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Grid Forming Control for Stable Power Systems with
up to 100 % Inverter Based Generation: A Paradigm
Scenario Using the IEEE 118-Bus System
Mario Ndreko, Sven Rüberg, Wilhelm Winter
17 Oct 2018
Power System Stability with High Level of
Power Electronic Interfaced Generation (PEIG)
2
Power System Stability
(voltage, rotor angle,
frequency)
Associated with
physical response of
synchronous
generation units
Associated with the control
loops of AC/DC power
converters used in RES and
HVDC systems
today
future
SGs provide: Synchronization
effect, system Inertia, high
short circuit currents
PE-Based RES and HVDC
systems do not provide
inherently a synchronization
effect to the system, neither
contribution to system inertia
3
PEIG Main Characteristics?
Power Electronic
Interfaced Generators
Need a minimum short circuit power level in order to properly
synchronise to the grid (during normal and fault conditions )
Highly controllable non-linear modules which interact dynamically with
the grid resonance in the sub- and super-synchronous region
The prime mover is generally decoupled from the grid through the power
electronic interfaces – Possible to release stored energy via control loops
Exhibit limited overloading capacity and fault current injection – highly
controllable in the positive and negative sequence
Instability of Power Electronic Dominated Grids
4
Instability of
systems
with PEIG Loss of synchronism
from RES/HVDC when
the short circuit power
is reduced below
certain levels.
Erroneous contribution
to grid support
functions (voltage,
frequency control and
synthetic inertia).
Undamped oscillations
between PEIG/HVDC
and the grid in the sub-
synchronous as well
above-synchronous
frequency.
Loss of fault ride
through capability and
trip during grid faults
which could also place
risks for frequency
stability.
Enhancement of
system stability
Synthetic
Inertia
Grid
Forming
Control
Advanced
use of
HVDC
synchrornous condensers
Long-term
solutions
Anscilary
services
Short-term
solutions
Mitigation
measures
RES/
Storage
Grid Connection
Codes
5
Realising a PE-Dominated Power System
Vectorcurrentcontrolscheme s
Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)
AC
Inverter based plant
AC
GridEquivalent
Zc ZgridZline
Load
cI
cI
,c refI
cU sU
sU
6
Generic illustration
of a Grid following
VSC unit:
Sources of instability
1. PLL
2. AC current controller
Grid forming
Control for power
systems with up to
100% PE based
generation units
Grid forming control,ref ref
c cP Q
AC
inverter based plant
ZvscZc
AC
GridEquivalent
ZgridZline
Load
cU
cI
Grid Forming Control Concept
Grid Forming Control Schemes
7
Available grid forming control concepts: • Virtual Synchronous machine (VSM) - Mimics the swing equation of the synchronous generator - Usually does not use a PLL during normal operation - Provides inherent inertia without frequency measurements - Fault response not well studied in the literature • Power Synchronization Control (PSC) - Does not use a PLL for normal operation but requires a back-up PLL during faults in order to limit the current - Demonstrate proven response for very weak grids - During grid faults, shifts to current control with PLL - Provides inherent inertia through the power synchronization loop • Direct power control (DPC) - It controls the voltage and angle of the converter - very simple in its use and implementation - used widely for stand alone applications and UPS systems
8
abc dq
Lsai
,s au
r
Lr
Lr
sbi
sci,s bu
,s cu
,c au
,c bu
,c cu
,max2
abcdc c
mU u
chR
sdc
dc
PI
U
Voltagelimiter
dcU
Cdc
wt wtdc
dc
PI
U
,d outm,q outm
3
11G
Js
abcmx
2
dcUPLL
,s abcu
pll
psc
c
dx m
x
qy m
y
refP
P
pllf
reff
1
vT srefQ
Q
CurrentLimitation
During Grid Faults
1dR
sP
,s abcu,s abci
abc dq abc dq
,s dqi
,s dqu
pll pll
• The VSC unit during normal operation regulates the active and the reactive power via controlling its internal voltage angle and amplitude. • The output current is the result of voltage drop across the phase reactor. • During faults, a current controller is used to limit the current.
