is never employed in medicineIt is used to make wire for pianos, musical

instruments, artificial precious stones and scientific instruments

MAGNESIUMThe salt was obtained by evaporating the

water of a mineral spring at Epsom, tus the name Epsom Salt

Closely related to calcium and occurs widely and abundantly distributed

Mg is present in chlorophyll, Mg salts is associated with Ca compds in plants

Mg3 (PO4)2 occurs in bones and is one of the organic physiological constituent of urine

MAGNESIUMMagnalium is an alloy composed of

aluminumIt is used in photographyFlash-light is mixture of powdered Mg and

KClO3 or BaO2 This is also used in pyrotechniques, tracer

bullets, fire bombs, night flaresThe metal is soluble in acids with the

evolution of H and formation of salts

MAGNESIUMPharma Action of Mg ion:Mg ion is vital to life in the human bodyIt is present to about 20 g in the body with

bones contg 11.0 g, muscle 6.0 g, and the remaining widely dustributed in tissues and fluids

A daily intake of 7 to 10 mg /kg is sufficient to maintain Mg balance

The daily requirement is closer to 5mg/kg

MAGNESIUMIt is obtained mainly from keafy green

vegetables, milk and meatIts most impt function is activator of many

enzyme systems such as splitters of peptides and phosphate cmpdsIt is a powerful anaesthetic IM and IVThe depressant action is on the cellular

portion of the neuron and the neuromuscular junction

MAGNESIUMAn excess of Mg decreases the amount of

tranmitter subs, acetylcholine, liberate at the end plate

It is used as central nervous system depressants in obstetrics, convulsant states, and symptoms of tetanus

Its absorption in the GIT is retarded by alkaline and increased by acid media

Most absorption is in the acid media of duodenum

MAGNSIUMIt is used as saline laxative It is also used internally for its anti

inflammatory action when applied as a hypertonic sol’n (sitz bath)

Magnesium Compounds: 1. Magnesium Carbonate Used as antacid, it is contraindicated only when the stomach must not be burdened with CO2

MAGNESIUMIt acts as a laxative in the alimentary tract

since it is converted into soluble magnesium carbonate

The soluble salts also acts as saline cathartics and acts by the absorption of water

Alkaline preps are used as clarifying or filtering agent (Tolu Balsam Syrup, Aromatic Eriodictyon Syrup)

MAGNESIUMIt is also used as abrasive in some tooth

powders, as a cosmetic and ingredient in some silver polishes

2. Magnesium Hydroxide NF (Milk of Magnesia, Magnesia Magma)

It is an efficient anatacid and the MgCl formed in the stomach exerts a ‘salt action’ in the intestinal tract causing mild laxative action

MAGNESIUMA blue - colored glass bottle enhances the

white character and is usually used to dispense milk of magnesia

It should be stored at temperature not exceeding 350 C and should not be permitted to freeze

3. Magnesiun Oxide It is of two types: light and heavy The label should indicate whether it is light or heavy

MAGNESIUMLight MgO is finely ground and mix with

MgCl and set to hard, strong and durable cement. Known as magnesia cement, oxychloride cement, Sorel’s cement and zylolith

Heavy MgO obtained by heating to white heat MgCO3

Aromatic Cascara Sagrada Fluidextract USP – is allowed to react for 48 hours with the bitter principle of cascara bark

MAGNESIUMDose: antacid = 250 mg 4X day; laxative = 4 gUniversal Antidote: mixture of tannic acid, and

charcoal4. Magnesium Sulfate (Epsom Salts) Uses: saline cathartic; as antidote for barium,

barbiturate, and other types of poisoningIntravenous and intramuscular injection is

used mostly as depressant