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GROUND WATER IN THE DICKSON AREA OF THE WESTERN HIGHLAND RIM OF TENNESSEE
Michael· W. Bradley
U.S. ~OLOOICAL SURVEY Watar-Reoourcoa Investigation• 82-4088
Prepared In cooperation with the TENNESSEE DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES and the CITY OF DICKSON, TENNESSEE
Naehvla., Tenn.•••••
1184
UlltiD ST.l.I'Y DIPAJ:IMiwt or TU U'I!I.IOI.
for additi-.1 i.domatioa
~.-ita tot
WILLUH P. CUI..E., S.cut&ry
CIOr..cr;IC&.L SOIVI'I
Ddla• L. hck 1 Director
Copiea of thia ~P"''rt uu ll. purcbaHd fr011:
()pe'l:t"'fi.la S.rvicea S.ctioo W.•taru Diatribucioa &raoc.b U.$, Qaqloai·c..at a.rny &a 15425, FadcreJ. Cantu IA.Iutvood, Colorado SQ22!1 (Talaph-t ()03) 23(,-7476)
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CONTENTS
' Jb•tract~·· ....................................................... . ll1troducti4D. ..................................................... . n.•c:riptioa of the •tud.r an• ••... o o ••• o. o o •••••• o ................ . GIOlOCJ•••••••oo••••••oooooooo••••••••••~•·••••••oooo••••••••••••• HfdcoloQ •• o o,. oo• •••• , • ,,. ,, ,, , , •• , •••••••••••• , , , , , ,, , , •••••• , ••
Q;uJC•Pt of a~ater ocea.l"'t''l..:a ••••••••••••• o •• •o •••••••••
W.ll NCO!'da,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ••••• t:rouod-vat•c liJ'II'W;la ••••••••••..•••••••.••••. , .••••••••••.•••• Spriq data. •••••••••••••••••• •••••••••• •••••••••••o• • •• •• • • • St:raa:all~ data .............................................. . lanlta of ~1.11111••• • ••• • • • • • •••• •• • • • • ••• ••·· • ••• • • •• • • • • •
Taat well data •••••••••••••••• •••••• ••••••••••••••.••••• Sp«ifie eapaeitJ teat._ •••••••• o., ••••••••••••••.••.•••
flali-apccific. capaeitJ t•at .. •• •••••••••••• ,,,·,,,,,,, ••••••• Ta!ata at the DIL-17· •itc... •••• ••• •••••••• ••• •••• , •••••• •. T••t at th• Dk-21 •ita.· ................................. .
Ad4itiou1 4rilliaa aaac- ehe Dk-21 ait•• ••••• ••• ••••••••••••• Vet•r quality •••••••••• o ••o•••o• ••••• ••••• •••• •••• ••••••• ........ , •
=~·~~::=-~~=::::::::::::::::::::::::·.::::::::::::::::::
Hi
.... 1 l 2 2 1 1
' 11 14 .. 20 20 ,. 26 14 l2 lS ,. ,. ...
ILLUSTRATIONS
~fU" 1. Kap alloviq loeat:ioa of tM Dia.otl ana, ~ ........ • z. Orapb •horiq IHQ •outblJ •il" t~atulu ae.uvred
at l:be Di.ek..oa .eatioa (t•peratun .Uta frGI Nation.d. O~eaoic ad .lt•qbuic Ad.U.ututioa. 1979) • •
3, Gr~b •briq: ••a DOo.thlt pr.cipitatioa •uumd at tba Dieuoo atatiou (pucip1.tatioa. dna tr~ Ml.ti.oaal OcUilic •nd. .At.oapltuic Adailll.htntioo. lf79o •
4. Map ahowi.DC acolou and ac~tu:n~ of tba Dickaou. anta. ••• .5. Gaoii)Jic 4roaa ·aacti.os of tbe Dic:k&Oil an. a. •.•••••••..•• • 6. Cow:ept of ar0"1JID-vac.n oC.Clilrn!D:e aod. f lov io tba
DiWoa an ......... •••• .............. •••••••••••••••••• •• 7. Bar &raPil ahcrviltc fraqueocy dbtri.botiaa of nportd
votll yield a in tM Dick.oo •n• ............... , . ,, , • • • a. Map •havin.a r.portd val.l yhlda ia Uta Dicll80G ana •• , •• 9. a.r srqb Qcv.i.q fmquuy d..htribtatioa of
c.uiq lanaW in vell.• h. tba Dic'iteo& ar ...... ·•• •• • • • 1o-1S. Kapa •bowinc:
10. a.eaolitb tbiclmua ba .. d ou o:aaU., laaem. •••••••••• 11. Gtuu.ad-water 1.-ql• •o.d. 4i.nttioo of flow. •• • •••••• • tz. Loeatioa ()f tpriDCt io. the Di.cltacnt an•• •••••• .•.••• ll. Diadt•t:ae -••"~at a iu the Dickaoa are ......... • • 14. Lorflov titat J.a the Dicltaoa. araa..•u·••••••••••u• 15. Locatioa.of tett wll•··•••••····•·••••••: ......••••
16. hr ar•pb ahcwiaa frequeDCJ 4i.c:dlh.ttf.oo of c .. iaa laaatb in tU teat v.llt ......................... •••••••
17. "&ar araph thowi~:~~; fraqa.hCJ illbtl'iltut:ioo of rid4t of the t.at wllt Wile b1owiq ritla compru .. 4 air ....
11. Crap~~. tltovia& te&olith tbiek.De•• nrau.a ybl4 tor th• tatt w1l'to • ••• • • o o ••• , •• , •••• • • • •• • o, •,. o.,. o •
19. lle.oloaic crPH ncti011 of tb• D:k-U tit• with location -..p. • ••• • •• •• • ~ ·•• • • •• • • • · • • •• • • •• • • • • • · ••· • • •
20. iJdrotrapb aad yhlcl for t:h 72-b~ tut at Dk-17 ...... . 21. Seatilouritlaic plot of dravdowu veraua dUuoca
ft'~ cha pu:qtd vdl for tba 72-tao•t' utt: of Dk-17 .... . 22. llt•ro;rapb aD.d yield for tM l~r tett at Dlt-17 ...... .. 23. ~o~o&ic c1:0 .. aoetioa. of the Dk-1\ tite. wicb loc.ado~~o
UlMp ..................................................... . 24. Hy•rosrapb aod yi.elcl d"ri~ tlla 12:-bon tan of
... tt o~r-a1 •......•••••••••••.....••••••••..• _ .....•••••• Z5.. S.&i.lotarittuaic Jrapb of drMI'IfiW!l •enu• diataaca
fn~a tha puap.acl wll for e.b.a te•t of J)Jr-21 .••••••••• -•• • 26. llyciron-apb lor v.ll Dk-14 d.uri.a.& Kay 5-ftay 7. 1Ul ....... 27. <lmpariiiGD.• of ujor catioaa aocl atti011a io
vatat" froa well• Dlt-21, Dk-17 • ad fv-ll •••• •• •••••••• •
,.
~· '
9 LO
II
u lJ 15 u 11 21
"
21 21
30 lL
" 34
lS ,.
TABLES ..... tabl• 1. Diadlar:t•• q«cj;fic eoaci~Kt&aee, tetapanture, •lld pM.
of vater f~:oa apr ira&• i11 the Dic;U0.11- at"aa. •• •.• • ••••• • • 1. Diadlara• •••u~ta_ • liddar Sprillll
aod I rue a ipril!ll· •••••.••.•••• • •• • • · · • • • · · • • · • • • · · •• · · ), lev-flow 1liacba~t:• ... a11n.tcta for •tn ..... io the
ttud.r arta ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••···········. 4. TetC:.,.ll d.ata ~ .,.tar occurnu.:a. • •• • • •• •.· ••• • • -· •. • .' }, Specific ~;:apac.itJ tea' clata ••••••••• • • • • •••• • ••••••••••• 6o. Prawdovo u4 ~OV.rJ' i.11. wlt. at cb.a Dt-17 aiu
du.riu.a tbe 7~ou-r ceat •••••••••••••..••••.••••••••••. 1. br....tov'D &ad BCO'Verf h Dk-17• Int-U, IIWfDk-19
cllolrlQI. tb• t-bour tatt ••••••••••••• • • • · • • • • • •• ••••••. • !. DT-.clowG ucl n!CO'NrJ' iQ wlla Dk-llo Dk-14. Dk-20,
acd DJr;-21 a ita durin& tba 72~our to•t ........... •••• • 9. SpocUie coachac.ta:Gee of ntar tro. teat Wilh ... • ..... •.
10. .A.aalJ• .. of vater frott Dk-17 acd. Dlt-11 coopan:ti t~itb. tti-Ddardt for couillua ln.h ot conaUt.\llllGt• ia fini•lt.•4. driaki!ll vatu. •••••;••••·••••·~··········
ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVERSION FACTORS
" L7
"' ,. 26
29
" l4 l7
,.
Pactort tor coo-..artiq; iw:h-pou.od. u.G-itt to lutn·aatioul 5JaUIII of uaita (!it) ud abbnviatioD ot unit•:
i.oe~ foot (ft) mile (a1) a q-uare •il• (ail) cubic foot. (ftl) e~tllioa pllcma ~ar Uy
(H&al/d) P<NAcl UO)· coo e~.i.cro~~Do par cwtU..tar
("""a/cal
!.t 2~.4
0.3041 1-609 2.5!J o.a2832 O,OUil
0.4SH 0.9072 1
.. urr.::::~-> matar (Ill) kil~er (ka) •quare kilc.et.r (ka2) c.ubie ••ter ( el) cubic -te~: per ucoCld
(.,3/o) ki.lopaa (q) ••c•sr• <H&> mi~roti.-n• ptt' ceati-t.er
(JJS:fcm)
tampuato ... i.a Qs\"'U• Fait noM it ( "'r) c-•• ·boa eoov-ert., to clear-l!t ~ltiu:a <•c> •• tollov•:
..,•Ls•c+l2
GROUND WATER IN THE DICKSON AREA OF THE WESTERN HIGHLAND RIM OF TENNESSEE
Michael W. Bradley
ABSTRACT
A by~locic 1tud7 of the~ Bicb--. Ten. • ana proYidd .addi.tiGG.al i.aloaaadoa. oa. the g:ccornace of arouad ... tar iu. the Mi .. b.tppiao earkDU:e rocb of tbe woatara Bi$blaQII li.111. twaotrai.& vella van d.cilla4 to datatwiC~A tha occur~• ot p-ou:a• w.tn· ia n:latioa to toptJgraJib.ic: poaitioa, .-.aolitb thicll.bc .. , atrea:!law a•ina oc- louu. litholo17 of tha vadarl7~ fonutiona, aDd lio .. r faac-,;.r.,.. ·
YiaLle of 26 taat velh rana;H hoe~~ 0 to about 100 &•llau par aiwta ami a ... rqH aboot 61 aalt.oo. p-e~: aiou:ta. !lin. welh yi.ddad 80 to about JOO aall"u pu· aiouta; apac:iUe eapaeiti .. r--aad. trOll about o. 71 to u. 7 aallou per ~ta per f~t of ~~. Snlta. oC · Waa cine Vltll• ·yid~4 water frota aOLutioa opcui,..zqa ia tbi.. Wu-Uv Li_•.JtVM .. : foe other tWO Well .. yiddd vataZ. fl'oi. crawl and uad. h tM naolitb.. A4,uUar t .. ta ~o~ere coaducu4 liD two valb. Oa.a vall vu pu:mpc4 at •• anr•,. rat:a of 150 saUoiU. p•r ai.nte for 7% houu with lt.Jl fe•t~of _4.1;•Wowu• 11M ucod wll vaa puaped tor a boun at UO aallou pn miuutc •itb 2o:a6· ru"t Of -4ra~ 1'b• vatu troa botb .. 111 .,., <1£ au.ually &ood ~lity. Water troD. Goa wll IMd a diuol-..d. ulid.M caacaa.tratioo of 17~ aillisruu per liter. Tba di .. alvtd aollda ia the v&ter fro• a ••coed. -11 ... aatia&"-d tro. .pecific coDII.~~.ctaa.ca •• about 160 uiilliar- pu liur.
thick n&<~litb: an\1111 tbe prune;• of f inraraia.a4 L i•ato.. iaterbedlkd vitb c.oaue-a;rai.M4 li.ae&tOM Dl!l&r tb& baae of ,da.e re&olitb appear to be ai&Difieaat c:oaditiou for tbe dnatDp.nt of ac.lut:iGO OJN~ai•• tbac yield laqe &~~C~UAt:a of vat•~· k....at:y pecaetDt of tba tc•t wall• ia vb.icb theaa eooditi.oot occ.rr.d yiaUed. 80 aallOIU par aiaut.e or w.on.