Enhanced DPC
plltdm
q- axis
d- axis
c
sU
,q s su U
cU
c cjZ I
qm
, 0d su
9
Control block which enables fault current limitation
1
sT
sT
1
sT
sT
Fault Detect
,s di
,s qi
,
ref
s di
,
ref
s qi
,d su
,q su
dm
dm
,d outm
,q outm
+
+ +
+
-
-
-
-
,limdm
,limqm
During grid faults, the converter shifts its operation to current limiting mode.
No need to activate and deactivate the PLL
No angle jumps
Enhanced DPC
10
Simple Test System- Proof of Concept
After the BRK1 opens the gray zone goes to 100% inverter based generation
AC
DC
Inverter based power plant
T:380/150kVUk=15%
T:150/33kVkVUk=10%
T:150/33kVkVUk=10%
pi-Section Line
pi-Section Line
ResistiveLoad
pi-Se
ction
Line
''
kS
380kVGrid
pi-Section Line pi-Section Line
pi-Section Line
PCCBRK1
11
VSC current
VSC response for a 150s fault (at t=6s) Spike due to detection delay
active current
reactive current
Simple Test System- Proof of Concept
12
VSC response for islanding
Grid
Current
Converter
angle
Frequency
of the PLL
Simple Test System- Proof of Concept
kA deg
Hz
13
• 345kV, 138kV
• 7 Large SGs
• 18 VSC-Based units
• Three fault
locations
• 50% and 70% PE generation
VSC with current control
Synchronous
generator
B90
B107
B55
Voltage Stability Assessment – IEEE 118-Bus
>> 150ms fault at B55 – Voltage and angle response at the HV level
70% 50%
70% • In the 70% case, the voltage
drops are bigger and the effect
a wider area.
The simulations are for the case that the VSCs apply conventional control
14
Voltage Stability Assessment – IEEE 118-Bus
Effect of high levels of PE – Above 70%
SG2
SG1
SG3
WPP_3
15
WPP_10
Disconnectionof SG1
Disconnectionof SG3 time (s)
5s 8s
Simulated events
67% 80% 90%
Reduction of the SCR at PCC leads to control interactions observed in the sub-synchronous range
BUS1 BUS2
BUS3
BUS4
BUS5
BUS6
BUS7
BUS8
BUS11
BUS12
BUS13
BUS14
BUS117
BUS16
BUS17
BUS18
BUS19
BUS20
BUS15
BUS21
BUS22
BUS33
BUS37
BUS30
BUS31
BUS29 BUS113
BUS32
BUS28
BUS114
BUS115
BUS27
BUS25
BUS26
BUS23
BUS24
BUS72 BUS71
BUS73
BUS70
BUS34
BUS43 BUS44
BUS45
BUS46
BUS36
BUS35
BUS38
BUS74
BUS47
BUS65
BUS69
BUS39
BUS40
BUS48
BUS49
BUS41
BUS42
BUS55
BUS54
BUS53
BUS52
BUS51
BUS58
BUS57
BUS56
BUS66
BUS67
BUS62
BUS60
BUS61
BUS64
BUS63
BUS59
BUS68BUS75
BUS80
BUS81
BUS118
BUS76
BUS77
BUS78
BUS79
BUS97
BUS82
BUS83
BUS96
BUS98
BUS99
BUS100
BUS104
BUS103
BUS84
BUS85
BUS88
BUS86
BUS89
BUS90
BUS91
BUS95
BUS94
BUS93
BUS92
BUS102 BUS101
BUS106
BUS107
BUS105
BUS108
BUS109
BUS110
BUS112
#1
#2
100.0
[MVA]
142.1
4 [k
V] / 3
45.0
0 [k
V]
#1
#2
100.0
[MVA]
143.5
2 [k
V] / 3
45.0
