GROUP HOUSING

A third

type of domestic architecture accommodates the group rather than the unit and is

therefore public as well as private. It is familiar through the widespread

development of mass housing in the modern world, in which individuals or

families find living space either in multiple dwellings or in single units produced in

quantity. Group housing is produced by many kinds of cultures: by communal

states to equalize living standards, by tyrants to assure a docile labour force, and

by feudal or caste systems to bring together members of a class. Theapartment

house was developed independently by the imperial Romans of antiquity to suit

urban conditions and by the American Indians to suit agricultural conditions.

Group architecture may be power architecture as well, particularly when land

values are too high to permit even the wealthy to build privately, as in the 17th-

century Place des Vosges in Paris, where aristocratic mansions were designed

uniformly around a square, or in the 18th-century flats in English towns and spas.

Although most domestic architecture of the 20th century employed the style and

techniques of the past, the exceptions are more numerous and more important

for the development of architecture than ever before. This is because the

distribution of wealth and power is widespread in parts of the world where

architecture is vital and because the modern state has assumed responsibility for

much high-quality housing

Swimming pool

A swimming pool, swimming bath, wading pool, or paddling pool is a container that is filled with water to enable swimming or other leisure activities. Pools can be sunk into the ground or built above ground (as a freestanding construction or as part of a building or other larger structure), and are also a standard feature aboard oceanliners and cruise ships. In-ground pools are most commonly constructed from materials such as concrete, natural stone, metal, plastic or fiberglass, and can be of a custom size and shape or built to a standardised size, the largest of which is the Olympic-size swimming pool.

Many health clubs, fitness centers and private clubs, such as the YMCA, have pools used mostly for exercise or recreation. Many towns and cities provide public pools. Many hotels have pools available for their guests to use at their leisure. Educational facilities such as schools and universities occasionally have pools for physical education classes, recreational activities, leisure or competitive athletics such as swimming teams. Hot tubs and spas are pools filled with hot water, used for relaxation or hydrotherapy, and are common in homes, hotels, clubs and massage parlors. Special swimming pools are also

used for diving and other water sports, as well as for the training oflifeguards and astronauts.

Dimension

Length: Most pools in the world are measured in metres, but in the United States pools

are often measured in feet and yards. In the UK most pools are calibrated in metres, but

older pools measured in yards still exist. In the US, pools tend to either be 25 yards

(SCY-short course yards), 25 metres (SCM-short course metres) or 50 metres (long

course). US high schools and the NCAA conduct short course (25 yards) competition.

There are also many pools 33⅓ m long, so that 3 lengths = 100 m. This pool dimension

is commonly used to accommodate water polo.

USA Swimming (USA-S) swims in both metric and non-metric pools. However, the

international standard is metres, and world records are only recognized when swum in

50 m pools (or 25 m for short course) but 25-yard pools are very common in the US. In

general, the shorter the pool, the faster the time for the same distance, since the

swimmer gains speed from pushing off the wall after each turn at the end of the pool.

Width: Most European pools are between 10 m and 50 m wide.

Depth: The depth of a swimming pool depends on the purpose of the pool, and whether

it is open to the public or strictly for private use. If it is a private casual, relaxing pool, it

may go from 1.0 to 2.0 m (3.3 to 6.6 ft) deep. If it is a public pool designed for diving, it

may slope from 3.0 to 5.5 m (10 to 18 ft) in the deep end. A children's play pool may be

from 0.3 to 1.2 m (1 to 4 ft) deep. Most public pools have differing depths to

accommodate different swimmer requirements. In many jurisdictions, it is a requirement

to show the water depth with clearly marked depths affixed to the pool walls.

Tennis court.

Indoor tennis courts at the University of Bath, England

A tennis court is the venue where the sport of tennis is played. It is a firm rectangular surface with a low net stretched across the center. The same surface can be used to play both doubles and singles matches. A variety of surfaces can be used to create a tennis court, each with its own characteristics which affect the playing style of the game.

Dimensions.

The dimensions of a tennis court.

Tennis is played on a rectangular flat surface, usually of grass, clay or hard material. The dimensions of a tennis court are defined and regulated by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) governing body and are written down in the annual 'Rules of Tennis' document.[1]The court is 78 feet (23.77 metres) long. Its width is 27 feet (8.23 metres) for singles matches and 36 feet (10.97 metres) for doubles matches.[2] The service line is 21 feet (6.40 metres) from the net.[2] Additional clear space around the court is needed in order for players to reach overrun balls for a total of 60 feet (18 metres) wide and 120 feet (37 metres) long. A net is stretched across the full width of the court, parallel with the baselines, dividing it into two equal ends. The net is 3 feet 6 inches (1.07 metres) high at the posts, and 3 feet (0.91 metres) high in the center.[3] The net posts are 3 feet (0.91 metres) outside the doubles court on each side or, for a singles net, 3 feet (0.91 metres) outside the singles court on each side.