INTRODUCTION
Ihe aeed for alteroath,f. aouROI of w8ear bu emphui~cd the need tor &dditioo.d lnfoa&atioa. oo t1w occ.:grre.c:a of P"OUD.d vatu· ill carbonat& roQ•• la t:ha pa•tt the .. aquUer• baWl bua 'uHo fCJor t:ba aaoet part, •• ruul dlliiSUtic vat.er. IGUtce&• Devela,.-u.t. of tbeea ~ifcra for .u.a.icipal aDd inlhl.atdal purpoae. b ~eterred by their biahly vadable vater-hui.Da pxcpartb•; 10V"'1ie1di.q nlh ar. CO.OQ atLd the cccarnrDca of lua• •Ufpliu h unpfluihtable. A tbrec ph .... •tudJ ... ccmdu.ct&d aear Dic.luou. Taa.n.. • to ac.qu.ire a better uo.tl.erataadiac of til. p:oqod.-ater •J•tam.
Tbe •tHy b..t three obj.ctba.; To d.aKribo t~ aroW)I;i-yater ltydrolou of tha vutcru IU.Jblaod &ic ia tba rlef.aity of Diduoa.,
To t.aat caoc:qta al aro~UJ.ci-watn oc:cunwac• b7 drilliq taat walla at aic:.a ul.ctad oa the buia of IIJd.rolaaic criteria, oao.d To acquin a ad ia.tarpret clata oo. the qau.dty an4 qu.U.ty -of ar01nld waut ud 01:11 the' aaoloaJe aa11~11t ita vbieb ic: occura.
ro aceoapliab tb. ... objcctiY .. tba Hut pbua of tba atudy io.~h~ad iatar;)tatatioa 'ot \Mll aad apriq recorda~. ¥atar-qualitJ d.ata 1 atre.a:allov -••urr aautf 1 aerial pb.otQ&raptu. aocl aeolo&ie data. Dv.rilll tU .seocoa.4 phua, teat aitf!a wan .. lectad and a total of 26 vdh ••• Qrilld. Iu tho tbi.n iiba••• aquifar taata wra. co~tad to dataraiae aq,uita-r propertiaa .. ,Water 1~1 .. •~r• callacted for nt:ar"qu.ality •-b"•·
Thh atviy vat coDI!uct" by. the U.s. Gaoloaical hn87• i.a co~ratiQD vitlt. the citJ of Didr.aoa aDd the !em!: .. Ma Diviaioa ot W.tar laaourcaa aod h part ot a taraer atlldy of th• cubouate racll:a of the Hi&blaad. l.ia in vbic.h the coQc.,q.t of p-guud..,.tor oc.curnnuoe ia baina teatd in a:pecili.c awaa.
DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA
lh~ Dickaos. ana Hea oa. Cha mllln& platua of tka w•tan HlJbl&nd Ji.ll. a a~tion of tbe I.aterio:r Lov Plateaua pbyaicsreplt.ic proriace. Tb.e atdJ an:a ia witbh Dic:k.aoo Cb\m.ty aod QPros.ia.atdJ 40 wilaa ••t of llullrllh <ti.a. 0. Th• lO~~rrwib &&'aa li .. &lOU& tba clyaill&l• didO. ~·cv.•o tba l'•u.ua• avO oli:abul.all;d Ri.ftr Naina. '11M major atn•• ax-e th• £&at aa.cl ~IC Pi.Jw:ly liven vbidl draio the weat:ent and aout:b&ra. part ot tbe area aad Jcu• Creek vhich drailaa die a.ortbaaateru pert. '!bne 1t.te ... an deeply hohe4 ioto tM platuu prori4iq: a~out JOO faet of relief. AltituMa nac• t'r011 oear 600 r .. t in tt1a valley of Pi .. ,.. l.i••r to &bat 9QO.t .. t abov~ aaa la'Nl.
Tbe DieU.oo aru bu a t.ap~nee el~ta. aaaD mootblr ta..,.ratun Eaa;u froa J9-r ia Jaau.ary to a•r I.e Jdy (fia. 2). 'lll.a .... ao.,au.al teopuature ia !i9'P. Tba Diek•on area uc.eivaa aboa.t 50 inch•• ot precipitation in a noraal yaar. Jowe-.ar. DOlt of eM pnc.ipitatioa t.lla durlna tha lata rioter aDd early apriQI• MaaA uonthly pra~ipitatioo raqaa ftos 2. 54 incbu ia Oetobor to !\.52 incllaa io Kareb (fi&· l).
GI':DLOGY
ro~t:i.otta n:p3aad on tha aorthw.atan ftl,&bland U• ia tba Didr.lloo alr*a iuluth, io da.ceuciiq or!la:r, tha .t\ue.aloo.. Cra,.al of the CC'atac::.aua Peri.OII aDd tba at. l.au.ia Li..u~. tha •n•• U.atcnM. aa4 the fort_ ta,.. tox~tioo at ~b• ~~~!~h~~PJiia_!ll h:r_~~ Cfia. •>. n• ~·~~~-1: ~:.0(-· tb'a foN&_Jio~ ... h tovari tha- oortba•t;; ~Karcbu, 1962a). !QC:ai .. :..:.i~t~'l t••t~ lDClude ton· __ to tb41 aoutb¥&41t •ll1"~.ttan:jaea~.P~~..! .. ~~-~..!~1--.!l~
~t;:::~n<r:~~=~ ~r ~ •!•t"""!•t cqadic_ ~tJdi~. -?~~i:.=---~- -~ity --~~
The 'hcacaloo•a Gra.Yal couhta of chart arav-.1, aaad, ailt, ani ctar. lbe chert gravel la co.poud of w•U.~d traa-v.ta 11p to 6 iadlaa h 4ia:Mtar, e.od ••• dcrbed. trca th• C.wleu Cba-rt of D•voDiau ace or locally !roa th• St. Wni• • ..,ruv. and fort Payua. llacau.a ot ita iloLata4. natun aad liaj.ted diatriktioo, tb• Tu.aulo-o.a la aot a aisnificaat aoute• of srouod ntll!lr.
Phy&lographlo Pfovincos of Temeasoo
• . . ' ' '
1-
'levr'!Z. · • ... a,a~ontt.lrllflll'ltPifiii,IJifll' .. *"""' tl'll Ok•Mn •••uon llt"'INf•tvn Cllta 1re1m Mrlon.-t
Ooallntt """ Ar-ICIO._flcl Adlllfnllltullon, 1178l.
..--
JFMAM..IJASOliiD
FIQIIWI :J.•..v- -"tN, •'•CoitlltiiJQIII n111ewrect 11 U'M Otctllon •••Uo- h»Uololtatfor~ dlil Jtol!l
Nul<lnal O~ft.M) ""d ArmoiPftlrt• Adrnt"ltlfttiOil. 1171.1.
.. _.._,... .. o .......... -. <.1._-.-............ _,,....,L c--o(1HIL ~-lMIL _,-... .... J
CMl"TACEOUS
~fiiiCIJOOM()".-...1
0 Si.loui1Ltn-.lton1
~ war_.. llr.~lON
• ,.Of1 ~,_ ,~CIIOII
a..-...---·-'"" ....... n'••
~,~--
- 120- Sttueturlll COoii1<M.WI on too of tn. Waruw LlrnMI~. C~tour lnt«-nl 20 IMI. Oaal'lad wMr• ~ollimat-'Y Jocat..:1. Had.OMI a.o<l11k vanlc11 D•nm of 1121
• -- It' LIM ~ erou IICII<In (SII "oiil ~)
~ § < • i :
j-j~ ~~ j" n
0 c .. !
Tb• St. Louia Li••t~, •hicb capo~~ 1I:OIC< o.t t:b.' upland~. 11 Jllnarally rcpr .. aated ·at lad avrt.ic• o.t:r by a .. ~ .. iduat" c:fap aoil coo.f:ai.Dina bloU. ao.d. aodul .. of chart. 'n!.a St. Louh ia a _yelloviah--brow. ti~rain.-:1 chut:y lillutOile vtticb l.Oeallp tac.luUI be.d1 of •diu.- co coaraa-srai.ned fo.ailfr..-otd ailty l~tou aiadlar t:o the uc.derl:rio.a Wanaw Li..._.tOile. l'ha St. Louie ra&olitb eontUo.a .:hart vbic.b ia 4ark 1 Ul"}' d~, aod. brittle, aDO in pl&caa i.a cbaracteriu.d by rOUDd. cllart .. cannoaball_. (Marchec- and otber-, 1964). aacoU.th 11 tb.a uotle of ua.eouoU.detod •torial wb.icb o-rulay• tJM belkoc:k.
l'ba llann LiDHc.oa• ia typicaUy a tbier-ltei!Uad, li&ht color«, IHdiat:o coa:ne.:P:iU.n!uf, -·fO.ail ,frap!IUI.td liautaa.. In the Diduof'l area it i• app:E'od.aately 100 fHt tb.iek. lh• 11Dd ll.UI touil fraa-ata v•r• darind. primarily fro. cnnoid1 aacl booao.a.a. Quart& and c:dcit• an the m.aia 111il'l8rtlll pru.-at, but. &laueoaiu .~ pyrite occur locally io var:y •-11 MIOUQta. toeall:r, tba Vanav Li.!Natoc.e ecutaina fina-sraiaadl, ehart7 })ada which are t7picd· of tha \loderlyiq For-t Payne Pora.tioo. Tba Wan4V"·Fof't PaJ"'IA C:Olltaet il &•••rau, coDfom.able witla Fada.tioa .od poul.bla iatartoacui.o.a. occ.rdna b•tva•D tbe tvo fona.atiou.
