University of idaho

Greywater Recycling: A Household Method to Conserve Community Freshwater Resources

Situational Analysis

Katie Keefe

2/15/2013

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General Overview

A finite amount of fresh water exists on the planet that is continually recycled within a closed loop system

called the hydrological cycle. While there may appear to be a large amount of water on the planet, only

2.5% of it exists as freshwater and only 1.4% is directly accessible in the form of surface and ground

water for human consumption, including domestic, agricultural and industrial uses (USGS np). What

limited freshwater supplies we have are dwindling from an ever-increasing demand for water. Supplies

decrease when the amount extracted from the water resource – lake, river, reservoir, stream, and aquifer –

exceed the rate at which water is replaced in those resources through the natural hydrological cycle.

Other reasons for dwindling supplies of freshwater include climate changes, which alter the hydrological

system; inefficient irrigation of agricultural land; population growth; land development and construction;

destruction of watersheds, and inefficient or wasteful extraction and use of freshwater (Jurkowski 4-7).

What water does remain within the earth’s freshwater reserves is increasingly becoming polluted from

human-based activities (EPA np).

Water use statistics for the U.S. reveal that in 2005, 44.2 billion gallons of freshwater were withdrawn for

public supplies (Kenny et.al. 1). Freshwater supplied to the public for domestic use accounts for about

5% of freshwater extraction (Kenny et.al. 1). Freshwater that is treated to drinking water standards is

used domestically for a variety of functions other than drinking, such as personal hygiene, food

preparation, dishwashing, clothes washing, irrigation of lawns, plants and gardens and cleaning activities.

The total amount of freshwater used in the U.S. in 2005 for domestic purposes was 349,000 million

gal/day (Kenny et.al. 8). Recent studies find that on an individual level, Americans can consume up to

100 gallons of water per day and that a family of four uses up to 400 gallons per day with 27% of the

total water used for flushing toilets and water closets (EPA WaterSense np). When considering both

outdoor and indoor uses of drinking water during the summer months, the use rate can jump an additional

100 gallons per day for that same 4-person household (National Academies np). The figure below from

the Alliance for Water Efficiency website shows how the indoor water use breaks down:

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A comprehensive strategy is needed to conserve water and to increase the sustainability of freshwater

ecosystems. If we are to ensure the availability of freshwater for all of its desired uses – agricultural,

industrial, commercial, domestic, and recreational and ecosystem services – measures must be taken to

reduce consumption, protect existing resources, and appropriately allocate water treated for drinking

purposes. One method of conserving domestic water at the household level is the re-use of previously-

used drinking water for purposes that do not require highly treated water.

Regional Impact Study

Freshwater Demand

According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s Report, “Managing

Water under Uncertainty and Risk,” the U.S. consumes more water per capita per day than any other

industrialized and developing nation in the world, extracting and consuming two and a half times more

water per person than any European Nation (p. 23). As U.S. economic development, industrial

expansion, and agricultural and population growth continue, the demand for freshwater to support these

functions is likely to increase as well. The price American consumers pay for water is fairly low when

compared to other industrialized nations and it is believe this may be a primary reason for its

overconsumption. Water in general tends to be under-valuated as an economic commodity, which helps

contribute to wasteful practices (UNESCO p.25).

As noted by Brown in the article “Projecting freshwater withdrawals within the U.S.,” some regions of

the United States, especially the southeast, will experience above-average increases in the projected water

withdrawal rate for the country (1). Domestic and public consumption of freshwater within the Southeast

region of the U.S. is projected to reach 6 billion gallons per day (Bgd) per capita by 2040, representing a

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6% increase from current use levels (Brown 1). At least 36 states have already anticipated local, regional,

or statewide water shortages in 2013, even under non-drought conditions (EPA).

The population of North Carolina is projected to grow by 7% over the next 15 years. Locally, Buncombe

County’s population is projected to grow by 14% during that same time period (NCOSBM np). The City

of Asheville’s existing freshwater distribution system provides over 21 million gallons of drinking water

to approximately 125,000 people on an average daily basis. Buncombe County’s distribution systems and

private wells provide water to an additional 120,000 people (Arcadis 46-47). The Metropolitan Sewerage

District provides wastewater services, including treatment and discharge, for both the city and county.