Surfaces[edit]See also: Tennis § Surface

Tennis is played on a variety of surfaces and each surface has its own characteristics which affect the playing style of the game. There are four main types of courts depending on the materials used for the court surface: clay courts, hard courts, grass courts and carpet courts. The International Tennis Federation (ITF) lists different surfaces and properties and classifies surfaces into one of five pace settings:[4]

Category 1 (slow) Category 2 (medium-slow) Category 3 (medium) Category 4 (medium-fast) Category 5 (fast)

Of the current Grand Slam tournaments, the US Open and Australian Open use hard courts, the French Open is played on clay, andWimbledon is played on grass and is the only Grand Slam tournament to have always been played on one surface. The Australian Open switched to hard courts in 1988 and in its early years the French championship alternated between clay and sand/rubble courts. The US Open is the only one of the four majors to have been played on three surfaces; the tournament was played on grass from its inception until 1974, on green clay until 1977, and on hard courts since the tournament moved from the West Side Tennis Club to the National Tennis Center in 1978.

ITF uses the following classification for tennis court surface types:[5]

Surface code

Type Description

A Acrylic Textured, pigmented, resin-bound coating

B Artificial clay Synthetic surface with the appearance of clay

C Artificial grass Synthetic surface with the appearance of natural grass

Surface code

Type Description

D Asphalt Bitumen-bound aggregate

E Carpet Textile or polymeric material supplied in rolls or sheets of finished product

F Clay Unbound mineral aggregate

G Concrete Cement-bound aggregate

H Grass Natural grass grown from seed

J OtherE.g. modular systems (tiles), wood, canvas

General Fire Fighting EquipmentFire fighting systems and equipment vary depending on the age, size, use and type of building construction. A building may contain some or all of the following features:

Fire extinguishers Fire hose reels Fire hydrant systems Automatic sprinkler systems

Fire Extinguishers

Fire extinguishers are provided for a 'first attack' fire fighting measure generally undertaken by the occupants of the building before the fire service arrive. It is important that occupants are familiar with which extinguisher type to use on which fire.

Most fires start as a small fire and may be extinguished if the correct type and amount of extinguishing agent is applied whilst the fire is small and controllable.

The principle fire extinguisher types currently available include:

Extinguishing Agent     Principle UseWater wood and paper fires - not electricalFoam flammable liquid fires - not electricalCarbon dioxide electrical firesDry Chemical flammable liquids and electrical firesWet chemical fat fires - not electricalSpecial Purpose various (eg metal fires)

Fire extinguisher locations must be clearly identified. Extinguishers are colour coded according to the extinguishing agent.

It is the policy of the Community Safety Department that fire extinguishers be logically grouped at exits from the building, so that occupants first go to the exit and then return to fight the fire, knowing that a safe exit lies behind them, away from the fire. In some instances this will be at odds with the prescriptive requirements of Australian Standard AS2444 Portable fire extinguishers and fire blankets - Selection and location which simply specifies a distance of travel to a fire extinguisher rather than their location in relation to escape paths. Blind compliance with the standard has the potential to place the fire between the occupant and the safe escape path.

Waste management is a set of activities that include the following

1. collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste;

2. control, monitoring and regulation of the production, collection, transport, treatment

and disposal of waste; and

3. prevention of waste production through in-process modification, reuse and recycling.

The term usually relates to all kinds of waste, whether generated during the extraction

of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products, the

consumption of final products, or other human activities,[1] including municipal (residential,

institutional, commercial), agricultural, and special (health care, household hazardous

wastes, sewage sludge).[2] Waste management is intended to reduce adverse effects of

waste on health, the environment or aesthetics.

Issues relating to waste management include:

Generation of waste

Waste minimization

Waste removal

Waste transportation

Waste treatment

Recycling  and reuse

Storage, collection, transport, and transfer

Treatment

Landfill  disposal

Environmental considerations

Financial and marketing aspects

Policy and regulation

Education and training

Planning and implementation.

Waste management practices are not uniform among countries (developed and developing

nations); regions (urban and rural area), and sectors (residential and industrial).

Most inexpensive A/C units are designed for vertical sliding windows, which creates a problem if you have horizontal sliding windows. Installing an A/C unit inside of a horizontally sliding window does not have to look bad, and it does not require any special brace

Most homes in the U.S. receive municipal water and so the first part of the system is the water main, typically located at the edge of the property. The water main provides a main valve that allows the shut off of the entire water supply for a home. It is important to know the location of this valve and how to operate it in the event of a burst pipe or other plumbing emergency that requires you to stop the flow of water. The water main typically also includes a water meter, with which the utility company can monitor your usage and bill you accordingly.

After the meter, a water line of 3/4" or larger pipe goes toward the home. The pipe is buried and in areas that have freezing temperatures, the depth to which it is buried is set by the local depth of the frost line. Supply lines to the house can be plastic, copper or galvanized iron pipe. Copper is the preferred material and also the most expensive.

Before the water supply line enters the home, or just after in colder climates, the supply will often have a back-flow preventer installed, to prevent low pressure from allowing contaminated water being drawn into the main water supply. Also at this point, the cold water supply may have a second main shut off valve. If your home has a fire sprinkler system, the water supply may bypass the water meter, may have its own supply line or it may split out before or after the back-flow device. Another device you may find here is a pressure reducer to reduce the water pressure down to safe levels, generally around 60 psi for residential systems. Plumbing fixtures can be damaged if subjected to the high pressure of unregulated water supplies. After all these devices, the water line may split off to a hose bib or your yard's irrigation system.