'Ill• FQI:t:._hyce • ~or:-tioD U tJPicelly a c:alc:..noua, dol.ooaitic, Vary cbut:F ailtato.~. iiili.i..ma tbiclmc .. ia tb• Diebcm. ar .. ia appro:.:iaetel7 250 laet. Olart CK-1:\Irl throup.ou.t. tba fO"ra&tioo ia diltirlc.t &ada, aa irn&uhr dinoati1HI01.U })Ua or·c~l••• aa.d. •i.tlli• c:ba IDatris. ot tbe ti .. atoiM acd d.olo.ite. Small cni.t.i.aa (lua tbaa t iocbaa in d.iautu) contail• qua-cu. or ealdte. SoM JYP•• oc:cura in cba lover part at t.lla Fort P•TM· Glau.::onite ncl pyrite aha CJC:Ctn· ia ... 11 qoaatitica. 8oee beda ia tha Fort f'a7u are mccli~ .to coana-,raiaed, Co.aU fraJII*Qt&l ~ i..caeat(IIQfl aiaihr to the typical Waru.v· w.-atoae. "
lhaliulyin& tba Ki .. i .. ippiau. fo~tioa.a .i,.a the Cbat.taaoop Sbalc, a fiui 1a black th.ela apprc:dtut: .. , 20 teat thick. lelov tbh 1.a a Unck. sequ.aa.ce af Si.luriaa aDd alder roclu eoaaiatiaa ol l~tou, dolQIDite. aad calcan:oua ailtatoua (C. I. Surcbatt llad. ia..o. t.uravaki. vrit.tau Ca.a!D., 1979). for additioul diaeuuiatt ol the &&Oloo of tb.e Diekaon a-ru .... !Ureb•-r aad otbera ( 1964).
HYDROLOGY CONCEPT OF OROUND-WA TER OCCURRENCE
Carboaau r!X:h uoihlrlyiaa tbc OickiO"D area bava I i.ttla i.nte.tTran.ular permeability. Seccodary pe:.-abilit7 fe.atuna. priaar:ily aolutio11 eahr;•cl. })d4iA& pl&OII opqia&a 1 tua.aai.c ao•t of 'tba water Ula. 6). Hoot11 ud 8iajbaa (L96!H tt}Hlrted that Ula _laqut aaDUnt• ot &"f'OU.J1d vater oecur in lol•ti.oc aP4aica- ia. aolubla u ... at.ooe. auch •• SOIDII b..fa in tb• Wacuw aucl It. Loui• Li. ... toaa,
Tba St. Lout.a u-atozw aQd. loc.ll1 tbe upper part of the Uara•w &enerally u,.. weathered to a clay .rc&oli.tb io the Dh:ILioa aree. 'DJe ft&olith baa low p«t"DIIability but b .. ao i.llpOCt&nt rol• ia aroulld-Yater aecut'Tftlee i.n thia ana. '!he: rasolith at.~a ~ larao ~(of .vate:x autl •Lowly reLeaa•• i.e. to 1olutiop ope.irioa- ia the ul'l.derlyigl lU...to-a.. nr.ar"e tb• aohent action of tlla waur
tto-t. 1<11 ·~·-
e11.laqea opeoirl8a Ul4 ia.:J"eaMa pa~biUty. Tille o~turn~oc;a of tbiclr. roao-titb 09ar tba aalubla Wanav U...co-aa ia coadu.c i .. to tba d evalcrpw.nt of lli&h · yiddiq aollltioo. opt~o.inaa.
Tbe ... ~~tat' ayac• i a rubaqd p1'i1Urily froa. pudpi.tatim:~ oa tha upl&Dia. IMtar ..,.,.., dova th~ab tba reaolitlli aod iato .oluholl opeaiqa •D4 fuet•UUI La tba li.-uta.e. Karcher .aDd otbeu (1964) eatbl.tod. tbat abo.t l2 pett!at~t of t.._. toul pnei.pi.tatioa reebarae• t t\41 JrOUDd-ater •:t'•ta•. Oaca the. Yate~ ia ia tha li.JMacoae. it ao••• aloq tbe •olllCiosl opeo.iaa•. •ad. 't'ertical &.actucea tg diac:ha~• poiD.c• at apriaa• &Gil d.aa.a •t.n••·
Spri.aa;a ·~ atre• u.-a.ce •bicb adm tlow are poaitiv• iGdic:Kora 'of th;• p~• of pvu.ad-vaur naarvoin (l::laa aad Gocld.al"l. 1.979) . 1ba---apriqr ~iD tbh .ana., wWi.-:-~h e_uep_ti~ of" fa~ 8prh&o all" iu~ 4Gil :tiWiwa"r~ ,;i"...,. at:oae. 1hi!!'· }Ddic'ataa ·lhatd_b~ V.naW . . i • . a ~':-vJk~~· · -~·~!O,i.r .. .. di· \.llC! deua cban:y Jort Pa,-na ·Jonuti.oa i• : a•~•llJ aa uo.d•rlyill& c_oaliaiac l.aJer. ~ ... ~ • .oM velh.yiel4- -ecr fro• ltO~U~ opeoiq• ~ ~ f~~~ ~-,..;;~ ~
WELL RECORDS
Data oa Mlh ia. tb.~ Di.U.oo. ana an ia the filaa of ttM Teaaeaue DiTlaioo of Water lleeoureea ad D. I. CeoJ.otl.cal Surv.r. SiDCa l96J. vat.rwll drilla·u ha.,.. b .. a. •ClblliHiq reporta to tho suca on tho wclla t;bat thoay drill~ Data oo. yield al&d eaaiaa; hllltll "',.. obtaiaed ft>os tbeu driller nporca. _
le"R .. ••11 yi.el.U fn lU walla i.o tha ana (fia. 1) ~-...• froa haa dulo 1 u aboat 100 p.llaio. Slatr"u Pan:eat ol the wlla riel4_ leu t:Jln 10 &aliai4. iowa.ar1 ll pan:ut yiald U &d/aia or aan. ncr• {a a.G elht JM;~t·ara ~ ~9. .. H~_e · . 11tiat:rib•tJ.'?~ o~ •~1. ri~~4 - -~ lou.do-w: (ti..a. 8). Will~• yiaL4i.D&. DO"« t:tl.aa -~' - - ~~lJ_ai~ &ra acatt4md" thq:Jap~c; t~ _are.• aDd occur 1.11.
·~- rat\'"~--~-:~Pl !'_. .• .,
YII!LO. Ill OAt.L.ON~ ~E" M)MUft
fl'lo•o p, •• ,, ..... , ~llllllUIIIOI'I Ol fOOOrlol •o•l Jl.ldl (dola lfa .. Tliuo•Naa OIW I. IG-ft al W•lar ""o•ow o of. uroaytll .. hld dill I.
C. aha hqttaa b..,. baaa upon:ai fo-r 126 velh ill tb.a Dicte.oa. anL Tb.a . l~tba reqa fnw a aiat... at 6 feet to • ...UU. at 1.81 feet . About ha;lf of tba valh ua c.eaa4. to bacw. 40 aod. 19 hat Uf.t . 9). aeca\da Suu nplat(ou n~tuin that •11 cuia, be Mt into Mdroclr. • .oat nportad. cuifll l••tU •~ at luar •• anat •• the rapli~ tllic.k11:8Aa aall a&.1 ba areatal" (.._,.cbett aacl ~ra,..ki, vrittoa c.-aa.. 1979) . Cuiaa l•o&th• vora u••4 to appr-ad.ute till• reCQlitlt tlticiur.••• ( fil• LO}.
<XPLAHA TION
W!U. LOC ... TIOt4 AND RfPOATED YJE'l.D. JN GALLONS~ Ml~n
0 t.n.lhan5 • 510 1&· • lol(ft U..l~
10
......... ,_h __ Qt~ ...... Wot .. RH-Uo --·-
.. "
~ 40
• . <> ,.
i i ..
'
1-
. 0
r-
'
.._
- . ,_
rn ..r-40 10 1!10 10(1 UO 140 HIO !10 .tOO
CASWQ LEIIQ;FH, IN He:T
F!f1.1f4 t.·-frllrJ~~•JICIY dlltrtwTIOIII Ctl Cu.IIIV leqthl 1ft we-1'-' In Ok;k'a"" •n• lO•t• lro111 T•.,....n•• DJ.Uiolll ~:~t "'"'*' A • .-rc,•e, 11np.ui)H•h~ dl ta>.
a.aC.l.i..th ia. tt.- upla04• h aauulb_ ·~ _.sq t~ •qre tb~ 150 ~u~ ebt.ck.. Or::le euaptloa. t• .Out.baae'i Ot riidt.oo alon& 'litatnr.ly 46, a~ upLan.i u .. wbua, bald oo c .. iq: laa.atlila 1 tbe reaolith it1 lau tha.o .SO t .. c ttlil!k.. ~» t!:11t vd:tiaye of tb. -·~jar a~a... &ut u.t lhe~ Piaay ainu. ..lcNlc~ Cft~k; and Li. ttl.& .loa .. trutr:, ttta""raaolit~ ia h., ttt.aa. 50'- fiat. tb~c.k' (fia ... 1.0) •
QROUNO-WATER L!VELS
Grolltl4 vatar ia the D(ckaao G.Ha flove trOll nc-aq& araaa vhen level al .. adoaa ar. biab, to d.iach•~• poi-ota at. loqr elaYatioru. 'later lrNb b $9 v•lla. v•~ •u""'e' io M.tn:oh 1960 (.U.rebu add otbara, U64) aod rat~~ed troe 0 to llO fht bd<"~~ l~ •urfaca. It l• likelr th•t vats~ lenh ar• at..Un- •ow (191!10) •• JrOI.lOCt-vatcr pu:apaa• i.o the aru bu nae chaqeQ fii"!Utly.
A. vatu· 1•-1 eou.tour cap ~odi.tied troe~ )y,rcber atui other• (1964) i.a b.ud oo tb4 H.ncb 1.960 'vat:ar lnah aa:d tU dtitud•• of uine •Pria&• <fia. lD. lbia·UI•P 1bc:Jn, bi&h vater-hwal alti[U4•• u.ad.•r th• draina!J.t!l d,ivide vbich rllO.I QOtt~.,,..t to lttvthun throop DicUaa·~tli.- ~b• hiput ·~·~·~er .l•nL• a.ort~wut
ll
fl
~~ •11'~01& to IKIP?-'U::I ~
liCk.lj.IOS 'b OH$ 'P......,
P*~I~.IIIIIA\Af""'lft'M
u•''(]·=~r~~~ .l.jiQ'W~ ...,.~ .00&1 lp~ .. jq .. -~- tg -orQ.fl,. ~
- WlO.J..HOO :)IWJVIQWI~- - 001-
NOU.VHY1d0
(Mtl~-~.(Cftl-1;1 'ln .. ~~
'l:I'NI,... ... ,..,........,. .... n •J_,......._, .. 'fl_Q ... ..
lJOu-ool lr-11\ •
~PW!ilf~'lMID9!MJIJg~J
~noo3V .JO ~3NXJHL lVflOil ao 1Nf1 -twH-
NOU.........,.
of DieluCNl. the ,ater tabb i1 •• au:b •• 300 f&n lowr i.n ah:itl.lda in tba vdleya qf tb.a ujor ItA-.! (k!r~ett aad Zu.ravaki. vdt:tu COlfaiQ,, 1.979). Tb4 ti.rutioi. of p-ouo.d-V•~• flow u_ •_ild.lar to_ t~a· aurt~c• dr~~a•}. tloar ia away frma "Pl&Ada tm1 toward lo.ar lf'&ter-leval altitudea .i.n the velleya.