With projected population growth, city and county systems will be required to supply an additional

35,000 customers with drinking water by 2030. The MSD wastewater system will likewise be required

to handle wastewater flows from 35,000 public works customers. The North Carolina Water Supply Plan

for 2010 observes “Meeting future water supply needs, including in-stream flow needs, will

require a determined effort by local governments, water users, and state government working in

partnership” (p.1-1).

The largest share of freshwater in North Carolina comes from surface water sources. In Western North

Carolina, where Buncombe County is situated, surface water reserves supply two-thirds of the freshwater

for the community (Arcadis 2). Data from the USGS showed that the French Broad River basin has

supplied up to 200 million gallons of freshwater per day to Buncombe County residents and businesses

(NC State Water Supply Plan, French Broad Basin n.p.). Demand for water from local water supply plan

systems in Buncombe County is projected to exceed 57 million gallons per day by 2020, supplying

341,792 persons by the year 2020, a 53% increase over 1997 levels (NCWSP n.p). In 2000, demand for

water exceeded 80% of the available freshwater supply for six of the nine local water supply systems in

the region. These local water supply systems must find an additional 1.5 million gallons of water per day

by 2010 to ensure water demand does not exceed 80% of supply capacity (NCWSP, French Broad River

Basin, n.p.)

State of Freshwater Resources

Nationally, water resources are under stress from overconsumption, development, climate change effects

on hydrological cycles, ecosystem alterations, point source pollution and non-point source pollution (EPA

2010. These stressors also impact water resources within the state of North Carolina and on watersheds

within Buncombe County. Impacts from climate change are altering the dynamics of the hydrological

cycle, causing increased severity of storms, more extreme rainfall events, longer droughts, lower snow

packs, and earlier spring melts, as well as warming waters, sea level rise and ocean acidification (EPA).

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Freshwater resources along the coasts face risks from sea level rise which can cause seawater intrusion

into freshwater aquifers. In addition, as more freshwater is removed from rivers for human use, saltwater

will move farther up rivers from coastal estuaries (EPA). These climate change affects will directly

impact North Carolina’s coastal and inland watersheds.

According to the EPA’s 2010 Report, “Strategy to Protect America’s Water,” more than half of the

streams and more than 40% of the nation’s lakes are contaminated with medium to high levels of the

pollutants nitrogen and phosphorus (EPA). Nitrates and phosphorous are insidious water pollutants that

enter freshwater resources from agricultural runoff, storm water runoff and wastewater treatment

discharges. These chemicals can cause algal blooms that remove available oxygen from the water,

thereby effectively strangling the aquatic organisms within that ecosystem. These pollutants degrade the

freshwater ecosystem making it less resilient to the effects of climate change, decreased water levels and

other pollution sources. Additionally, violations of the safe drinking water level for nitrates have doubled

in the past eight years across the nation (EPA). Since wastewater treatment technologies are limited in the

amount of nutrients that can be removed from wastewater, decreasing the amount of wastewater entering

freshwater resources is an important component in mitigating this pollution source.

North Carolina is not immune to the challenges facing watersheds throughout the nation. The overall

effect of rising consumption rates, expanding development, imprudent use of highly treated drinking

water, increased wastewater discharges and ecosystem impairment are likely to have detrimental effects

on the future health, security and availability of freshwater resources within the state. As detailed in the

EPA Report on Water Resources, the costs associated with treating and transporting water are rising as

some communities look to increasingly remote or degraded sources to ensure supply (EPA np).

