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Group - I (Mains) –Test 2 (English - Explanation)
3 Marks
1. Linguistic Reorganisation of States:
a) The reorganization of the states on the basis of language, a major
aspect of national consolidation and integration, came to the fore
almost immediatelyafter independence.
b) In 1917, the Congress Party had committed itself to the creation of
linguistic provinces in a Free India.
c) After Congress’s Nagpur Session in 1920, the principle was extended
and formalized with the creation of provincial Congress Committee by
linguistic zones.
d) The linguistic reorganization of the Congress was encouraged and
supported by Mahatma Gandhi.
First Linguistic Province commission (LPC):
a) After the bitter partition on the basis of religion the then PM Nehru
was apprehensive of dividing country further on the basis of language,
but there was a high demand for it especially from regional congress
communities.
b) Hence, Constituent Assembly in 1948 appointed Linguistic Provinces
Commission, headed by Justice SK Dhar, to enquire into desirability
of linguistic provinces.
c) TheDhar Commission advised against this at that time reason being it
might threaten national unity and also be administratively
inconvenient.
d) Linguistic Province commission (LPC) headed by Dhar supported
reorganization on the basis of administrative convenience rather than
on Linguistic basis.
JVP Committee:
a) To appease the vocal votaries of linguistic states, the Congress
appointed a committee (JVP)in December 1948 consisting
of Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel and PattabhiSitaramayya,
president of the Congress,to examine thequestion afresh.
b) This committee advised against the creation of linguistic states for the
time being, emphasizing on unity, national security and economic
development as the needs of the hour.
c) The Congress leadership would not oppose any popular demand. In
the JVP report, as well as afterwards, the Congress leadership laid
down that where the demand for a linguistic state was insistent and
overwhelming and where other language groups involved were
agreeable to it, a new state could be created.
d) The JVP report was followed by popular movements for states’
reorganization all over the country, which persisted with varying
degrees of intensity till 1960. The demand for a separate Andhra state
for the Telugu people was an example. The demand had been popular
for nearly half a century and had the support of all political parties.
Formation of 1st linguistic State:
a) After Independence, speakers of Telugu asked the congress to
implement its old resolution in favour of linguistic states.
b) The method they used to advance their causes were petitions,
representations, street marches, parts.
c) A popular freedom fighter, PottiSriramulu undertook a fast unto death
over the demand for a separate Andhra and expired after fifty-eight
days.
d) After his death people were agitated and it was followed by rioting,
demonstrations, hartals and violence all over Andhra.
e) The Vishal-andhra movement turned violent.
f) Finally, Nehru announced the formation of a separate state in
1952 State of Andhra Pradesh came into being
States Reorganization Commission 1953:
a) The formation of Andhra Pradesh spurred the struggle for making of
other states on linguistic lines in other parts of the country.
b) Hence Nehru appointed states Reorganisation Commission with
Justice Fazl Ali, KM Panikkar & H Kunzru as members, to examine
the entire question of the reorganization of the states of the Union.
They recommended -1.The three-tier (Part-A/B/C) state system
should be abolished2.The institution of Rajapramukh and special
agreement with former princely states should be abolished3.The
general control vested in Government of India by Article 371 should
be abolished4.Only the following 3 states should be the Union
Territories: Andaman & Nicobar, Delhi and Manipur. The other Part-
C/D territories should be merged with the adjoining states.
States Reorganization Act 1956:
a) The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 was a major reform of the
boundaries of India’s states and territories, organizing them along
linguistic lines.
b) The States Reorganisation Act was passed by parliament in November
1956. It provided for fourteen states and six centrally administered
territories.
c) The states Reorganisation act was enacted on 31 august 1956 before
it came into effect on 1 November 1956.
d) The Act came into effect at the same time as the Constitution (Seventh
Amendment) Act, 1956 which (among other things) restructured the
constitutional framework for India’s existing states and the
requirements to pass the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 under the
provisions of Part I of the Constitution of India, Articles 3 & 4.
e) The Telangana area of Hyderabad state was transferred to Andhra;
Kerala was created by merging the Malabar district of the old Madras
Presidency with Travancore-Cochin. Certain Kannada-speaking areas
of the states of Bombay, Madras, Hyderabad and Coorg were added to
the My sore state. Bombay state was enlarged by merging the states of
Kutch and Saurashtra and the Marathi-speaking areas of Hyderabad
with it.
f) Finally, the following list of 14states and 6 union territoriesof India as
reorganized on1 November 1956.