SPRmG DATA
Spda,:a are ~U~tural ou~l•t• for J't'VCD.illll water and occur vbare hod aucfac:a intanac:ta tba wacer tabla. Molt o£ tba tarat: aprina• in the Dtd::•o-. ar"• (fis. 12) cihch•rac from nur the bocto• of dae9l7 iaeiud bollCMta (Harchar &od otbara. 1964).
Di•dl•ra• taa.uunu.uta •en ~~~ duriq Jul1 1979 at •ix aprinp .i..a tba Oieboo area. 1\to •prinp, Walout Crova iprint ud Cru•1 Spriaa. had tba lawen cli.achaqe of tM a hi apri.np ::.euund. (tabh l). tba meuynd yield of the four •~rluaa detn& Wut Pio.•J i.ivn U.!ll&d fro• O.SJ to 1.1a cubic feet ptr
;~;~ft~~:./•) !t.::'":~.!:;;! :~:.:::::: ~:.:~:a:r•:. l~;~l ~~th0~7:t£~3/; were -..de at tica Sprlaa fro• S.pt~r 1910 t:hrouab Naa 1981. S;t4cih.c c::ooducta.nc.a of vatar trc.. tt.. apriap r-aa&od fr.oa 175 to 29.5 11inoaboa per- c.oatimaur ()SIIb.o•le.) and pll raq:d fro. 7.0 to 7.7 (tabla 1).
DiJCh&qa aea,~.Urllm&Ot& bav-" b .. a aada. pu·iodicatly tr01111 Ull ttr.roup 1979 at l'iddar u4 Bruce Sp:riq&~ <i:•ble 2.}, Pift:r-seven -••u~t:& b.ave been aada at fiald&T Sptit~a; !ru~e Spriq b .. bHD. se.uurd 17 ti•• duri.oa tba , ... perio• u Pialclar Spriq.. Diuha.rse troa Jru.o.e Spri111 i& COQ.Ihtautly tawr thea. dbdtaqc froc rield.ar Svrioc.
STREAMFLOW DATA
st..-a.Ulllov •eu~JU1MUt& , .... ••<~• oa. J~l.y 19, \979, at 96 aitu alO"DJ atre-• h. th• atdy area (fia, 13). 'Jha atre ... wan dry at 27 of tha aitaa. All b11t tvo of tbe dry aitel have drainap areu ot lau t~aa 1 aqun-·e aila. Th.a la~at d:raiuaa area wa& 1.68 •quare tailee. 'llto a· ... r•l• •t"&afle~v for all 96- 1it.ea vu 0.2:6 cubic foot per a.coud per •~~:uan mile. U tba lt dry •itaa var• ocittad, tba avarqa vaa o.J6 c::ubio toot r-r a.caod p.r aquara. aila.
Thfl c:banaa in. -~·t:r•ufl~ P~J:- ~~icion.•L.•quar• aile ._of ·d-raiu.p .u·u btt~n. aie .. _.,.a.dOtaniliwtcr'UI'l' ~.alta iii. ori~i .t~ d.eli.DN.t4 .!.~,i ... raa'di'"
;!f:~a;r;.::::a:~ •:;.r;. :~. 'f::.U s::::~:i~ti•~1t::: ::lii,.~'.~•t:a~-~~b b;!: ·~ rdath.ty hilda reported. ••U yi•lda. 'l"n• adnina reach•• of •t.r• .... •i•il•r to apdo.sa. in.tica.ta ~iacbara- tro• tbe p-ound-wat~r n•arvoir.
Lo~flgw d.hchuae ceuu~ hava lleeo publiahad (Gold. 1981) tor to eitea vithia the atu4y area (fia. 14 aud u.bte J). Lov-ltov au:aureunta ara ~aada at a. tilllc wben tbera ia uo overland r\.lllOtC frae precip.Ltatioo, &ad flc:.w ia •uatai.M.d bf diaclu.qa hoa ~ srot1D4-atar •1•t ...
,. 15
Table 1---Diach.UJ•• •pecific ca-.du.ct~e. tecpera~a, aod pB of vat.l.:r T•bl• 2.--Discbaqe ae .. ~reeeat• - Piddu Spri~ aDd ITUU Spdaa h'o• •pri~~:t:• ic tba Di<**oa •na.
Dil~~ Spacif Q Di•Q.haqe c01lliuc:uaee Taooor- Us'£•2 ~ fs 1le2
S:priq_ Di•~·rs:• (]Jid!o/~ ...... .. .... fielder llrt~.ce Dote Fielder !rue• Cfia. 12) .... (ft3/•) 25"C) ("C) Spriq •moo lpriq Spria&
Walnut Grove Sp:riq 7-11-7, o.o,. 245 16.5 7.4 lli-06-ll 2.06 1.30 08-ZHZ t.U 09'-19'--31 1.72 L.Ut 09-26--&2 l.f8
7-19-79 0.04* 270 16.0 07-11-51 :.11 ! ... lQ-25-62 t.9l a.-u-.52 1.90 Ll' 11-28-62 1.78
Ooa.•a•n &pl'iaa 7-11-79 Q.l4 ZlO 11.0 7.0 1»-U-SZ 1.16 l.lt . 01-12-62 }.57
Bad4aa lprlaa 7-11-lt 0.17 210 u.s 7.) 1o--zi-'z 2.02 l.U 01•12-63 1.46 11-lo-52 1.72 1.17 03-ZHl 2.01
7-U-79 0.68 ZJJ u.s u-oa-n 1.62 1.00 04-11>-6.1 l.S.S 01-2~53 1-74 t.ot OHHl 1.92
ri.at4er ~~~ 7-11-79 1.711 ,,, 14.5 7.6 01-14-.Sl 1.JI 1.54 06-05-63 l.U
ar.~• Spri.a& 7-U-79 1.4~ 240 H., 1.1 03-11-53 2.11 1.61 07-U-63. t.l6 04-lt-!Jl 1.95 1.4' ~DHl 1. 74
7- 7-79 1.u. 11> 14.0 DT26-5J 2.n 1.75 09-lG-63 L71 06-U-51 2.09 t.4S 1o-Gl-63· 1.40
Grauy lpriq 7-U-79 0.07 af-02.-·54 1-94 1.31 11-13-6] 1.53
Payua Spriua 9-29-71 0.10 01-07-61 z.u 12-1()-6l 1.H 01-ot-61 3.U 01-23-64 t.U
Tiee Sprn.J ~17-80 Q.l, , .. 14.0 09-01-61 2.09 02-14-" 1.75 ~-61 2.01 Ol-to-&4 2.H u-:u-so O.ll 260 u.o ll-02-·~ l.SJ 04-16-64 Ll)
1-IZ-81 o.u 2111 u.o 12-04-61 1.,. 0,_15-64 2.67 01-02-62 1.79 06-11-64 1.96
2- 2-81 0.11 290 14.0 02-07-62 2.(1) 07-U-64 1.65 03-0""'2 2.7CJ 0~10-64 1.11 z-n-SL o.u 2111 u.o 04-03-62 J.Q) 09-23-64 1.78
4-U-Il o.a 2l0 14-.S 05-02-62 2.}1 lG-15•64 1.10 or03-6> 2.35 ll-l7-64 1.50
l-21-81 o.n 190 u.o 07-0l-62 2.2] 07-ll-79 1.7& 1-42 08-02,2 2.3Q 07-U-79 }.3 ..
6-29-81 0.21 ,., u .• ,
* Bttiaatecl. !!!!!l !IH!!!2 liWE! Fbldu S.priq 1-98 3.11 1.46 I rue. I pr iDa 1.34 1.75 1.00
l6 17
•
-.....,. • H:= ·!I~ h!• ~ =~~ ;;{~
=-·j ir. •lj ~=
I!· ., ~ ;. I • i ..
Um ~ ID !!.
_j ~ ! :: ;;
i H ::l
2 e ~ !ii
! ~~ !l . ~
•
Table l.--Lov-flowr dbclulq:a au.•u~e far atr•_. ill t~c atUiiy aru
Drai-ua• Kefe.reDC:e StatiOD atta l>iacbaqlt Di.eluqa
""· (aiZ) llau (f«:1 /t) n.u (ft1 /a) (H.
0343458, .s.o~ liJ-17-~0 0.4% 06-24-s:t 0-57 0.34~4S90 13.3 0:7-ll-74 2.i:o Oll-ll-7S 1.8 03434.593 10 ... 9 07-G7-.50 ).47 03434595 13.8 09-12-51 O.S1 06302170 2.16 ll)-1o-61 0 09-27--63 0.0.5
as-u-u a. 56 1G--C4-64 0 04-ZH3 0.4S Oll-06-6> 0.36
0360ll.92 21.2 07-07-50 u . .s 05-15-U 22.0 09-12-51 9.01 04-2Hl 17.7 lQ-17-Sl 1!1. ,, 09-ll-63 9.9, G6-24-.S2 IO.i lG-04-<4 9.U to-10'-'til ... , D~Lo-65 u.•
03602193 1.95 ll-ll-!12 0 0.360nu .... lG-14-'-4 0.47 a56<2200 6.ll 10-lG-61 l.i7 IG-04-<4 2.31
05-1!-62 s.so 011-IG-U 5.57 O...l~l 4.aa ~3-<9 3.16 O:t-27-63 .Z.6l
10 03602.210 0.73 11-ll-.52 0
ly uaiq lorflov cleta, the siuiaa ..ouut of nthuac to thAI ll"gunrl-var:ar ayat: .. ia a.. Oic..t.oe area cae be a•ti!Mted. Ditd\a-.s• data fro• eba &aaU.C atatioo oo the Pioey l.i,..r at V~trooa., TeEm- 1 aoutb of the atudf' ana. - .. unlll !or tbia purpoae. Duria.a nao. the ~ diacbaqa of the Piaay Uvn at: \'antoQ vaa 90 ttl/a. ~ tbh aita. th• Pihy ia 4rti.Qiq 102 aqaare mil••· lla:ile p,~rl: of thia draiuae buia ia ovui4e tlf tbe atltdy &rea, it ia aalllaMd tbat tl'la rechaqa ru.e tor tl'la atu:.ire buin h abol.u: tlle u:aa •• tb4 ncluQa rda ia tba Dickaoa ana.
A.Jiau&i,_ th.&t t:be 90 ttl/a npc .. Rt:a tb• •IKIUllt: of around water bei .. diadtaraed to atn ... ad apriaaa, tbaa about 320 acn-faet of water. m~at rechaqe aadt aquara eile annu.lly, Tbia rapra-.ea.e. a ainiamra rata of abo111: & ioc:bea of tbe uuwal pt'RipitatiOQ tlut ia ta~J:&ia& the pouc4-watal' •J•t:e. arou:od Dic:Uoa..
R.!:SULTS OF DRILLING
Taet WeN Data
Tvantr•ix vdla vu• drilled duriftl. the atu4y Ctia .. lS). Well daptka razt;pd .from 21 to 400 feet • and t:be wlle ••re c .. ad to d.tpl:ba ra~:~~iq ~
20
.,. ... 0 l.-t .... u tJid 11-"d runbW
Cs-tabr• 4)
Fl;t.ni5.-TMtw.IIL
21
r- ••
.. CASINO lENGTH. IN JiET
R(l~n tl.··fr-.ftMY 41•1"-t~Uo.. of 11U&.q
!IJ1QUIII IR 11'1111 INI ... Ia.