0 [k
V]
#1
#2
100.0
[MVA]
345.0
0 [k
V] / 1
40.7
6 [k
V]
#1
#2
100.0
[MVA]
142.8
3 [k
V] / 3
45.0
0 [k
V]
#1 #2
100.0 [MVA]345.00 [kV] / 138.00 [kV]
#1 #2
100.0 [MVA]345.00 [kV] / 138.00 [kV]
#1
#2
100.0
[MVA]
138.0
0 [k
V] / 3
45.0
0 [k
V]
#1
#2
100.0
[MVA]
138.0
0 [k
V] / 3
45.0
0 [k
V]
#1
#2
100.0
[MVA]
345.0
0 [k
V] / 1
38.0
0 [k
V]
2.0
8931 [
uF]
6.2
8185 [u
F]
P+jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQP+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+
jQ
P+jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+jQ
P+
jQ
P+jQ
P+
jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ P+
jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+
jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
TL_1_2_1
TL_3_1_1
TL_2_12_1
TL_3_5_1
TL_3_12_1
TL_4_5_1
TL_4_11_1
TL_5_6_1
TL_5_11_1
TL_6_7_1
TL_12_7_1
TL_8_30_1
TL_11_12_1
TL_11_13_1
TL_12_14_1
TL_12_16_1
TL_117_12_1
TL_13_15_1
TL_14_15_1
TL_17_15_1
TL_19_15_1
TL_15_33_1
TL_16_17_1
TL_18_17_1
TL_31_17_1
TL_113_17_1
TL_18_19_1
TL_19_20_1
TL_19_34_1
TL_20_21_1
TL_21_22_1
TL_23_22_1
TL_23_24_1
TL_25_23_1
TL_32_23_1
TL_24_70_1
TL_24_72_1
TL_27_25_1
TL_30_26_1
TL_28_27_1TL_32_27_1
TL_115_27_1
TL_29_28_1
TL_29_31_1
TL_31_32_1
TL_113_32_1
TL_32_114_1
TL_33_37_1
TL_34_36_1
TL_34_37_1
TL_34_43_1
TL_35_36_1
TL_35_37_1
TL_37_39_1
TL_37_40_1
TL_38_65_1
TL_39_40_1
TL_40_41_1
TL_40_42_1
TL_41_42_1
TL_42_49_1TL_42_49_2
TL_43_44_1
TL_44_45_1 TL_45_46_1
TL_45_49_1
TL_46_47_1
TL_46_48_1
TL_47_49_1
TL_47_69_1
TL_49_50_1
TL_51_49_1TL_49_54_1
TL_49_54_2
TL_49_66_1TL_49_66_2TL_49_69_1
TL_50_57_1
TL_51_52_1
TL_51_58_1
TL_52_53_1 TL_53_54_1
TL_54_55_1
TL_56_54_1
TL_54_59_1
TL_56_55_1
TL_59_55_1
TL_57_56_1
TL_58_56_1
TL_56_59_1TL_56_59_2
TL_59_60_1
TL_61_59_1
TL_61_60_1
TL_62_60_1
TL_62_61_1
TL_66_62_1
TL_67_62_1
TL_64_63_1
TL_65_64_1
TL_65_68_1
TL_66_67_1
TL_68_81_1
TL_70_69_1
TL_75_69_1
TL_69_77_1
TL_71_70_1
TL_70_74_1
TL_70_75_1
TL_72_71_1
TL_71_73_1
TL_74_75_1
TL_75_77_1
TL_75_118_1
TL_76_77_1
TL_118_76_1
TL_77_78_1
TL_77_80_1
TL_77_80_2
TL_77_82_1
TL_78_79_1
TL_79_80_1
TL_80_96_1
TL_80_97_1
TL_80_98_1TL_80_99_1
TL_83_82_1
TL_82_96_1
TL_83_84_1
TL_83_85_1
TL_85_84_1
TL_86_85_1
TL_85_88_1
TL_85_89_1
TL_88_89_1
TL_89_90_1TL_89_90_2
TL_89_92_1TL_89_92_2TL_90_91_1
TL_91_92_1
TL_93_92_1
TL_94_92_1
TL_92_100_1
TL_92_102_1
TL_94_93_1
TL_95_94_1
TL_96_94_1
TL_94_100_1
TL_96_95_1
TL_97_96_1
TL_98_100_1TL_99_100_1
TL_100_101_1
TL_100_103_1
TL_100_104_1
TL_100_106_1
TL_102_101_1
TL_104_103_1
TL_103_105_1
TL_103_110_1
TL_104_105_1
TL_106_105_1