2. Contribution of B.R.Ambedkar in social reform movement: a) The Caste system build on the edifice of the Varnasharam has
been responsible for the practice of discrimination in the Hindu
society for centuries now.
b) The challenge to repudiatethese practices was there for the leaders of
the Social reforms during those times.
c) BR.Ambedkar was one of the few leaders" of that generation who took
the challenge head on.
d) The educational qualification and understanding of the human rights
made him adept to work on it.
e) BR Ambedkar chose the legislative rights and state driven policies
coupled by theeducation of the children and empowerment of women
of Dalits.
f) The All Indian Depressed Classes Association and the All India
Depressed Classes Federationin 1930 was a move by the repressed
classes to set up institutions in order to fight for theirupliftment.
g) These institutions we led and mentored by BR. Ambedkar who was
the most vocal spokesman of the suffering and disabilities of the
untouchables
h) The Mahad Satyagraha was led by BR Ambedkar in 1927.
i) It was meant to empower theuntouchables so that they could draw
the water for daily use from a public tank in MahadintheKolba district
of Maharashtra.
j) BR Ambedkar set up the BahishkritHitakarni Sabha in order to bring
about a sense of socialand political awareness among the
untouchables.
k) The foundational principles of themovement were to Educate, Agitate
and Organise.
l) The Kalaram temple entry movement was an important step in the
fight by the Dalits forrights.
m) BR Ambedkar led a protest to secure the right to entry for the Dalits
in the temple in the year 1930.
n) BR Ambedkar played by defining role in getting women to be free
from the age olddiscrimination prescribed by the dharmashastra by
the crafting and passing of the Hindu Code Bill
o) The Annihilation of Caste written by BR Ambedkar is a masterpiece
which imparts courage and direction to social Movements even today
p) The role of Ambedkar in fighting for the Dalits was driven by his own
life experiences.
3. Examine Islamic reforms movements: a) Wahabi movement
b) Faraizi movement
c) Deoband Movement
d) Titu mir movement
e) Ahmadiya movement
f) Aligarh movement
4. Different types of Land Revenue policies
a) Zamindari system
b) Mahalwari system
c) Ryotwari system
5. Detailed Account on Classical Dance forms of India.
a) Bharatanatyam
b) Kathakali
c) Kathak
d) Odissi
e) Manipuri
f) Sattriya
g) Mohiniyattam
6. Impact of Globalization on Indian Society
a) Fertility control
b) Better job prospects for both Husband and Wife
c) Higher life style
d) Small Family Norms
e) Nuclear Family
f) Increased Old age Homes
g) No proper parental care to children
h) Increased creche and Baby Homes
i) New concepts such as Love marriage and Love cum arranged marriage
j) Emergence of Living together
k) Lack of social cohesiveness
l) Reducing the intensity of caste issues comparing rural areas
m) Fusion of sub-castes and castes
n) Increased divorce for petty issues
o) Egalitarian family replacing husband dominated family
p) Higher chances to women outside of the four walls
q) Increased get together or outing
r) Active participation of social media by family members
s) Change of food and dressing from traditional patterns
t) Better education and health benefits for family members
u) Increased slum areas which affects family system
7. Impact of Urbanization on Indian Family System
Positives
a) Great number of jobs
b) More choice to consumers
c) Technology transfer
d) Investment and foreign exchange
e) Change of life style - Urban life
f) Migration
Negatives
a) Insensitivity to traditions
b) Loss of values towards marriage, family, nuclear family
c) Increased old age homes
d) Child labor
e) Commodification of women
f) Protein food inflation
g) Change of food, dressing pattern
h) Domestic industry
i) Informal and casual labor
j) MNC dominations in Agri sector
8. Poverty in Minority Communities
a) Colonial exploitation
b) Absence of population control
c) Lack of women empowerment