•• ~
40 ~
• ~ •• 0
i z 20 ~
i : .. FJO•r• IJ.··II'f*4\H~ter dlltrlbutlo" of It!• )'~ld• of
tn. 1 .. 1 w~l· •Mit Olci.U..O -.iltt IO .. Otlll .. d llf.
5 to 317 het below laCII. eu.rfac• Cfia. 16l. -.pu.ctt. tkict.oUa ra~ce<~ frOui 4· -fMc "i•·.._tt.a··=·· nuO:r-:=- _l:_o_ l~l t .. i h. ~· .uP,l.nd... Yhl~.-~u~~ trilliJl&-YCA ~-- :tb.f.1L l. t~: G9.1"0
::,.n·c~.t/.•~~~,~~~ ~;;.l;:a'::ar: 11o~. ~bA.-.lQO ·.&~1/alD ·-en •• ·1.1L D.ata troa.. tb• till t wl.lt are •~ ri.l:.-4 io tabla 4.
lba rqoli.th at the 16 c .. t velh n.qltd frc. ~ to ln hat t.hiek (tebh 4) vitb aa. nu:qa tbic:~c;Mu of aa feet. fourteen •• u. pear tut•4 at· l•••t 10 t .. t of recolitb &A<i 10 of tU.. wdh bad finr araic.d bM• of lU..•toae ... a-r tha top of rock. Of th .. a l4 wdh, 7 {all wi. t.h fine-araiD.a• lilu•tou n .. r the top o t rock) y1ddad SO l"llaio or ""' troa · llllllu.tioa. opaa.iace iq. b.Uo<t, aod l w-ell• yieldri aon tMa: 100 &dlaio fro. tb• reJolltla (t'ia. 18). w'i.ll . ..:Qi~9 :r.iddoit~ tn_aal/Dla m:.. a-.· .. a::t~t la'u-of· c::licit, .a.~aycl ·ac t~~-~t9i(PJ ~~c:k.. Wdl Dlt-1.5 ,ietda4 eon tbaDlOo &all•iD. fr• a 60-f'oot t:hiek MCtioo ot ealc::anoua 1.U. Tha re-ia.itc fi'nl wdh vitb at 1-at SO f"t of naolith 7ielde.l! le•• than :to pl/a.ia:. For the U vella wftida have leaa tbao 90 ;uc of re&oUth, 9 1t.w.d te.. tnao. 20 aa 1/m.ia. n.. tbn• re.aaaiuiaa ••Ll•, all with ficr grab»d. bacl1 of ll•.raa. Mar th top of rock, 1 ial4od .30 to .SO aalhd.u; boon:ve.r, t.ba 7:L.ld. of·oa.a d the•• will, D~l!:~ .. )r ... b:. ._.tiff~~-• b7 the pn .. ~•- 9J. ~lia · "c::it7 _ 1~ ~~ eautat loc!l ~-1?-d-.~f:~r. lnah to reaa~~ ~~&b· -
'nla. reaolitla tbic:b.e•a ••• hiPly v.ar:Uble witbin abort lateral diar:a~a. rr~r e:uaple, ltiWlla Dk-l1, Dk-18, 11111:1 Dk-19 •r• witlliu ZOO feet of aach ocher aad bav~~ raaoU.tb tbidt:u.n•• of 90, LlO, aod 70 t .. t, n~t.ivdy. llldl Dk-9 h .. 331 teet of resolith wtu~orea• tvo 4ot:W•tie well• vitbia ab~t 400 fut ol &k-9
300
,..
i 200
~ ~ 0 '" i 0
• :i ·•o ~
so rot ... o•
~12:8 ' 0
0
. , ...... "o
•" .. ... •"
... " l~.~:~ •o~'3 ou .,. ...
..
'o
oZ Te•t well •lid I"IUirl!ba•
o1 re•t well•llod l'l<lanbet. fOt"wel .. wltl!eUI"' ... grel11.cl "e:••roell' ll 1n. too or liHI•oo~
,)lo; not .no .. ,.
250 JOO
FlliQOLifH THtCKN1i5S. 1H fUT
bave uportU_ rcaoli.tb thiebwl .... of 93 aacl 160 fa.c. Wall Dlt-2:3 b•• approda.atal1 UO feet of rqolitb al! wll Dk-24 tlb.ic.b ia 230 feat away U• oaly 10 feet of reaoli.ttt. m. ... vn.iatiCJIII,.f ia rita~l_i~b tbiekl\ua iadie.au, that tbe bedro<:i. au.!~ a .U irre&U"l.u ud ..,,. ).~ pi..Wd.W •. ·lb· ·~_lyai• of tba r•aoli~. tl;liet::u.aa. aod y.hl~'"t~d that..vdU.ar_, li,~ly t.D pr~uc.a •on Necr ia-irca'• ot cbi¢:k' n&:olittar --
"nla pd.u.ry_vat~oarias, aoo" u•· aol\old~~tt~. opad.nc• iD tba. W~r-~! L~~ atone an~d-~_o.•~- .,~qC.. ia._tba .FoiL.faJI!t'. f:opjlllt.{oa. fht recolitll eoauaced of d-• cla1 ecd., vitb two a:acaptiG~U:, yielded vef7 l:tttla vatar. t'lle 1iu.o~ •G.tutiolt oaa.ni"qt pe.ootra~d durjQ&. .drl.lli"Q.& C:!I.Jl&td. fro. le•·- than. 1 toot to •cir._th..L.40 .t .. r: thiclt. eeutauy. tha· ... uv opoe:oiua• _v_au _cleaa, .~ater."" Oallriua..aou.•._llha"a'-- tho ~ar&•'E" .o~iD&JI,. .Gr. elu.a lo-. f<~•t.• .vu·• part::i#lli or al.ootlt ~o.platelJ ti.llad with chy: Solg.tJ.Oli~9pCUii&, •Jl:iq. oc;.~ur:rocl below fia.e~aio.t_!~- ~cap.nc~~ a.ur .. the top of bJ:~tJ.k. !";fr~. *'n .1~11 to yield _tAr&*
23
lh~4 1
1Jiiu ledtqlt
.,,._ .... Lowltad• o.ta.,P.t!t!4 {!t)
~~ ota--u J6•os'lo"' tJ•a4'l"' -... u, Lt71 no
&k-1 Di.4'"""' U'GJIU" 11":16 1~ ••· 11 1 Ull 110
tlir-6 Dhi' ... :J J6•~•o.• 11"2:11"•3"" .a.. 131 .lND HO
Ilk-l Mll.-1 u"074ir a1•.u•s,. ...,..,. u.. uc UD
n-1 otti'-U """'11"' arn•2r ~ n .. ttao tao
·~ Dl1r-61 H.,,,". 11"14'1,. .,..u. u• 79S
n> uo
... 710
WIU!I" ....... "lobl ... •1\t:k ~ 4ilpdl ~bt.c.ll.... , ..... (ft) (U) (ttl
atii'Gollo ..... (h)
..... ,
..... "' .., IH~be
, ... /!h) -lOO
liD
Ul -, .. , .. 340
,., . .. •••
110
lOll
" 1111 .. "
100
11
,.
'" u
... 100
300
...... Ill
101 ltJJ-lot
t1 ...... 40.,. 18
11
... 1G4.1 tU·llJ UD
U.J-Lll u .... ,,. a?O--tn
,. - ... to -
10 "" ... 105-106
UJ 1.-uo 100 l2!-Ul
70 .. , , .. .. .. ,.. " 11a 114 Lt ...
zu-ne
Ul lGO-liJJ lU Ut-lU
ZIO 100-UO )oe. tJIO--US 11Hta
V.tu l!Ml a.t .. -.tlr
laW Mari.aa awtd.,.. l•-(tf) doP
v.I'P o,... 1a ttt.a U.-1 1 ~d .. tM
, .....
U.)l " n.:l'o
J).ID· V
,
60.'-0
••• 21
., ..... lo..i-.. d.r u .... jac.llt •• u .
.,.. Dut",_. c..t .. ••• lulllq • ... ...,..
-,u,....~.~ut .. .,,. ••..at.•ftlll at lJo-tn t .. t.
Dutr.,-14 illtll ,.ttroya4: Ml& •••• ~.aat ...
....
-.. .. ...,.. .... -....
~~ ._ It 10,..2!1011 i:MI~-··WIAI' c..oe.t•lai .. --4~ •• uw..
111114• -en lr.~ ... .. .tua t ........... .
··-c·--------.- < -·------- ... ---- -----~----··
n.fl''oUiu 1fdt!tlt ..,.,, .. flare g..lft!t
Dk-11 M.ti'·1J U"O!t4o' 11•14 .,,. C.::t. t • ltiO
llk-tt Dlr.r-u ,.,,..,. u·.z•••r oct. •· um
1.- ... ~lhh
• " - .......... ~t:M.to rr - rort ,.,..·ron.uioo
.Uti, ... {ft)
uo ... ... ... ... 750
... ItO
...... .... n.
'foul laa•lltt. D.pta ••~ t.bic.tolu u ... (frJ (ts) (ft)
-·· ..... C_ftl
J!J) ••
.. 110
7D
uo .. ..
lJO
140 llO
... 10
UD
250 70
·~ tl 102-l~ ... , .. .., UD ... 1«1
lll-111 llO-l'O 17&-111
110 Mo,...L ..
101 17 Ill
:ISl-252
··""' ll7-ltl IJI)o.US
104 IH7
u•
116-lU
uo
lU uo
20 I ll:i-Ht
11 .,
7t
., tu-u• ... '" . ,.
u
uo
.. ... .. 50
"
Wattr ..... ... ... lo ..
autfac. (h)
1o..n
... u
1Ll4
...
li.M
...... Marlq ......
!t.Meh
0,.•
....
....
.... -....
....
J..e.nkt
~.c: 7M raat It:• Dt-J) •
n.e ..,., ' ..... ••r. eu•d off filii to eh •w.ucc "' •DVo•• tit. o••*• ..,.ace..,.. r• ..._. r .. t.
101 talt rsc. Dk-17 •
LtO ,. .. , r~•lk-n.
SU t .. t lttM Dk-U.
ZU fatt t-.-a. Dl-U.
.Moqut 1, lSQ fMI ,... orn.
