Friday, 17 O

cto

ber 2008

Groundwater & Sustainable Development

Tools for Predicting Levels of Impact

Angelo

Papaio

annou

Slid

e 2

GW Level Contours &

Delineation of Capture Zones

Slid

e 3

Distribution of

European Features in

Relation to

Groundwater

Capture/Outflow

Zones

Slid

e 4

Zonal Drought Min. Flows & Total Lic. Q

uantities

Slid

e 5

Potential Risks and Level of Confidence in the Assessm

ent

Slid

e 6

Conclusion of Stage 2 for the NNC site

•The w

hole

site w

ill p

rogre

ss to S

tage 3

(A

ppro

priate

Assessm

ent)

•For th

e tw

o Z

ones c

onsid

ere

d to b

e a

t Very

Low

(or le

sser) R

isk n

o further

assessm

ent is

required. T

his

inclu

des:

–Zone 4

(W

ells

West Bank (part o

f H

olk

ham

NN

R))

Due to insignificant levels of abstraction.

–Zone 6

(W

are

ham

to S

tiffkey

Salt M

ars

hes)

Due to the absence of any significant freshwater pathway.

•For all

oth

er Zones, at Low

(or hig

her) R

isk, w

ithin

the s

ite

Sta

ge 3

enta

ils m

ore

Investigations a

nd A

ssessm

ents

Slid

e 7

Coverage

1.Evolution of Groundwater Licensing in England, W

ales & Scotland.

2.Principles of Groundwater Quantity Managem

ent.

3.Assessing Groundwater Im

pacts & Sustainable Yield.

4.Principles for Risk Based (Screening) Assessments.

5.Case Example –North Norfolk Coast (Stage 2 -Review

of Consents).

Slides

3-5

6-9

10-1

3

14-1

6

17-2

5

Slid

e 8

Key Legislative Drivers in England & Wales

EPA90

WIA

92

LGA58

CO

PA74

HR94

CR

OW

A00

S&FFA23

RBA48

RPPA51

CR

(E)6

0S&FFA75

W&C

A81

EA95

WFDR03

◄

◄ ◄ ◄

◄

◄

◄◄◄

◄◄

WA45

WA58

WRA63

WA73

WA89

WR

A91

WA03

☻ ◘

☻

◘

◘

■ ☻

Water Acts

Other Acts or SIs

1920

1940

1960

1980

2000

Slid

e 9

GW Licensing/Managem

ent Trends in E & W

EPA90

WIA

92

LGA58

CO

PA74

HR94

CR

OW

A00

S&FFA23

RBA48

RPPA51

CR

(E)6

0S&FFA75

W&C

A81

EA95

WFDR03

◄

◄ ◄ ◄

◄

◄

◄◄◄

◄◄

WA45

WA58

WRA63

WA73

WA89

WR

A91

WA03

☻ ◘

☻

◘

◘

■ ☻

Special PWS Status

Local Derogation

Water Acts

Other Acts or SIs

Groundwater Licensing

∫ Catchment Managem

ent

Env. Allocation/Protection

Exemptions

1920

1940

1960

1980

2000

Slid

e 1

0

Groundwater Licensing in Scotland

1.

Restric

ted to few

sele

ctive &

sig

nific

antly a

quifers

prior to

WEW

S/C

AR

.

2.

Wate

r Environm

ent & W

ate

r Serv

ices (Scotland) Act –

2003 (W

EW

S)

primary legislation enactm

ent for the W

ater Framework Directive.

3.

Wate

r Environm

ent (C

ontrolle

d A

ctivitie

s) (S

cotland) R

egs. –

2005 (C

AR

)

CAR (along with 2007 Amendment) now includes water environment

activities including Groundwater Abstractions which came in to effect in

April 2006.

4.

Inclu

des G

enera

l Bin

din

g R

ule

s p

lus 3

Tie

rs o

f Lic

ensin

g (tw

o o

fw

hic

h

exte

nded to d

rilling &

testing p

hases o

f new

abstraction d

evelo

pm

ent).