TL_105_107_1
TL_105_108_1
TL_106_107_1
TL_108_109_1
TL_110_109_1
TL_110_112_1
TL_114_115_1
P+
jQ
BUS50
TL_48_49_1
P = -86.81Q = 13.73V = 98.8
V
A
P = 45.26Q = 9.924V = 102.1
V
A
P =
0.0
02295
Q =
0.0
07486
V =
101.3
V A
P = 89.64Q = -14.18
V = 102
V
A
P = 205.3Q = 82.73V = 128
V
A
P =
170.6
Q =
-26.9
7V =
116.4
VA
P = 140.7Q = -22.25
V = 120
V
A
P = -139.3Q = 22.01V = 118.7
V
A
P =
0.0
0795
Q =
0.0
08334
V =
137.5
VA
P = -138.7Q = 21.93V = 118.5
V
A
P =
88.6
1Q
= -1
4.0
2V =
100.9
V A
P = 118.9Q = -18.87V = 101.7
V
A
P = 85.52Q = -13.53V = 97.4
V
A
P =
155.1
Q =
-24.5
3V =
106
V A
P =
172.6
Q =
7.0
1V =
114.2
VA
P =
120.3
Q =
-18.9
8V =
102.8
VA
TL_30_38_1
SWING
VSC 1
VSC 2
VSC 3
VSC 4
VSC 5
VSC 6
#1#2
100.0 [MVA]138.00 [kV] / 33 [kV]
VSC 7
VSC 8
VSC 10
P =
38.5
Q =
-21.5
3V =
107.4
VA
P =
19.3
6Q
= 3
.399
V =
97.6
6
VA
P =
-15.3
4Q
= -
11.7
7V =
97.6
6
VA
P =
1.8
02
Q =
-12.5
4V =
103.8
VA
#1 #2
100.0 [MVA]138.00 [kV] / 33 [kV]
VSC 201
#1#2
100.0 [MVA]138.00 [kV] / 33 [kV]
VSC 204
VSC 203
P = 0.1429Q = -0.1017
V = 106
V
A
VSC 206
P = 70.94Q = -11.21V = 121.2
V
A
VSC 207
#1
#2
100.0
[M
VA]
138.0
0 [
kV]
/ 33 [
kV]
VSC 2
09
P = 104Q = -16.45V = 118.5
V
A
VSC 210
TimedBreaker
LogicClosed@t0
BRK1
BRK2
TimedBreaker
LogicClosed@t0
BRK3
TimedBreaker
LogicClosed@t0
TimedBreaker
LogicClosed@t0
BRK4
BRK1
BRK1
BRK1
BRK1
SG
3
SG 4
50.0 [MVAR]
P =
-0.0
02896
Q =
-60.3
7V =
107.4
V A
100.0 [MVAR]
200.0
[M
VAR]
100.0
[M
VAR]
P = 0.01203Q = -0.01703V = 118.7
V
A
Isc_abc
Isc
P = 0Q = 0
V = 107.4
V
A
Isc=6kA
Isc=20 kA
Isc=12kA
BRK2
BRK2
P = 18.28Q = 7.151V = 95.45
V
A
P = -25.04Q = -13.74V = 96.21
V
A
P = 48.52Q = 21.38V = 97.08
V
A
P = 3.746Q = 0.2673V = 95.94
V
A
P = 72.26Q = 24.09V = 95.94
V
A
P = -12.07Q = -6.707V = 96.04
V
A
P = -16.76Q = -9.499V = 98.01
V
A
Isc=5kA
V =
120
VA
T imedFaultLogic ABC->G
Battery with PSC
SG 1
BRK_SG1
BRK_SG1
TimedBreaker
LogicClosed@t0
Battery with PSCP = -54.17Q = -9.813V = 120
V
A
P = -54.26Q = -10.16V = 121.2
V
A
Battery with PSC
trip
trip
trip
trip
P =
71.4
Q =
-95.9
1V =
253.1
VA
t rip
TimedBreaker
LogicClosed@t0
Battery with PSC
Battery with PSC
P = 45.04Q = 9.569V = 99.51
V
A
Battery with PSC
trip_SG4
P = -54.15Q = -9.658V = 111.5
V
A
Battery with PSC
trip_SG4
TimedBreaker
LogicClosed@t0
TimedBreaker
LogicClosed@t0
trip_SG3
trip
_SG
3
Battery with PSC
100.0 [MVAR]
50.0 [MVAR]
P = -0.143Q = -0.2939V = 99.12
V
A
P = 50.04Q = 9.348V = 98.82
V
A
BRK_VSC10
TimedBreaker
LogicClosed@t0
BRK_VSC10
16
part of the unstable
PPMs are replaced by
PPMs using grid
forming control.