....._.t 'OO t.. t t"Ok-U •
•
•
•
• amount• of ,va.te.r.; Thia "cap rock" i• • tin.e-sraine<l 11iliceoua limestone or dolomite vbicb allowed fo~ tbe devalopoaeat of eolutioa openiaaa by inhibltina tbe dovmt~~nl weathering aod •oveaae1lt of c. lay ioto tht1 10lutio11. opeuiD&•· The 1ite aad auml:ter of aolutiott opeuiqe cleereaeed with depth.;
Spaetfle Capacity Teate
Speeifie eopaeitj tuta veno conducted on 10 wallo. Specific capacitf io the diac.baqe of a well arpreeeed as a rat:e of yield per unit of dravdovn and can ba u1ed • ._ an indicator of the capacity of the Well ~d aquifer. Ayeraa~ ,.toLd "!_or the indi•idu~_l wells du>;i"'l: :t._be ·t.&ot._!_ .~aMe<t.cfrom. ab""t--72 ·salluill in Dk-'24 t<?-_300 &al~in in _Dk-1_,; Spaeific c&paeitieo for the -11• ranaed fro• o. 71 to 12.7 iallone per minute per ~oot ((aallsiol/ft] of dravdowo (tabla 5) and a .. ragad 4.10 (gal/min)/ft. A hi&b epecitic capac~cir. aiu,b" as U. 7 (cai/airu./f_t in Dl<-.2~, iodicatea th~t tb_a !'Ater-baarl.na cone iiuppl1.ioi,tha .well io capable of_ trenamittioc, giound" water aoro re•dil,. thaa a ~Jl ·,n:cli _a· l.~er eptcifie ci'apaertx,_ aucb -•• o. 7~ Ccal/mfli)Tft in"lft-24.
lllbt. , ....... PKJfic-ca.-u:r tut lau
lfiilc •ter-1 .... 1 .......
bet- rl•t• s..aadl .... •ull'ri..q k•r C..rba bK{t'la o.t
&Yi11 liir~. "" .... toUt ._. tuc . o&QM:itT t .. l (ft) _·_{ttl_ ~1/afeL___li&al,.i•)/fd (h) IMwrh
... , It !.I.~ &/J4/ID ..... Of :J'-67 .,, 2110 -·· Di1F-61 7/7/ID
...... .,., ... 2.)2 ... st .. •IIIII 1-..pl.•u to......,. . l:L\0 121.7 "' '·" ... 'lteldt •1.u rr.. cqo,U~. 4L4S H. OJ 100 .. ., ... ...... oi"'"n 7/l}f/. .... , Dl:r-n 1/-./10
1>1<-11 Ot.:l'-74 1/ 1/10
u.o1 11.14 .., 1.11 .. , n.u .,_.,
""' .... ·-· 1'hl.U ••t:.- fro. r-.oUtb • 10.17 ,._ w loJ11 ... ...... M·•-n 10/ 11• 1114 u .. u '"' s." ...
R-Zl Itt :r .. ,. lQ/ t/10 ,.,,. lt.:ll ,. u.r .... .,._.., Dl•P-fl \IU/11 J,U u.u ., 1.02: •..
.... ,. ttl:f--G 1/U/11 tt.u UIQI,JS " a.n ...
YIELD-SPECIFIC CAPACITY TESTS
Teala at the Dk-17 Site
Tvo t .. ta V@t4! eondueted at the DJr;-:,1.7- aite-; .t 7l"\\o11r te•.t took place·in Hove.ber 1?10.,. and an 8~our- te•t Vaa .Coiid~ct•d.in Au&~•t.~l9~L·-· Yeti Dk•17-Wa·i. pumped duriaa both te•ta, and water le:val• vere ee.•aured at foa.r observation -no. Walta Dk-16, Dk-18, •nd Dk-19 are 850, 200, .ond 19D fee~. respectively, from the puape4 well, Di:F-27 io a daroeatic well about 415 hat fr0111 Dlr.•l7 (tl&. 19).
26
• • 12>
~ ~ ..
~ H •• ~
~
; .!!
... ~
g
j g e
~ I ~ ~
~
i :r
~ ;;; ~
... il ~ ~
• ~ : ~
~
~ I ;-~,~ -.. ~: ·~~ -~ ~· ~.. ;;· r.,. :
It! I I ; ... ,,}\ ; ~ ...... ,~./r 1 - ~ ~ __ ,
~- ~ 0 0
.
.c " e I i!~
z H !
0 <. ~ ~ g:; z ~ u
. < 0-
g .J .- 0
~ ~ ~ ;;:
.. ~·
·-,.·<;>,'So~, . ---:t~ .,,~ t ·~
-a.. ... 0 ,, ~b
'-'1,~.:~-~ ........ <>
t7
27
lba t. .. t: aite ia underlaiD. by tba St. Louie Li•atooe, Vana• Li-..tOIM., ao.cl Fort hyue: Fom.tioa. 'Iha St, lDuia U.....,.•tgae «Dd the upper parr of tn. wanav Liaeaeoaa baTH veacbarecl ta a elay reaolim approsi-ra11 90 hat rll:i~ ( fi&. 19). Oi'oullcl water OCOUJII ia .. ~l~ioa opcb~o.a• io .tlt.o. .. "'-ran_ ~l;oaa a ad at tbe cant.Ct_ Vtr~ tba Fort· ra,lw ~oraatiq.l. Ka~:~y. opn.i.Jll• pe-ttatut;M by Jk-17 aDd -Dk-11 van "p"attidlj or caaptetaly fillAcl •itb cby.
Tbe tut baJU. Oil llo..-.... 'l' 19, 1980, aH eDdecl llo't'eaher 221 19e(), ·-~~} daya of ~iu.a. 1be initial ~i.aa rate vu ap~tely l4tJ &d~ WHa'.r feveh · ia the obaarvatiao vella re.apomdH to ~iq; Dll.-17 in •ari~ dasr-• (fi.a. 20), tha qoc.Uic upacity _of Dk-17 at tba ud of. tba tint a tap vu .l.O CaallaiDl/tt of d.ravd:ovn. At the and: of tb• tut, tba apecific captM:ity had ct.czu .. 4 to ~·· (a•l/llin)/~t ot_ d:r-~ fen: aa nau.a~_ ~-iat: rat~ of U5 J&llaiu.. l'ba'.Aacr.euo.:iu- ap~i_fi:_c_ ~:ap&cit.y __ ~ cailact vCll_lilUO• c.auMd by lowr.H,!~r_J4Wl• pr_ pouibh_lfavatariq.ot •c.a tipper, vata~~·hc sooe•• Watar lO"Mla iu Dk-19 beau to d .. balore ~"*PiA& ato)ipri. tb{a cou.1d oeeur if tba cot~D~Kdon ~tveea Dk-19 &114 Dk-11 kci:IU bloclutd:. Q:-awdova in llt-17 aDd cha oboerntioll velh i• .~ ill tabla i. Bat& froa tbh t. .. t wen analy&ed ~i.na • matb~tL:.-1 ..xt•l. but the reaulte were iaa;ooc;:luab·a. z:.c::~l.ll!'!l' .->! _tbi.., ·.ib,_re_~e !'t tb:t-.. 'f~!-1: ~'?~b}-&bar · pump~na ~~U! o~ to-~ laqer ~~ P«r!C!.!f_ ~~~ Pqt _b, dl~t_QUiinadl •
72-tiOUA TEST
~~i::.~---r -~ ~ : ·~r ":.wE.,_____.L._~~-'--...1.:':-:--:-l::--...l.':c' ,.--,-,~::--:7-!.j
1200 HOQ 1200 2409 t2oo :2.t1oo uoo :r.cco 1~00
NOV lSI NOV 20 NO\' 21 NOV 2t NOVZ3
28 '
tabla 6.--Dra'll'dowo awl raco...uy iu walh at the •-11 •ita durica the 12--tl.our uat
Dk-h Wdl !lQ,
ce~d.alll Dk-16 1:4<-11 Dt-19 Di:P-27
Di•taaca fro• 150 200 190 415 pu~ vall. ia f"t.
Prepua~pioa 7l..49 n.n 74.4.\ 74.80 74 (ut) water l..,.al. ill feat belov .... tlrite poiDt. ... ..._ 46.71 5.10 38.10 27.93- 13.6 it .ad ot! fh·at etep. io feat.
DravdOVD at s1.n 10.61 74..66 46.23 tha M4 of t .. t. ic fHt,
leco-.c'l"J" 27.Sl o.o, 14.04 0.89 1 bout• after p-u.~q~iq ato~d. io t .. c. ·
": plot o_f l$z"~ YV"':I cliat.-.ca ~ ~· ~~··· -n (f~. 2l) , .. t1U,l to detaiai;a-;.·_ ·u tba ob~r:vai:10. vidla an C~t;m-E:t.ed 'Vl~ ~~ii· water-baario& &Oa!.~ -~~ 1?~-17~ tor ~-~rv·t-ioa v."tla i-o a-a- aquuer vic.b uait:orD prop .. rt, •• , tbia type ol plot would: ideally, •bov a atrai&ht lintt uaar tb• p~d vell ud a ..aotb euo• at tha di•taot obaUTatioa. vella. lbe dopa of c:urve• buw .. uIJt-':1'1" aod..JJ!r..,..U. h rala.~+!dY.".C9M~~c- :wn.~~ iQdiu;u t~~ tb.fae well~ ban a. aocWI-b7"drauHc: eo.aeedoU: At: d.~:~~aa (t • 1 ,aoo ~&"ad· 4,200. 1liauc .. ) t:l:l• alap-t~ ia ata111per thaa earlier ira tb• teat. 8teapeoiaa of the alope ~ ... Y be due co poaaiblc d.evac•rin& of tba aquifer Ot' ,.11 eocruee loue ••
• Table 7.--Duvclcwn and •""""""' ia Dk-17, Dlr.-18 and Dk-19
duriaa the 8-bour teat
llell no • . Dk-17
( e!!!!2!d veil) Dlr.-18 llk-19
Prepuzapi Ill H.ll 56.00 55.71
v•ter le-.el, in feet belov seaeurinc poiot.
Drawdovn 17.24 13.65 9.23
after 4 hour•, ia feet.
Dr.-dow at 20.86 17.U 13.44
end.. of t.eat , i o feet .
Recovery 1 hour ll.9~ 8 . 12 3.&9
«fter sn-piq a topped, i 11
feet.
Teet at the Ok-21 81te
· Wall . !Jk~21 """ puarped · at au.nerase r8t•.<?f_3.!10 : aal/!oin <!uriO:C.~.Jl-:bour
aquifer teat · bosun oa lloo.-er 15, 1980; W..lh Dlt- 13, · Ilk-a &ad Dk-20 vera
v·iti."iu ... 500 feet of Dlr.-%1 and Yen uee4 aa oboervatioo vello. Dlr.-n and Dlr.-26
a-re aleo loc•ted oa•r tbe air:e (fiJ. 21) bot ba4 aot lte:ca drilled •t th• time
of tbe teet.
'l'be vella at thia eite bepn i n tbe lover part of the St. 1Duie Liae1toae
vbich , alolll vicb t:be uppet' pe.Tt of the Warsav l.ia.e•toae., ha• vuthered co
fono • clay . roaolitll "itll o..-e ocactered cbert 1r~vel CHa. 23) . ll>~ . Prl,.."l'
vuer;eorial •que ill. 1?~.21 io a . l7.-f00 t . Mill. oolliticia .openin& ill ·. ·.t,ll't. .~l!a~_oair
Li~ot"!'• ., . . j:ba. OPJ!Il!i!& .th.itU! .to~:. f<:•~ .. i!i_ 1,11<_~14. ·
lllo initial n~te of ....-pin1 no 430 &&1/llil>. Pi&Ure 24 ohovo the reopoooe
of water levele ia the pwapiq well Dk-21 •nd tbe obeen•tin tf'alle Dit ... ll 1
Dlt-.14, aad Dlt-20. lllco p-in& atoppd oa Doc•er 18, wafe·;. leveh io .Dlt.:.14
aa·.i; Dk-ll ro~cn-erod . ropid iy·. Vater lenle io vella Dk-ii :.·;.,( ilt-·20 ·,:.·,po;.ded
slcnrly to the end of -ins (tallle II). Spodtic capacity at the end of tho
1,~30 ainuto otap ••• 8.6 <salfmio.l/ft of 4ravotow at 430 s•U•iu. AI: the e11d
of the teat, opocifoic capacity ..... approllioutely tbc •-• at 8 . 8 <s•~/loiol/ft
of dra~~ with •n averaae P.~io.& rete of 3~ aal/mia. Ttl :~•-•qai.fei:... . teet : V••
all!lo aoalfaect an4 . . aaaia tile ~eulta vere iacoac_lUaivt. lh• nepouae of tbi1
well. -to· ltmj:er periods•· of pUJIPias· or to • hfitier i-"it4t of tnmpioa: could oot be
det:.enaia.e4 ~ ~ ·· -- · ··· · - · ·· - · · •- - · · · · · ··
32
• ~
~
... ~ I ~
N ; l a:
! !l
~
~ .!!
llftftl HHH HH H A IUIIIIlM'IMJIIVW ~ ~
lli~~IRiiB ~
~
33
: r r ~
~i; !