5.

SEPA/S

NIF

FER

have d

evelo

ped e

xte

nsiv

e g

uid

ance (som

e s

till

ongoin

g) fo

r

gro

undw

ate

r in

vestigation &

managem

ent and s

om

e a

re refe

rred to late

r.

Slid

e 1

1

Groundwater Quantity Managem

ent

Groundwater

Managem

ent

Local

Derogation

Catchment

Sustainability

Environmental

Standards

Regulatory

Policy

Monitor

Investigate

Hydrogeological

Conceptualisation

Baseline

or Natural

Regime

Impacted

Regime

Slid

e 1

2

S-P-R Local Derogation Conceptualisation

Aquifer

Dra

wdow

n

Gro

undw

ate

r

Abstraction

Aquifer

Chara

cte

ristics

Rip

arian,

Soilw

ate

r &

Geote

ch. R

egim

e

Gro

undw

ate

r

Abstracto

rs

Wetland S

ites

SurfaceW

ate

r

Abstracto

rs

SurfaceW

ate

r

Environm

ent

Arh

aeolo

gic

al

Herita

ge

Gro

und

Sta

bility

Source/Pressure

←←

←←

←←

←←

←←

←←

←←Pathway/Links→

→→

→→

→→

→→

→→

→→

→Receptor/Effects

Springflow

s

Soil M

ois

ture

for Agriculture

Land

Dessic

ation

Gro

undw

ate

r

Quality

Inte

rcept

Gro

undw

ate

r

flow

Slid

e 1

3

Sustainable GW Abstraction Regime

Y

NN

YY

N

Total

Groundwater

Abstraction

>

f(Recharge)

Cause Env.

Dam

age?

Feasible

Mitigation?

Unsustainable

Reduce GW

Abstraction

Sustainable Regime

Slid

e 1

4

Sustainable GW Abstraction Managem

ent

Y

1 A

quifer R

egim

eN

N2 E

nv. D

ependance o

n G

W

3 E

nv. Sensitiv

ity/Im

portance

YY

1 M

in. C

ontrols

2 A

LF

3 A

SR

4 C

onju

nctive D

ev

N

Mitigation

Key Factors

Total

Groundwater

Abstraction

>

f(Recharge)

Cause Env.

Dam

age?

Feasible

Mitigation?

Unsustainable

Reduce GW

Abstraction

Sustainable Regime

Slid

e 1

5

Predicting Im

pacts & Sustainable Yield

1.Simple Approaches

2.Catchment Based

Analytical

Assessments

3.Distributed

Groundwater Modelling

�Recharge Estimation

�Water Balance Assessments

�Analytical Drawdown Estimation

�Estimating Stream

-flow Reduction

�GW Resource Sustainable Yield/Management

�EA Resource Assessm

ent & Managem

ent (RAM)

Framew

ork

Slid

e 1

6

Simple/Analytical Approaches

1.Recharge Estimation/Routing

2.Water Balance Assessments

3.Analytical Drawdown Estimation

a.Borehole/Well Abstractions

b.Dew

atering Abstractions

4.Estimating Stream

-flow Reduction

5.GW Resource Sustainable

Yield/Management

6.EA Resource Assessm

ent &

Management (RAM) Framew

ork

�MOSES/MORECS (+ routing factors)

�EA R&D Technical Report W6-057/TR

�http://www.sniffer.org.uk/results.asp

(see WFD12 & WFD31)

�Rainfall routing to runoff and recharge for regional

groundwater resource models QJEGH 37, 113 –130

•EA RAM Framew

ork (R&D W6-066M)

�EA Science Report SC040020/SR2

�Aquifer Win32 User Manual (ESI)

�EA Science Report SC040020/SR1

�EA (R&D W6-046M)

IGARF2

�EA (R&D W6/i544/7)SPRW6-I544-7-E-E

�JoH–Vol202 (1997), The Use of Aquifer Response Rate in the

Assessment of GW Resources

�http://www.sniffer.org.uk/results.asp

(see WFD53)

�EA RAM Framew

ork (R&D W6-066M)

�http://www.sniffer.org.uk/results.asp

(see WFD48 which draws

upon the RAM framew

ork as a key WFD indicator)

QminBF= R *

f(SY*L

E**2/TE)

Slid

e 1

7

Distributed Groundwater Modelling

1.Generic

2.MODFLOW

3.MIKE-SHE

4.Many Others!