It is assumed here that
the DC voltage is
constant and there is
storage element
available.
SG1
SG2
SG3
PPM
Grid forming to mitigate instability
17
• The system is stable
when part of generated
power from PPMs is
with grid forming control
• Grid forming units can
change P and Q
(assuming DC constant
voltage)
• The lower voltage
profiles are due to lack
of reactive power flow in
the network.
d-axis voltage
q-axis voltage
Effect of high levels of PE – Use of Grid forming
Trip SG1
time (s)2s
Simulated events
67%
Trip SG2
Trip SG3
100 %
3s 4s
Fault Trip PPM
Effect of high levels of PE – Use of Grid forming
Trip SG1
time (s)
2s
Simulated events
67%
Trip SG2
Trip SG3
100 %
3s 4s
PLL frequency of grid forming PPM Internal voltage angle of grid forming PPM
18
19
• Time domain response of selected voltages in the IEEE-118 for a three phase fault in the case of 100% PE. • The fast reactive current injection provides a voltage boosting at all monitored nodes.
Effect of high levels of PE – Use of Grid forming
Note: In the 100% PE case the frequency variation reflects the changes in the voltage angles in the system
Trip SG1
time (s)2s
Simulated events
67%
Trip SG2
Trip SG3
100 %
3s 4s
Fault Trip PPM
PLL frequency of grid forming PPM
70% Penetration and VSCs with grid forming on
the IEEE 118 – Compatibility with SGs BUS1 BUS2
BUS3
BUS4
BUS5
BUS6
BUS7
BUS8
BUS11
BUS12
BUS13
BUS14
BUS117
BUS16
BUS17
BUS18
BUS19
BUS20
BUS15
BUS21
BUS22
BUS33
BUS37
BUS30
BUS31
BUS29 BUS113
BUS32
BUS28
BUS114
BUS115
BUS27
BUS25
BUS26
BUS23
BUS24
BUS72 BUS71
BUS73
BUS70
BUS34
BUS43 BUS44
BUS45
BUS46
BUS36
BUS35
BUS38
BUS74
BUS47
BUS65
BUS69
BUS39
BUS40
BUS48
BUS49
BUS41
BUS42
BUS55
BUS54
BUS53BUS52
BUS51
BUS58
BUS57
BUS56
BUS66
BUS67
BUS62
BUS60
BUS61
BUS64
BUS63
BUS59
BUS68BUS75
BUS80
BUS81
BUS118
BUS76
BUS77
BUS78
BUS79
BUS97
BUS82
BUS83
BUS96
BUS98
BUS99
BUS100
BUS104
BUS103
BUS84
BUS85
BUS88
BUS86
BUS89
BUS90
BUS91
BUS95
BUS94
BUS93
BUS92
BUS102 BUS101
BUS106
BUS107
BUS105
BUS108
BUS109
BUS110
BUS112
#1
#2
100.0
[MVA]
142.1
4 [k
V] / 3
45.0
0 [k
V]
#1
#2
100.0
[MVA]
143.5
2 [k
V] / 3
45.0
0 [k
V]
#1
#2
100.0
[MVA]
345.0
0 [k
V] / 1
40.7
6 [k
V]
#1
#2
100.0
[MVA]
142.8
3 [k
V] / 3
45.0
0 [k
V]
#1 #2
100.0 [MVA]345.00 [kV] / 138.00 [kV]
#1 #2
100.0 [MVA]345.00 [kV] / 138.00 [kV]
#1
#2
100.0
[MVA]
138.0
0 [k
V] / 3
45.0
0 [k
V]
#1
#2
100.0
[MVA]
138.0
0 [k
V] / 3
45.0
0 [k
V]
#1
#2
100.0