d) Attack on Minorities - Lynching
e) More adherence to religious norms than scientific methods
f) High illiteracy
g) Police cases and Trials
h) Poor self-employment
i) Lack of entrepreneurship
j) Conservative society - Prejudice and discrimination
k) Government apathy
l) Absence of minority specific policies and programs
m) Political reasons – Migration, War
n) Majoritarian and authoritarian attitude in the society
o) Poor representation in the Public employment – findings of the Sachar
committee report
p) Poor land holding capacity – rented homes also
q) Poor admin – corruption
r) Lack of vocational education
s) Lack of skill development
9. Different types of Terrorism
a) Religious Terrorism
b) Ideology based terrorism
c) Ethnic terrorism
d) Narco terrorism
e) Criminal Terrorism
f) Cross border terrorism by non-state actors
Examples
a) Militant Terrorism in Kashmir
b) Khalistan oriented terrorism in Punjab
c) Naxalism or Maoism in Red Corridor
d) North East insurgency
10. Challenges to Religious Minorites in India
a) Prejudice and discrimination
b) Lack of employment and education
c) Attack on Minorities – lynching
d) Police cases and Trials, prisons
e) Maintain their distinct culture
f) Communal tensions and riots
g) Lack of representation in Civil service and Police services, Armed
Services
h) In Urbans – Lack of rented homes
i) Uniform Civil Code - recent one triple talaq bill
j) Separate Tendency
k) Use of minority languages in official languages
l) Poor Human Development
m) Poor Sex ratio,
n) Poor land holding capacity at rural
o) Complaints of conversion
11. Anti-Poverty Programs
Conceptually
a) Land reforms
b) Food security
c) Skill development on women
d) Modernization of agriculture
e) Infrastructural development –Roads, industries, schools, colleges,
PDS, Government offices, Hospitals
f) Economical aspect – access to markets, remunerative prices for agri,
g) Good governance – solutions caste problems
h) Better implementation of 73rd Amendment Act
Schemes
a) Rurban mission
b) NREGA
c) Food Security Act
d) NSAP
e) Atal pension yojana
f) PM GarmmenAwas Yojana
g) Aajeevika
h) Deendayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kausalya yojana
i) Swachh bharat
j) Antyodaya Anna yojana
k) Right to Education
l) PM janaarogya yojana
m) Gram swaraj abhiyan
n) Kudimaramathu scheme
o) THAI scheme - Tamil Nadu Village Habitations Improvement (THAI)
Scheme
p) Clean village campaign
q) CM’s Solar powered Greenhouse scheme
r) MLACDS
s) Amma Schemes – scooter, canteen, drinking water, health checkup
schemes, Mid-day meal scheme, Cm Girl child protection schemes,
Marriage assistance schemes
t) Samathuvapuram
u) Uzahvarsandhai
v) NABARD road schemes
12. Human Rights Violations
a) Terrorism
b) Rape
c) Honor killing
d) Narcotics
e) Communal Violence
f) Tribal rights
g) Forced prostitution
h) Huma trafficking
i) Minority rights
j) Child sexual abuse and labor
k) Organ trade issues
l) Manual Scavenging
m) Temple entry rights
n) Triple talaq
o) Lynching
p) Bonded and contractual labor
q) Encounters – lock up death
r) AFSPA Act – Armed forces atrocities
s) Transgender rights issues
t) Under trail cases
u) Wrongful convictions
v) Press freedom
w) Unsafe living conditions
x) Attack on cultural monuments
13. Naxalism
Impact
a) Threats to unity, Secularism, Development
b) Threat to the Super Power status in the Global
c) Threats to the Democracy and Unity in Diversity
d) Attack on security and tribal people
e) Impact on economic growth and infrastructure
f) Tendency on separatism
g) Obstacles for development projects
h) No prospects for human development
i) No optimum utilization of natural resources
j) Deforestation and species loss
k) Illegal trade in arms and narcotics
14. Regionalism
a) Regionalism is a political ideology that focuses on the national or
normative interests of a particular region, group of regions or other
subnational entity.
b) These may be delineated by political divisions, administrative
divisions, cultural boundaries, linguistic regions, and religious
geography, among others.