�EA R&D W213 Guidance-Briefing (GEHO0505BJEN-E-E)

�EA R&D W214 (Technical Report)

Slid

e 1

8

Hydro-ecological Prescriptions

•http://www.english-nature.org.uk/lifeinukrivers/summary/summary.html

for in-river Natura2000 species

•http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/search.asp?cx=010476233810196394646%3Aj3joeevl72k&q

=eco-hydrological+guidelines&sa=Search&cof=FORID%3A11#662

for; Lowland Wetland Plants; alluvial forest and bog woodlands; bog restoration -Peatland

Ecosystems; basin fens; & dune habitats.

•http://www.snh.org.uk/publications/samples/naturalHeritageM

anagem

ent/bogssam

ples.asp

for OmbrotrophicMires (Bog Habitats)

•http://publications.environment-

agency.gov.uk/epages/eapublications.storefront/46fcbcbc00229ffa273fc0a8029606e7/Product

/View/GEAN0205BIPZ&2DE&2DE

for Eco-hydrological Guidelines for Lowland Wetland Plant Communities

•http://publications.environment-

agency.gov.uk/epages/eapublications.storefront/46fcbcbc00229ffa273fc0a8029606e7/Search/

Run

for various wetland/hydrology publications

•http://www.sniffer.org.uk/results.asp

for imminent publications; WFD35 Wetland Framew

ork; WFD84 Groundwater Classification

Framew

ork; & WFD83 Freshwater Flows to Transitional Waters.

Slid

e 1

9

Risk Based Screening Assessm

ents

Conceptualisation

Slid

e 2

0

Fresh Groundwater Inflow to

Thornham‘Salt’Marsh

Freshwater Lagoon -HolmeNNR

Slid

e 2

1

High

HIGH

MEDIUM

HIGH

HIGH

LOW

Medium

MEDIUM

LOW

HIGH

HIGH

LOW

Low

LOW

LOW

MEDIUM

HIGH

VERY LOW

Very Low

LOW

VERY LOW

LOW

LOW

NEGLIGIBLE

Negligible

NEGLIGIBLE

NEGLIGIBLE

NEGLIGIBLE

NEGLIGIBLE

NEGLIGIBLE

Medium

Low

High

Certain

Very Low

Assigning Overall Risk

Magnitude of Potential Effect

Likelihood of Occurrence

Slid

e 2

2

Level of Confidence

High

Medium

Low

Low

Very Low

Medium

High

Negligible

Risk

Managing Uncertainty

Slid

e 2

3

Case Example

Stage 2 –Review of Consents

for the North Norfolk Coast

SAC/SPA/Ramsar

under the Habitats Regulations/Directive

Slid

e 2

4

Hydrological Regime of North Norfolk Coast

Slid

e 2

5

NNC Designations/Characteristics

Designations

•SSSI

•North Norfolk Coast cSAC

•Wash and North Norfolk Coast cSAC

•North Norfolk Coast SPA

•Ram

sarSite

What is different about this site?

�It occupies 40km of coastline (between Hunstanton

and Weybridge)

�It includes a full spectrum of transitional habitats

from marine to reclaimed freshwater marsh

�It includes both distinct estuarine and groundwater

freshened inter-tidal (salt marsh and tidal creek)

habitats

Therefore, the approach to assessment is tailored to

suit the hydro-ecological regime. The flow regime

(gw& river) is critical and level regimes are of

secondary significance in terms of risk.

The flow regime is critical in terms of:

–freshening/flushing

–abating saline intrusion