[MVA]
345.0
0 [k
V] / 1
38.0
0 [k
V]
2.0
8931 [
uF]
6.2
8185 [u
F]
P+jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQP+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+
jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+
jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+
jQ
P+jQ
P+
jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ P+
jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+
jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+
jQ
P+
jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
P+jQ
TL_1_2_1
TL_3_1_1
TL_2_12_1
TL_3_5_1
TL_3_12_1
TL_4_5_1
TL_4_11_1
TL_5_6_1
TL_5_11_1
TL_6_7_1
TL_12_7_1
TL_8_30_1
TL_11_12_1
TL_11_13_1
TL_12_14_1
TL_12_16_1
TL_117_12_1
TL_13_15_1
TL_14_15_1
TL_17_15_1
TL_19_15_1
TL_15_33_1
TL_16_17_1
TL_18_17_1
TL_31_17_1
TL_113_17_1
TL_18_19_1
TL_19_20_1
TL_19_34_1
TL_20_21_1
TL_21_22_1
TL_23_22_1
TL_23_24_1
TL_25_23_1
TL_32_23_1
TL_24_70_1
TL_24_72_1
TL_27_25_1
TL_30_26_1
TL_28_27_1TL_32_27_1
TL_115_27_1
TL_29_28_1
TL_29_31_1
TL_31_32_1
TL_113_32_1
TL_32_114_1
TL_33_37_1
TL_34_36_1
TL_34_37_1
TL_34_43_1
TL_35_36_1
TL_35_37_1
TL_37_39_1
TL_37_40_1
TL_38_65_1
TL_39_40_1
TL_40_41_1
TL_40_42_1
TL_41_42_1
TL_42_49_1TL_42_49_2
TL_43_44_1
TL_44_45_1 TL_45_46_1
TL_45_49_1
TL_46_47_1
TL_46_48_1
TL_47_49_1
TL_47_69_1
TL_49_50_1
TL_51_49_1TL_49_54_1
TL_49_54_2
TL_49_66_1TL_49_66_2TL_49_69_1
TL_50_57_1
TL_51_52_1
TL_51_58_1
TL_52_53_1 TL_53_54_1
TL_54_55_1
TL_56_54_1
TL_54_59_1
TL_56_55_1
TL_59_55_1
TL_57_56_1
TL_58_56_1
TL_56_59_1TL_56_59_2
TL_59_60_1
TL_61_59_1
TL_61_60_1
TL_62_60_1
TL_62_61_1
TL_66_62_1
TL_67_62_1
TL_64_63_1
TL_65_64_1
TL_65_68_1
TL_66_67_1
TL_68_81_1
TL_70_69_1
TL_75_69_1
TL_69_77_1
TL_71_70_1
TL_70_74_1
TL_70_75_1
TL_72_71_1
TL_71_73_1
TL_74_75_1
TL_75_77_1
TL_75_118_1
TL_76_77_1
TL_118_76_1
TL_77_78_1
TL_77_80_1
TL_77_80_2
TL_77_82_1
TL_78_79_1
TL_79_80_1
TL_80_96_1
TL_80_97_1
TL_80_98_1TL_80_99_1
TL_83_82_1
TL_82_96_1
TL_83_84_1
TL_83_85_1
TL_85_84_1
TL_86_85_1
TL_85_88_1
TL_85_89_1
TL_88_89_1
TL_89_90_1TL_89_90_2
TL_89_92_1TL_89_92_2TL_90_91_1
TL_91_92_1
TL_93_92_1
TL_94_92_1
TL_92_100_1
TL_92_102_1
TL_94_93_1
TL_95_94_1
TL_96_94_1
TL_94_100_1
TL_96_95_1
TL_97_96_1
TL_98_100_1TL_99_100_1
TL_100_101_1
TL_100_103_1
TL_100_104_1
TL_100_106_1
TL_102_101_1
TL_104_103_1
TL_103_105_1
TL_103_110_1
TL_104_105_1
TL_106_105_1
TL_105_107_1
TL_105_108_1
TL_106_107_1
TL_108_109_1
TL_110_109_1