~ !
G o
~ • <; . I X
.
I~ . -.. ;; ::
i ~ 10:::;
~·
•
: e . . :
i i . 'i. ~ s l ;;
~ ! 0
u u ... i 0
~ i "'
e
~~~ iilOo. >ido ~co~
·~ E~ 1-~: ~&.~ 111 l< 2
g:om~ ~~!2u ;>- Cl" 10 I
~t uu
Ok·l.4
l 1 I I I I I I I I. I 2400 OICI.C 1600 1400 0800 tiOO 24DD Ol!IDO lfOO 1400
DEC 1~ O&.C 16 O£C 11 Pf;C II
1<\Qla'a :u.- H)'Orooraofl Md Nld d~IMI u,. 7Z-iloo1X tMI tlf .. 11 Dk•Z1,
1'•ble ..... DraV!:IOVD an4.riiiCO't1'11')' ia ••lh aru. Dk-14, 1\-20, aa4 Dk-21 4.-r-iq ~ 72~ur taat
11 GOo
llk-21 (2!!!£.!!i! •al!J 111<-13 llk-14 llk-:10
Dbt&aca frCIIII - >>2 330 "' pumped. vcll 1
io f-t·
Prepw.piag 6:1.43 81.13 76..65 82.29 nter l•ve I, in fut balcn.r DU•uribl poio.t.
Dra¥110¥11. 49.97 17.6~ 46.96 19.13 at ea4 of tint atep, io feet.
DTawdOOWD at 39..77 20.)Z 31.76 23.04 e11d of te•t. ia feat·
l.er;Oftty 200 21.29 2.94 20.21 2.S5 ai-tu alter ptmpi..q dCJPped 1
in fut:.
)4
e e
'be c.,P!lCU of ~be waUT 1.-v.h ~a ~-Il and rJk,.2Q iodicate• ·that the 'fttn--Ma.ri.J;I.& so .. ita Dk-21 an'll; ~1~ i• poorly eomMe~_ci. wit:b .. otbet' &ODof.a in Dk•ll ~R_4 ar.-.Z9- 4 ,Tapb af dravd:ovtl. ur.-ut~ d.i•taoee Uo. C:hc!. puapecl wdl UiJ. ·2S) abova t.ba m..pa of tbe c;:ou of d.epreuioa. du.rio& pt.-pia,:. · lbe ._bn,wt clroup h t:btl •L~ betve~ Ilk-~~ .alld Dllr:"-20 •upport. tb8 • ...,..u.oo. that" val~• Dk-13 a.d Dlt-16 -.n open tO'l·i~feflDt. nt-u~•#'-1. ·~·- tba.Cl tbe~ .wia aoo. h Elk-14 nd. Dk-:u. ·a.ea!'li• W~t..ir- hiet.- in Dk-.20 :Sod llt-13 ntpOad to puapiaa ia ~n; .tb.a~rC·.,,_t be -~-bt~~uli~ comwc~oa. htW.i&"~t.e.e tw-c vclh &Del tlail_~~ lf&~J:t-huiq,.c.OJM., · ~-- · · - ....
.. ~ ! .. ~
,,.so ,...nQtel -. t•30!i! mtttvt••
g 40 ,.too 11\'Jll.l''' ~ 1•1l30~·~~· 0 ••
.. ' 0111·21 ('umu•d•.,ll
7(l L.. I I' Ot!-20 Ok·IJ' 0>·«· ::.:.,
0.
DISU.NCE FROM PUMPED WElL IN FEET
f'i!wr• 2!.- Or1•GOWI'I II1Jf&!l CllllfMIOI from tlloa PIJini:IICI •Ill for IN 1 .. 1 ()! [Jk·2t
ADDITIONAL DRILLING NEAR THE DK-21 tllTE
Jollovi-oa tb<t 72-tLou_r tHt, n-o &dditioo.l wlla, Dk---2S and Dk-lti,. v•n drilld io ail atteapt t.D d.etanrlae the htei-al exteut of tbe pri .. ry watezba:ad.aa con• in Dk-21. '-ll _011:-.25 v.aa dri.ll•d to a cleptla of 220 t .. t. tbe fi.aal rteld v,. 4 &•ll•in vhih flloviq witb COJipl'uaed air for U ainut~•· Water l•veh at bl-14 cUd BOt napood to lfr-illia& Dlr-2' (fi&- 26>. fbvent', tb.l! aull rield fro- Dt-15 aad abort P-Pill.i ti.me wo.ld D.ot be ea:pect-.d to effe:ct -ter 1.-..eh in Dk-14 wt·licb i• aot"e thn 1.400 feet awt.J•
35
.HOD 2400
W•l' I
drit~ 011·26
' ' IZOO ... ~.
I .... .. ... ,
Well at-16, about: 900 fHt traat Dlt-14.. vaa c.aaplated to a dapl:b ot BO t .. t. 'I:U liu.l rteld •• 37 sal/ai~. 'DI.e ~dJ"o&r•P. or---~~ C.ft.a .. ~.•&> sbova 111. abrupt drop. ia. vatu lc-nl d..riq; th G.dll.i.D.& t;tf Dk=-26 0"11 May 7 iadi~t'iaa a hy~~l.c ~~.c,io'D .!J•t~o . tbe..~~. we,Ha. 'Dia · .,.t.r..t,.ujq ~~-~t.l04 .and 1J2..feet.: iA I*-26 'lliJ:.cornl.ce.vit:ll t.be ~in :watir-l!e.n~ t~e ia ~21 and Dk-14 (fiJ;. 23), ·- • · -· · ·
WATER QUALITY
Spt'Cifie eoaclvcto.ca of srCXIOd .. e.~ tro. tJu t .. t .. lh raucecl &ca. 200 to 1a0n tbaa 1,500 aierccboa per ceo.tiatt'u (Umboll/ca>. Moat val._. were ~tw.a 250 at~d lSO ~alee (tabla 9). Caa.•aUy, the .paeitie eoo.duetaiU:a
• ioC:%auild vit.h d.e,th.
CrOUilcl vater t:ro. tba re&olith (111.-9 aad Dk-lS) aDd fr011. aolutioa o,..ina• iu the Vanaw IJ.aeatoua, web •• iu tlk-14. Dk-11 &Ad D~:ll, llad a ape;.itie coaducteaca .!='.aoaitll f~ca 200 to about 400 plll!ooajea. ll~lh .VbLeb ('atMt:rated' I!IOll.ltiOil opesu.a&a "ia. tha Fort. hyae romatioo ~Dk-16 CD4 Dllr:--26) 'l&ll&Ullj bad val"ull!!& vitbin. tbia r•~le:• llo-\lar, in velh Dt~i'. ·Dk-.5, ·CUd· Dk-8, hydr-c,ea aulfida w.a liet.ctad iD water &ott openioae La. tbe Por:t hyaa Vor;~~.&tioa.. J.fter the detoctioo. ol llydroi•D au.lfide, tbe sp~dfi.c COQd.u.et.a~e I:"Ull.d hoti 100 to •• ~Web •• 1,.550 lJabaa/c..
36
Table 9 .... -spe.eitie c.onduu.•ae• ot vata"r tr.,.. tb• ta1 t t~elh ·
Drap-tb of ••ll at De:ptb of vdl •~ llell ti-. of ••Plia& llell tiae of ·~Haa
llk-1 400 8>0 Dk-15 2>0 :100 260 300 .... , 300 360 290 310 300 31o0
Dt-5 110 400 uo 425 Dt-16 350 321l 110 430 ,., , .. Dk-17 116 "" 270 77) 1H 400 300 1.47' 145 3H llO 1,550 100 300 3/oO 1,41.5 190 300 390 1,100 200 290 400 1,400 2lo0 300
160 305 ot-a , .. 800 17S 300 ,.., 300 Dk-9 m 280
330 275. Dk-18 163 2!1) 340 320 113 300
211 '" Dt-10 200 320 2SO 320
tlk-14 "' '"' Dk.-21 130 20) 130 200 ,,. 320 Ok.-2% 2JO 330
Dlr2.5 210 J>O
Dk-li 140 425 180 420 120 390 150 39
!:ro~ v:ater t-:oa ·~_lla_ ~11 .•~ Dlr.-2' tapeiaa. tlaa Vanaw Lia .. too. w .. ,l-9 ao~.b~4 fg~ .. 54 par-.tua. 'DJ.e•e au.ly•'!! ·~·- 1110. -jor water-quality ~ P~-~ Ct:abla 10). 'llatar Ira. both velb h a hud 1 ealciua biearbooata type with ai.ailu prop.o-rciou of .. jor aioenl eOQatituu.u {fia. 2:7). IJy eo=parltOD, •ell f'V-ll ic laini.av, relln., y1el4• •ioeralized water tr0t11 the Port Pa711a fom&tioa. IIJcho&aa. aalfile V&l aho oelatactad ia this wll, tba water t,-pa ia bdine:d to ba aimiU.r with water troa t:he Port P•yue ia •ella Dk-1. ors, a~~.d Dtt-4.
37
'IUla a. -.at,_., __ tt• ~u ... a-u·~ .tu. .~ t .. _..... u-1•., -"-*-· "·~ ~ --
o.-l- ... ~ ~
-s:~~~ . .. o--~~-1~ .. .., .. ....,.,w-, •t..l- C.-J'L H._) . ~~~ .. ~~.!JU) . . ~~.~!:'.~!.'1:~. .. n
.. o. ....... -.d-.-...'-a/&. .. 11) .. <llll..U., "~"" ~t. u ~) .;-• ~·"'-.. l .... (ll.,rt. ... e.-) C.~ll. ll.t.Nl- (Jia/lo ... Q} ' l)o.t-~_.. ....... ) ' ~.•w...t ..... (lllf&.ual .. ~ • .U.~lq(\. ... -~ .... (-.~'-» "'--1-~.~ .. t&O"e:c..t~J ":,, n-u.. •l.ud- ,,...... u, .. - • ..._._,.~ .. &d)) . .. -...<KaJ.(.,.IL.•·~ ... r.-.~--~tiii'Lu..., " r.-. '--' lti/L ••hi ~. ""-t.w lliii'L .. ,.., u.""'-.u.-~~o •• w .. _.. <IU.l ......... ..., ·~ ... ...-...u ... n..(ll.ai'L .. ., . .__,ut.N.(I.l.rL .. ~ .._,, u ..... , .... CalL •• 111) .. l,.__,. oli.IM~ """ .....
ti.W. Ha..,l- Uot/1- 10 ' u-• .u-.... (qf\. .. 1) .... .llut.ca, •tu.tooo.~ (,q/'L •• I) ..• ·~· BU.l (&aft, U I)
.. ., ......... ... _.. .. ...., . ~ •• t ... AoMt.,..L .... ) ~M
~=·.f::t~~.-:~ :·' tUJA-.,."--l_.~ ... ~ ..• tu-. d.-1 ... ()oaf&. .. M} . ~4u-L ..... c..,I'I.•••J .. --- ... ..,.._ __
' l,....uJW. ~t.f.tr U.._,.. .. U"Q -Jt:e-'-- •t......'-1 tlot&/L...., k) ... .. IU.C.,Cl.Het .... (IW'L•IU!t) ... !lot'W.tioQ'CIIIIJ)
~.: ~~~tllafi.••W O.Ut-'.c..t,l-.(&o1.t.(l0t.&l .. e.~t-..l,I.UdiMO(Cift..flll•) ' ·~ol-.I.,(Qiot.-,(lllil.., '
I ... _._,..._af "'"l•li• .. dllio, U,. 1 0.1. ~l t.u.d ... c-y, ts1 .. l !l.f. ·~ "-<••'-Af-1• UJ1.