Once inside the home, the water line typically goes directly to the home's water heater, to ensure adequate water pressure to the hot water supply. The cold water line splits here, between the water heater and for the rest of the house. The cold water line that enters the water heater then becomes the beginning of the hot water supply system. The other line or lines that split off will go to locations throughout the house.

Cold water supply lines will often reduce to smaller sized pipes as the supply lines split off. It is best to run the larger size pipes to the area of the home where they will be used and then only switch to smaller diameters for the risers that lead to each service.

Cold water service lines will run to every toilet, sink, tub, shower and water using appliance such as a washer, dishwasher, ice maker, instant hot water or any other plumbed device. It is best practice to install local shut off valves at each of these locations to allow service and repair without having to shut off water to the entire home while work is completed.

JOGGING TRACK DESIGNS

"The Jogging track with the raised Timber deck, Trellis and Lawns.

The landscape facilities will include a jogging track, outdoor amphitheater, pavilion, patch gardens, and swimming pool area.

Children’s play area

Children's play areas are far from being the simple provision most people believe. A swing, a slide and a climbing frame are not, on their own, of great benefit to the growing child. To provide fully for children requires a sophisticated approach to siting, design and selection of equipment and surfacing.

PlayThe opportunity to play creatively in high-quality environments is essential to the development of children. Through their play they acquire skills and abilities which can be learnt in no other way. Children cannot provide these opportunities for themselves - adults

must do it for them. The quality of what we provide affects the quality of what children learn. The greater the complexity of that environment the greater the quality of learning.

ConsultationThe provision of playgrounds should always be undertaken in consultation with children and parents. The process of understanding their environment and how they can affect it is a crucial element in the child's development.

SitingThe playground has to be in the right place - so that children can reach it safely and easily without crossing hazards such as major roads. There should be no environmental hazards (such as fast-flowing rivers) affecting the site and it must be easily visible to ensure children's social safety and reduce vandalism.

DesignThis covers such items as the landscaping, planting, pathways, fences and gates, seats - everything which goes to make up an environment. The playground equipment is like the three-piece suite in a room - you must consider the walls, floor, ceilings, tables etc., all of which go to make up an environment. You should be clear about the age group for which you are designing; whether there are any special requirements in the area; what the long-term management will provide.

Playgrounds should be usable by all children regardless of ability.

Equipment SelectionEquipment should be appropriate for the age group and match their developmental needs - as well as being fun to play on. Younger children like sand-play, swinging, climbing and sliding - but they are small and items should be scaled accordingly. Older children like more exciting equipment - large group swings, cable runways, roundabouts etc. They want places where they can sit and talk - that is one of the most popular playground activities. They like planting and trees; places for skateboards and bicycles; flat areas for ball games.

SurfacingHard surfaces are not recommended on playgrounds other than for the areas between equipment. The type of surface to be selected depends on the site, the equipment and the amount of maintenance it will receive. If only minimal maintenance is available a loose-fill

material such as bark or sand may not be suitable. In general firm surfaces are required with moving items.

ManagementOnce it has been provided the playground requires regular inspection and maintenance and eventual replacement. Unless this can be provided it is better not to start the project.

SafetyA key element of playground provision is safety and this can be achieved in a number of ways:

ensuring the playground is sited correctly

ensuring the design and equipment meets the needs of the children

ensuring the design meets basic safety requirements

ensuring the equipment meets relevant standards : BS EN 1176

ensuring the surfacing meets BS EN 1176 and BS EN 1177

ensuring the surfacing has been correctly supplied and installed

ensuring a proper post-installation inspection is carried out

ensuring the playground is properly inspected and maintained

Amphitheatre

The Colosseum in Rome, built c. 70 – 80 AD, is considered one of the greatest works

ofarchitecture and engineering.

An amphitheatre or amphitheater /ˈæmfɨˌθiːətər/ [1] [2]  is an open-air venue used for entertainment, performances, and sports. The term derives from the ancient Greek ἀμφιθέατρον (amphitheatron),[3] from ἀμφί (amphi), meaning "on both sides" or "around"[4] and θέατρον (théātron), meaning "place for viewing".[5][6]

Ancient Roman amphitheatres were oval or circular in plan, with seating tiers that surrounded the central performance area, like a modern open-air stadium. In contrast both ancient Greek and ancient Roman theatres were built in a semicircle, with tiered seating rising on one side of the performance area. Modern usage for "amphitheater" is lax, and does not always respect the ancient usage. As a result, the word can be found describing theatre-style stages with the audience only on one side, theatres in the round, and stadiums. Natural formations shaped like man-made theatres are sometimes known as natural amphitheatres. The three largest Roman amphitheatres (in the original sense) in the world in order of size are the Colosseum, the Amphitheatre Campania and the Amphitheatre of El Djem.[citation needed]