Factors Contributing to the Current Water Supply Problems

Within the U.S., water delivered via pipes to households and businesses arrived with the onset of

industrialization and vast public works efforts to build water and wastewater infrastructures. At the time

that most municipal water and sewer infrastructures were built, the concept of water conservation was not

integrated into system design (Cimons 1). Freshwater resources were commonly thought to be abundant

and inexhaustible. As scientific and ecological information regarding the limited availability of

freshwater and information on human freshwater consumption rates was collected, the design of water

supply and sewage systems was not modified to distribute highly treated potable water more efficiently.

Additionally, minimal investments in system upgrades, maintenance and repairs have been made since

initial construction (Cimons 1). According to the Environmental Protection Agency, 240,000 water main

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breaks occur each year, causing billions of dollars of treated water to be lost and resulting in overflows of

sewer water that contaminate surface waters and cause outbreaks of disease (Walton, 2010).

Municipalities will be forced to increase taxes, increase tax rates, or implement surcharges to pay for the

estimated $335 billion that will be needed to fix the country’s water infrastructure over the next few

decades (Walton 2010). Capital improvement expenditures for freshwater and wastewater distribution,

treatment and discharge systems will continue to rise with increasing demand for drinking water and

wastewater treatment. Additionally, the costs associated with wastewater treatment and discharge

monitoring will continue to rise with the projected increase in population and drinking water consumption

rates. Demand for water within the Buncombe County, Henderson County and Asheville regional water

supply plan systems exceeded 80% of supply capabilities in 2010. To meet rising demand, these

municipal water systems face costly upgrades to increase water intake, treatment and distribution

capabilities (DENR Division of Water Resources, n.p.)

Since water has historically been a relatively inexpensive commodity viewed by consumers as a limitless

public resource, the need to conserve water has not been viewed as a priority. Consumers have

historically paid very little for this resource and for the service of sewage treatment (Jurkowski 4). The

cost per volume of drinking water has been kept low through subsidies and public ownership of municipal

water supplies. Circle of Blue found during a survey of the nation’s water rates that a family of four, on

average, spends about $25 per month for all of its household water needs (Walton 2010). This under-

valuation of water has created a lack of awareness among the public regarding the true costs of water and

the detrimental impact over-consumption has on freshwater resources. In fact, water conservation

measures are typically implemented only during times of extreme water shortfalls, such as droughts.

Figure 1: Typical household water delivery and discharge system; cost estimates).Source: Pacific Institute, www.pac-inst.org

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Since communities and ecosystems are not sustainable without adequate freshwater resources, options to

preserve the quality and quantity of existing water will need to be implemented. Municipalities are likely

to implement and enforce water use restrictions and rate hikes to limit consumption and to pay for

necessary infrastructure expansions. In some cases, local resource managers may be forced to restrict

recreational use of reservoirs, lakes and rivers within the community’s watershed. The possibility of use

restrictions and rate hikes could be reduced by improving water use efficiency.

The conundrum policy-makers face is the fact that the majority of voters are not in favor of tax hikes, rate

increases or switching from flat rates to metered systems to fund much-needed infrastructure

improvements and expansions to accommodate increased demand. Compounding the issue is the fact that

water remains a relatively inexpensive public service for most Americans, possibly impeding the push for

more efficient uses of freshwater. Decisions and policies made by elected officials regarding water

infrastructure, conservation and management practices often reflect the public’s complacency regarding

water use caused by a lack of awareness of impending water shortages and the true cost of water services.

However, the public’s awareness and understanding of the challenges facing freshwater resources and

how it impacts their daily lives and the health and stability of their communities is on the rise. A recent

public opinion poll conducted in the U.S. by Circle of Blue found that 56% of Americans are very

concerned about the lack of safe drinking water, 57% are very concerned about water pollution and 47%

are concerned about the lack of water for agriculture (Kellman, 2009). This shift in awareness will

eventually be reflected in a demand for technologies that reduce water consumption and for additional

water conservation policies from legislators.

