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Geological Survey of Denmark and GreenlandDanish Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate
Groundwater monitoring and modelling
in Denmark
Bertel NilssonLærke Thorling
Groundwater monitoring in DK
National groundwater monitoring since 1988
Waterworks wells monitoring since 1986
All data are open to the public and reported every year. Focus on groundwater quality
Groundwater modelling in DK
Long time experience with numerical modelling. National groundwater model since ca. 2000
Focus on groundwater quantity
Take homeMESSAGES
Background
• Groundwater constitutes 100 % of the drinking water resource in Denmark• Groundwater is heavily exploited in some areas
– Drinking water to the east -Irrigation to the west (dry years only)
• 63 % of all Denmark is cultivated agricultural areas• Groundwater quality and quantity crucial for surface waters
History
– 1950: First national groundwater table monitoring programme
– 1988: The national groundwater monitoring programme initiated, as part of an integrated national water monitoring programme
– 2004: The national groundwater table monitoring programme is integrated in the overall monitoring programme
– 2007: The Water Framework Directive initiates a change in monitoring strategy and redesign of the monitoring network
What is Groundwater monitoring?
Groundwater monitoring collects data of relevance for policy and management issues in the water sector. Special focus on establishment of time series, mapping secondary
Groundwater quantity
Groundwater table soundings
Water abstractions
National hydrological model
Groundwater quality
Groundwater samples from
• Monitoring wells
• Abstraction wells at all water works wells in DK
Point source data are handled separately (in DK)
No data from private drinking water wells or drinkingwaterused to asses status or trend.
Researachand
development
•Methodology
• Interpretation
•Dating
•Water cycle
•Analytical methods
•Modeling
Mangagement
Policy
•EU directives
•European Env. Agency
•Municipalities and EPA
•Waterplans other planning
•Efficiency of measures
• Inspection of water works
Dissemination
•Yearly reports
•Thematic reports
• Intercalibration
•Lectures and talks
•Articles
•Cooperation EPA, EU etc.
GroundwaterMonitoring
Monitoring of groundwater in Denmark
What Waterworks Groundwater
monitoring
Pesticides
Leaching (PLAP)
Point sources
Where Abstraction
wells
Monitoring
wells
Monitoring
wells
Drain
Suction cups
Monitoring
wells
(permanent
and temporal)
Abstraction
wells
Why Drinking
water
NOVANA -
Water Plans (EU)
License for
pesticides
Old Point
Pollution
Who Waterworks EPA-nature/
GEUS
GEUS/AU/
EPA-
environment
Regions
How many > 6.000 700-800/year
(~ 1500)
5 areas >15.000 plots
? Pesticides ?
Reporting GEUS GEUS GEUS/AU Regions/
Consultants
Flow of Groundwater Monitoring Data
Environmental Agency/
Water Works
Laboratorium
Laboratorium
GEUS
GEUS
Environmental Agency
Minister/Parliament
EU Commission + EEA
Municipalities etc.
Sampling & field measurements (Standards)
Chemical analysis (ISO- standards)
Data, upload to databases JUPITER, (code system)
Interpretation (Reporting+ data to EEA)
Knowledge
Political evaluation
Political reaction/legislation
Political reaction/legislation
Implementation in administration
GEUS and Groundwater monitoring in DK
• The national groundwater monitoring programme is conducted by EPA and GEUS in cooperation.
• EPA sets the political and economical framework
• GEUS sets the Technical and scientific framework, through manuals and technical guidelines (expertise and datacentre)
• EPA is responsible for collection of samples, contact to laboratories and primary data management
• GEUS is responsible for the yearly reporting of data to the political system and the public.
• GEUS host the database JUPITER, with all relevant groundwater data
Need to have representative data:
Monitoring strategy
1988-2006:Principle: Know the details in 72 areasand generalise to national levelUnderstand the local dynamicsUse it globalAll monitoring points same parameters and frequency
2007:Principle: WFD demands monitoring fitting the approx. 400 groundwater bodiesMore distributed monitoring network under establishmentParameters and frequency according to risk
Difficult to stick to just one monitoring strategy in a
changing political environment over almost 30 years.
GeographicGeologicalgeochemicalLand use and groundwater in risk.
Relevant choice of parametersRelevant frequencyDesign of monitoring wells
Present DesignDanish Groundwater Monitoring sites
• Monitoring in 65 clustered areas of 5-50 km2
each with 20-25 wells and 1 m screen. (700 samples/year)
• Additional monitoring in groundwater bodies at risk (140 samples/year)
• Multilevel monitoring in 5 deep groundwater well (4x80 samples every 3. year)
• Detailed monitoring of surface near groundwater in 5 small agricultural catchments (6x100 samples/year)
• A total of 1600-2000 monitoring points
• One water sample: up to 97 parameters: 26 main elements, 14 heavy metals, 23 organic micro-pollutants, and 34 pesticides
Methodologies and tools
Field work/ Practical work
• Water sampling and drilling new wells
• Traditional hydrogeological field work
• Database development and handling of data
Incorporation of state of art scientific work
• 5D conceptual framework for data interpretation
• All authors in reporting have their theme as scientific working field
• Monitoring groundwater effect on surfacewater/dependent ecosystems
• Cooperation at a EU level (CIS for WFD)
• Cooperation with EEA
• Technical guidance
• Field work, sampling, sounding etc.
• Data management, database work
Data available for interpretation
Number of monitoring points Number of nitrate samples
Number of pesticide sampes Number of arsenic samples
The annual report
• Theme authors with expertise in relevant subject
• Same paradigm for every 6 year program period
• Target groups : Danish parliament, EPA, Waterworks, NGO etc.
• Reporting is coordinated with other environmental monitoring programmes
• Only electronic reporting
• Only national reporting, no regional
• Published every year since 1989
• Next issue 3. Dec. 2015 on 2014 data
Thorling et al, 2015, report
Main topics of the Report
• The monitoring network, goals, legal framework and adjustments
• Groundwater Age, Hydrogeology : relevant Background Knowledge
• Nitrate
• Phosphorous
• Redox-wells
• Organic Micro pollutants
• Trace elements
• Pesticides
• Water abstraction
• Groundwater table
• NOVANA-model
Prerequisite for monitoring strategy and interpretation of Chemical state, Trend and Dynamics
Every sample represents a 5D point: (x,y,z,tr,ts).(x,y,z) the location of the filter, tr the time of groundwater recharge, (period)ts the time of sampling.
This statement can easily be said, The huge implications are to often ignored
5D understanding of groundwater quality:
CFC and 3H/3He datingSF6 tested not useful14C not relevant
Not all monitoring points can be dated due to practical issues
Dating of groundwater
Thorling et al, 2015, report
Conceptual modelsgeochemistry – and hydro-geology
Source: Jørgensen & Stockmarr 2009
West East/NorthEast/South
Groundwater table
Groundwater table
Acidification cline
Acidification cline
Redox cline
Redox cline
No clear acidification- nor redox- cline
clay
clay
limestone
Conceptual models are the Basic of all monitoring strategy
How to understand the vulnerability of groundwater
towards nitrate and pesticides
What is the state and trends in the nitrate content for groundwater?
Simple question, many possible answers.
Indicators: Standard figures Monitoring data.
What is the Status and trends of the nitrate content in groundwater used for drinking water ?
Simple question, clearer answerbut No consideration to abstracted amounts only pr. well.
Is there karst in Denmark ?
Bertel Nilsson
∆ karst phenomena
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