"' .• ' 'l
' " .., ... . ' • ' . .. ... !''
: .. , ' . M
' .. ... . ··~ t.&1
''" ... .... M . , .. . ... ... ' ,., .. "' ... !:''
• ......... -..~._....~4aUp~--
--~--"" -· -- -·-· ,_.
.. ..... ~
;
" '·"' ... ... ... M
.. - ;;
.. " -;
;; . ... H.J
;;
!!
.; -;
··- .. .. ..
-· ......:;"'u'-......, - -- -·-· 1-ll
.. .... !
" ~-... ... .... .. ... ;;
:: -;
! l.s-..t
;;
~
,; -;.
··- . . .. ~ ..
l A •"- •t u .. •r r- h t1- u 1t ,._ - h.!Utal ..u. -.t.tat.Mt.. •r ........... 1.4t.u.l..,.-'-la. '---l~t._ _____ k_l.ooo•_M_._..,....__.,_,...~
F.,..13
.. Ok-21 s
ti11 ~ .. 'Z ~ 3 ' "'"'' i .. il:
I Ok·17
tlJJ ~ ~ ll ~ <>
~
"vw• :il1--~on or~ Cflt1oM .-*"-In .... D*:-rt m-11..,... Fv--13
SUM'!fARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Otouacl. W&t&1: {o tb• tti$UGO ..... oec:un priN.ri.l7• i11 tb. aaiaaw. t:.i.Jia•biJIM• S.c~•rJ. P'!"~~lity. •v.th •• ·~ltstio. oHOJ.aa•. ire th• pria.e.iple 'avR~M• of ~G-~t:t-·.o~. 'Dle u.~u'lyi.q.Po1:t ,.,.. ~oteedoll h !iae--cr~cl a~ U:~IJ.Iltl. •:t~ u tb• b~ ~~-t.!!_·~-g~_i!~·'£ t••t-vell titea nu cboaea. oa tbe O.ail oC' topopapbi'c -podti.oo, n&olitb thicma ... auf tiM litholoay of the uudcrl.riaa fo~ti.ou. h~ fro. tbe test walla wer;e an.al7Eecl to relate aeolcc uti toposnpby t• JrOU!ld~C,~I' oc.c:u.r~•· tt .qpe•~• t.Ut.. rt~&olith th.i._ckulf ac-t tba li~.lau of t~ bedrodt art. tba aaia. .fac,ton i.n!lil..e.nc:ia.a a.,_,..t.op:&qt ~!.bla~-rM14-i,q.,_~lu.tio.. op.u.i•; ·
39
l'lln of tho 2:6 te.c welb b.ad thick reaolitb .aucl. a Horard.oH liDUtooe naar t:ha top of tha coana-a:rain.d bed:roclt. s. .. a ot tbe 10 vella yiel.ded 80 a•ll•b or son. nu a pacific caP*=it.y for tbua u:vea "ell• rana:H tTdD 1.02 to 12.7 (aal/aiu)/ft. of trawdOVQ. Hi.ab"Tialdial to~oti~• o~ifll& ·u~ mora I.ilr:elf to develop U arau wllu• tbera ia "tblck raaOli.~ i~ & · fip.,.-rai~ li.Matoao i .. pn,n11t at; Qa tot! .o~. rock.
Aquifu east• vara e~t~ u: two wellt vbidl panacracad b:l&b-Jiddb:.c ao1utioa. opea.io&~• Well Dlt-11 vaa pamped for 72 bouta at ao ava-qe rata of 155 aal/mio rltb a apadfic cap.city of 1.8 (aai/mW/ft. ia t':"'boui" tut vu c:ood~Ktad at Dl.-17 afur additioa.al c:ui-o.a va.a i.utaUa4 to aaal off &OZM ~o~pper aouu. Duria:& tb.U taat. diac:h«qa vaa 120 ·a•l/•i.o: wich a ap-acific c:apadt7 of S.7:5 (aallmia.)/ft.
4 ··~· ~all, Dk-21 vu ~d at:. au.. averq• Jial9i_qt )!jJ a•V•it:l foz:. ~2i hovr• a.a.d. ~d a .,.~ifio. .:.p..cu,. of ~..8: Ca&l/lld'll)Jft:~ .. hitbar drillicla at' thia· a ita_ iu4ica~~~ __ t~.,C: tba aolutioa opeoiq, cay e.JCt~~ about. ~ t,.t ia~erallf. "~t>at of tba opeaiq• aem~~~d to b• very louliud.
'lba War.aJ Liaut-' i.o tba Di~;boa a rea i a capable ol. 7hldiq &ood qualit.y water for driaki~ 'or iuduatria.l ut~e. (!bile lov7faldi.D.& wl1• tlla cula, tb d.nt:lopmea.t of bi&b-yieldiaa vd.b ia po .. ibla.
40
SELECTED REFERENCES
BYrebett, c. 1., 1.977, Water l'a•oorcea of the upper Duck River ba.aia, c•uaal Tacaauee! t.cn ..... Dtviaion Water a.ao..re••• Water l.eaovrcaa S.ri.u lb. U, 103 p.
Burdlett, C. 1., &Gil Bollyday, I. r., l974, T•llUI•• .. '• 11ev.•t: aqoifu: C.oloalcal SociU1 of ... d.ca. Abatr*ct vitb frop:-aa., v. 6. ao. 4, P• JJ.&.
Gold, 1. L., l9«1, Lov fLow mauurtaeota of Taau.uae •ere ... : ·r.OJM .. Ite Diviaiou of •tar .. aourca•, Water a.aoun:aa Sariea lb. 1• .. 361 p.
LDhiMa. s. V., 1972. Gr01.mll-water brdravli.c:a; U.S. c;;eoloaie-.1 Sv.rT.,. Profu-•ioo.al fapar 701, 70 p. ·
Ma:relru1tt, K. y,, 1962&, Strati.J:rapby aa4: atru~;tv.ra of radta of Niuiuippi.aa ... ill the oortbweat.an~ ili.P,lu.d Ria, "'tuoaaaa•t Jouraa1 of tha ~-
aeakadel.;r of Sci•'"*• v. 37, 110. 4, P• 111-116.
1962b, htruarapb,. of Hiaahai.ppUD li.a .. t.ooa• ud eberh froa tba --uorthnatan11 BiPlalli li•. Ta=eaaee: Jou.n~~~l of lkdiontal'}' Potrolou.
v. 12, na. •~ p. t1HJ1..
Marc!lar, If. V., !i~, t. L, aod Loua•~ury, I, !., 1964,. Grouttd-vat•r &Hloa1 of the Dicltaoo, Lavnu.etbuq, ud WaVU"lf ana• ia tbe we.auru lli&blaod li-. -r.ODNacc: D.S. Geo1oaic.al S..na1 Water-Supply Papar 1764, '0 p.
tfoore, Q, 1., 0 ao.i llojb-, lo 8. o 1965, J.vailabili.ty of JTOUGd VAtU ia tllO na tern Hi.Flud ha of t.D~:W~aa••: Jouns. l. of tile 'Jlt:ooztaa••• &adair of Sciuu, •• 40, uo. 1, P• 22-26.
Moor-e, Q. (. 0 aDd WilaOI:l, J. M., 197l1 Vatt:r ruou.rcaa of the CoDtar Bill LaU r~~aion, ~ate: 'teo.ncaaca Di.Tuioa gf W.tar llaaourcaa, Water baourc•• hriu Mo. 9, 71 P•
ktl.ou.al Oce&D.ic •ad At110apbttic .&d.aia.httatiDU. 1979, Climato1o1ied Data ~1 •~t"J' 'DI.DOeaaee: Rati<:J4&l Ocaaaic: an4 .At".aapbuic .-tnictratiQQ, '~~• !0, !lio. 13, 10 P•
Parbat.~, a. ll., allll Dr .. , L. J,, 19,&, l.aadosa dci.lliq for wat•r ia cu:tJ.ou.to roc:ka: Penuyh&Dia bt:e lhinnit}',.W.tu &ta<"a~•• a..e..Rb lublicati= Ro. 3166, :Up.
Pipet", A. tt •• 1931, Ctound waur io aort.h-e.eotral Ten.a•aa.,a: U.S. Geoloaieal Sun•1 W..tar SUppl1 Paper 6:40 1 13• p.
Uu, D. l., aod Goddard, p. J..., U79, l;rouad-owatar rcaOt.m:aa ia tbc lletropoliteD re&ioa of Nu!aTillc, Taooenoa: u.s • .&.uay Corp• of Ea&ia.e.cra. Kaabville Dhtrict, Jlaab.ville, ~llll.Ca ... , "-4 p.
41
l ::1 , I
Ten.a•u ... Dhidau of W&tar Quality Control, 19170 'rubti.c llatu SyattG ll iulu of I'.lnneuae DepalUient of IUbli~ Bu~tb - Bu.rua of ED•ho......a.tal Ba<b. S•rric•• - Divhi.ou ot Vatu Qllatity coD.troil T•u.a•••• De~rt~~~aat: of Ptdtlie !Raltb, Banau of !Dwi.roaM:ncal llaaLtb Suvicea, DiYhioo of Wat-er ~ality coDtrol 1 Chapter UD0-5-1, Z!J p.
u.s. ltari~tal ~taction •=1• 1.976, Nttioo..al io.tuia pri&ary· drinkiDJ· water r•plationa; a. s. B~;~.Tiro.-.atd Pt-otactioa .&a•DCY raport s-pj, 570/9 - 76-003, 159 p.
1979; r.ttoul .. coadary -drill.ll.bl; .. tar rtt&Uluiou: . u.!l. !u.viror ---.ntal Prot..etioo. ••GC.J n-pctt IN. 570/9- 76---000 1 37 p.
Wbita, W ••• 0 19'0, ll&jar fold& by aolutiOD in Chi Wllt .. n Y:£e,bla~ lia of r.aa.aaea (aba.): ~oloaical Society of -.rica JUlletio, v. 71, no. U, p. 202t. ·
Zurawaki, Ao.a.. l96a. Su-.ry apnaiaah of tha na.tion'a. around-water ~aoarcea - ~11D411Ma ~aion: D.a. G.itolocieal Sort'ey Pt:cfa .. iOIOal Paper 813-L, 3S •·