TL_110_112_1
TL_114_115_1
P+
jQ
BUS50
TL_48_49_1
P = -132.2Q = -29.53V = 128.1
V
A
P = 128.9Q = 29.99V = 125
V
A
P =
274.3
Q =
231
V =
140.4
V A
P = 126.6Q = 29.99V = 122.8
V
A
P = 142.9Q = -1.397V = 138.3
V
A
P =
180.5
Q =
-5.4
18
V =
139.7
VA
P = 147.2Q = -13.89V = 142.5
V
A
P = -134.7Q = -22.15V = 130.5
V
A
P =
427.5
Q =
111.5
V =
134.5
VA
P = -111.3Q = 68.02V = 138.2
V
A
P = 142.8Q = -1.079V = 138.2
V
A
P =
0Q
= 0
V =
99.9
8
V A
P =
116.9
Q =
-0.0
1371
V =
131.3
V A
P = 107.1Q = 94.27V = 135.4
V
A
P = 145.4Q = -8.703V = 140.8
V
A
P = 139.9Q = 7.352V = 135.4
V
A
P =
148.6
Q =
-18
V =
143.8
V A
P =
165.3
Q =
7.3
69
V =
143.8
V A
P =
144.6
Q =
-6.2
51
V =
140
VA
P =
142.9
Q =
-1.5
81
V =
138.4
VA
TL_30_38_1
SWING
VSC 1
VSC 2
VSC 3
VSC 4
VSC 5
VSC 6
VSC 7
VSC 8
VSC 9
VSC 10
P =
51.4
1Q
= -
20.5
8V =
143.8
VA
P =
10.6
5Q
= 6
.925
V =
126.8
VA
P =
-20.4
7Q
= -
8.4
23
V =
126.8
VA
P =
-9.1
79
Q =
6.7
45
V =
129.3
VA
VSC 201
VSC 202
VSC 204
VSC 203
P = 146.5Q = -11.71V = 141.7
V
A
VSC 206
P = 146.5Q = -11.71V = 141.7
V
A
VSC 207
#1
#2
100.0
[M
VA]
138.0
0 [
kV]
/ 33 [
kV]
VSC 2
09
P = 142.8Q = -1.079V = 138.2
V
A
VSC 210
TimedBreaker
LogicClosed@t0
BRK1
BRK2
BRK2
TimedBreaker
LogicClosed@t0
BRK3
TimedBreaker
LogicClosed@t0
BRK1
TimedBreaker
LogicClosed@t0
BRK4
BRK1
BRK1
BRK1
BRK1
BRK1
BRK1
BRK1
BRK2
BRK2
BRK3
BRK3
BRK3
SG 2
SG
3
SG
4
SG 7
50.0 [MVAR]
P =
0.0
00503
Q =
-108.6
V =
143.8
V A
100.0 [MVAR]
200.0
[M
VAR]
100.0
[M
VAR]
P = -132.1Q = -79.83V = 142.5
V
A
SG 1
P =
145.4
Q =
-8.7
03
V =
140.8
VA
BRK3
BRK3
BRK3
BRK3
P =
10.2
1Q
= 5
.108
V =
136.5
V A
P =
-11.8
1Q
= -
5.1
77
V =
325.5
VA
ABC->G
TimedFaultLogic
BRK3
BRK3
ABC->G
TimedFaultLogic
Psg2
Psg1
SG 5
20
• The presented results with the IEEE 118-Bus shows that bulk transmission systems
are stable when part of the PEIG applies grid forming control.
• Balancing active power in the case of the 100% PE-based network is performed using
the PLL frequency.
• The PLL frequency reflects the changes in the voltage angles as a result of changes
in the power flow.
• The stability of the 100% PE-Based system lies in the ability to maintain the voltage
angle stability.
• The provision of rated reactive current injection from VSCs with grid forming control
requires additional control and fast fault state detection to avoid over-current spikes.
21
Summary
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