c) Initially Language – 1956 Reorganization
d) Tribal – 2000
e) Natural protection – 2000
f) Development basis – 2014
g) Ethnicity in North East
h) Population aspect – Uttar Pradesh
Examples
a) Gorkha land in West Bengal
b) Vidarbha in Maharashtra
c) Bodoland in Assam
Causes
a) Sons of soil theory and regional politics
b) Development of own region
c) Pride of language and ethnicity and race
d) Traditions and rituals – Shivaji, Rajputs, sikhs
e) Migration from other regions
f) Neglect of central and other neighboring states
g) Poor developmental spending by states
h) Natural disasters- Geographical location
i) Geographical reasons – natural resources
j) Historical and cultural reasons
k) Political reasons – caste and communal
l) Misrepresentation of Historical reasons
m) Psychological factors – Jallikattu and NEET
n) Economic factors – unemployment
o) Poor infrastructure, Education, health, industry,
p) Poor administration by state governments
q) Improper urbanization and Planning
15. Slums
A Slum, for the purpose of Census, has been defined as residential areas
where dwellings are unfit for human habitation by reasons of
dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangements and design of such
buildings, narrowness or faulty arrangement of street, lack of ventilation,
light, or sanitation facilities or any combination of these factors which
are detrimental to the safety and health.
Towns Reporting Slums India : Census 2011
a) Out of 4,041 Statutory Towns in Census 2011 Slums reported from
2,543 Towns (63%)
b) Total Slum Enumeration Blocks (SEBs) in Census 2011 is about 1.08
lakh in the country
c) Largest number of Slum EBs reported from Maharashtra (21,359)
Causes
a) Huge population Growth
b) Rural–urban migration
c) Severe poverty
d) Severe Unemployment
e) Poor house planning
f) Caste Issues and social exclusion
g) Poor infrastructure, social exclusion and economic stagnation
h) Presence of informal economy
i) Displacement of people due to Infrastructural Projects
j) Natural disasters
k) Lack of employment avenues in villages
l) Faulty city planning for such large human settlement
m) Lack of attention from Govt. to minimize socio-economic disparity
between urban & rural divide.
n) High birth rate among migrants
o) Lack of formal education, awareness, vocational and skill training
p) Presence of parallel economy or black economy in Urban areas
q) Lack of absorption in the urban system
r) Higher living costs and rents in urbans
s) Lack of jobs in urban areas
t) Refugees from neighbor countries
Solutions
a) Slum Clearance Board
b) Pradhan Mantri Awas yojana (Urban part)
c) RURBAN Mission
d) Better rural development schemes
e) Better urban planning & slum rehabilitation
f) Infrastructural Development in Urban Areas
g) An in-situ upgrading approach in slum areas itself
16. Urban and Rural Life
BASIS FOR
COMPARISON URBAN RURAL
Meaning A settlement where the population
is very high and has the features
of a built environment, is known
as urban.
An area located in the
outskirts, is known as
rural.
Includes Cities and towns Villages and hamlet
Life Fast and complicated Simple and relaxed
Environment Greater isolation from nature. Direct contact with
nature.
Associated with Non-agricultural work, i.e. trade,
commerce or provision of services.
Agriculture and
livestock.
Population size Densely populated Sparsely populated
Development Planned settlement exists in
urban areas, that are developed
according to the process of
urbanization and
industrialization.
Developed randomly,
based on availability of
natural vegetation and
fauna in the area.
BASIS FOR
COMPARISON URBAN RURAL
Social mobility Highly intensive Less intensive
Division of labor Always present at the time of job
allotment.
No such division.
17. 25 men with 10 boys can do in 6 days as much work as 21 men with 30
boys can do in 5 days. How many boys must help 40 men to do the same
work in 4 days?
Let 1 Man’s 1 Day’s Work = M
1 Boy’s 1 Day’s Work = B
then, 6 (25 M + 10 B) = 5 (21 M + 30 B)
150 M + 60 B = 105 M + 150 B
45 M = 90 B
M = 2 B
Let the required Number of Boys be x
then, 4 (40 M + x B) = 6 (25 M + 10 B)
Sub, M = 2B
40 (80 B + x B) = 360 B
80 + x = 90
x = 10
Number of Boys required is 10.
18. A can complete a work in 10 days, B in 12 days and C in 15 days. All of
them began the work together but A had to leave the work after 2 days of
the start and B 3 days before the completion of the work. How long did
the work last.
A, B, C Work together for 2 Days = 1 1 12
10 12 15
= 15260
= 12
Work done by C in 3 Days = 1315
= 15
So remaining work = 1 112 5
= 310
(B+C)’s 1 day Work = 1 1
12 15
= 27180
= 320
Now, 320
work is done by (B+C) in 1 Day.
310
work is done by (B+C) in 20 33 10
= 2 Days.
Total Time = 2 + 3 + 2
= 7 Days
19. Three pipes A,B,C can fill a tank in 6 hours. After working at it together
for 2 hours, C is closed and A and B can fill the remaining part in 7
hours. The Number of hours taken by C alone to fill the tank is.
Part filled by 3 Pipes in 2 Hours = 26
= 13
Part filled by (A + B) in 7 Hours = 113
= 23
(A+B)’s Hour Work = 221
C’s 1 Hour Work = 216 21
= 114
Hence C, alone can fill the tank in 14 hours.
20. The difference between compound and simple interacts on a certain sum
of money at the interest rate of 10% per annum for 1½ years is 183 Rs.
When the interest is compounded semi-annualy. Find the sum of money.
Let the sume be x
C.I. = 3
51100
x x
= 105 105 105100 100 100
x x
= 92618000
x x
= 12618000
x
S.I. = 10 3100 2
x
= 320
x
CI - S.I. = 183
1261 38000 20
x x = 183
618000
x = 183
x = 24,000
21. The population of a town is 176400. If it increases annually at 5% what
will be its population 2 years hence? What was it 2 years ago?
Population of town = 176400
Let P be the Population, P = 176400
r is the increasing rate, r = r = 5%
n is the time = n =2
A = n
rP 1100
A = 2
5176400 1100
= 105 105176400100 100
A = 194481
Total population after 2 years in 194481
176400 = n
rP 1100
176400 = 2
5P 1100
176400 = 105 105P100 100
P = 176400 100 100105 105
P = 160000
Total population before 2 years is 160000.
22. The length, Breadth and height of a hall are 25m, 15m and 5m
respectively. Find the cost of renovating its floor and four walls at the
rate of Rs.80 per m2
Here, length (l) = 25 m
Breadth (b) = 15 m
Height (h) = 5 m
Area of four walls = 2 (l + b) h
= 2 (25 + 15) 5
= 80 5
= 400 m2
Area of the floor = l b
= 25 15
= 375 m2
Total renovating area of the hall = 400 + 375
= 775m2.
Cost of renovating = 775 80
= Rs.62,000
23. Water is flowing at the rate of 15 Km/Hr through a cylindrical pipe of
diameter 14 cm into a rectangular tank which is 50m long and 44m
wide. In How many hours will the water level in the tank raise by 21 cm?
Speed of water = 15 km/Hr.
= 15000m/Hr.
Diameter of Pipe = 2r = 14 cm
r = 7100
m
Let h be the water level to be raised,
h = 21 cm
= 21100
m
The volume of water discharged = Cross section area of Pipe
Time Speed
= r2 15000 x (x is the time)
Volume = l b h
= 2150 44100
2150 44100
= 7 7π 15000100 100
x
x = 2 Hours
Hence it will take 2 hours to raise the required water level.
24. Two cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards. What is the
probability that either both are black or both are queen.
Sample space n (s) = 52 51
1 2
= 1326
Let A = event of getting both black card
B = event of getting both queen
AB = event of guting queen of black card
n(A) = 226C
= 26 25
1 2
= 6
n(AB) = 22C
= 1
P(AB) = P (A) + P (B) P (AB)
= 325 6 11326 1326 1326
= 330
1326
= 55
221
25. A husband and wife appear in an interview for 2 vacancy in the same
post. The probability of husband section is 16
and that of wife’s selection
is 15
What is the probability of
i) Both of them selected
= 1 16 5
= 130
ii) Name of them selected
= 5 46 5
= 23
iii) Anyone selected
= 51 4 1
6 5 6 5
= 5430 30
= 310