Opportunity to Conserve Freshwater Resources

On average, up to 30% of a home’s potable water is used outdoors for watering lawns and gardens

(AAWA 2012). Inside the home, toilets use the most potable water, with an average of 20 gallons per

person per day flushed down the sewer (AAWA website 2012). Wastewater water from lavatory sinks,

bathtubs, showers and clothes washer is known as Greywater. Greywater, also commonly spelled

graywater, grey water, or gray water, refers to untreated household wastewater that has not come into

contact with “black water,” which is wastewater from kitchen sinks, dishwashers, toilets and urinals

(Lucy, et.al. p. 3). In the United States, up to 60% of a single-family’s wastewater discharge is comprised

of greywater (Erickson et.al. 2013). According to the Pacific Institute, the average person in the U.S.

generates up to 35 gallon of greywater each day (Allen, et.al 2012).

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To offset the demand for freshwater while also reducing the amount of wastewater generated, many

municipalities have started to allow the recycling of greywater for non-potable purposes such as toilet

flushing, outdoor landscaping, non-food crop irrigation and aquifer replenishment (EPA 2010). By using

greywater for toilet flushing and landscape irrigation, a family of four can save up to 40,000 gallons of

potable water per year (The Greywater Guide, 2012). The utilization of greywater as a way to conserve

and recycle water is not necessarily a new concept. During the drought period of 1977-1978 and as an

incentive to use greywater, the State of California provided tax relief to those who chose to install

greywater systems for domestic use (Alkhatib, et.al. 2007). Other areas of the country affected by

droughts and water shortages have begun to promote the use of greywater systems as a means to conserve

freshwater resources. There are currently no federal regulations governing the use of recycled greywater.

Each state is responsible for enacting regulations or setting guidelines concerning the use of greywater.

In other countries, the use of greywater recycling systems has proven to greatly reduce the consumption

of freshwater, thereby conserving these resources. In one of the driest, inhabited continents on the planet

– Australia – efforts to conserve and protect freshwater resources includes a $250 million National

Rainwater and Greywater Initiative from the central government that provides rebates for citizens who

install greywater systems (Chung and White 9). In Japan, all multi-family dwellings and commercial

structures greater than 30,000 m3 are mandated to install greywater systems for use in the flushing of

toilets, urinals and bidets (Chung 11). A study of a greywater pilot plant in Israel found that greywater

reuse for toilet flushing alone can reduce urban water demand by up to 10-25% (Friedler 194)

Nationally, the American Water Works Association estimates that using greywater for toilet flushing

alone has the ability to reduce water usage by 26.7% (American Water Works Association website 2013).

According to the 2006 North Carolina plumbing code, household greywater that is filtered and disinfected

by a greywater recycling system can be recycled for flushing of toilets or subsurface landscape irrigation.

This application of the plumbing code regarding greywater recycling systems is in line with the 2008

International Plumbing Code, which is used by both the City of Asheville and Buncombe County

Building Permits and Inspections divisions. The North Carolina Plumbing Code established

specifications for greywater recycling systems to protect public health and the environment.

A household greywater system typically consists of a separate, labeled piping system that diverts

greywater through some form of basic sedimentation and filtration system, then into a small collection

tank where it is distributed for flushing purposes or for use in subsurface irrigation. Piping systems from

toilets, kitchen sinks and dishwashers are plumbed directly to sewer to prevent cross-contamination of

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greywater from these sources (Efrid 1). Modifying current water and wastewater distribution systems to

accommodate greywater recycling can be accomplished at the property level with installation costs

ranging from $500 for a small under the sink system to $3000 for a house-wide system that treats and

disinfects the recycled water (Efrid 1).

According to Matt Stone, Buncombe County Inspections Coordinator, a homeowner making any changes

or upgrades to a plumbed system must pull a permit to perform the work. If the homeowner indicates that

a greywater system will be installed, they will be required to meet with a plumbing inspector to make sure

that the system will meet the requirements specified in the NC Plumbing Code. Mr. Stone indicated that

there is no additional fee for the installation of a household greywater system.

The use of recycled gray water is one element of a comprehensive water conservation program to ensure

the security, stability and health of our state’s freshwater resources.

Target Audience

Communication efforts will be targeted toward two different groups within the City of Asheville and

Buncombe County:

existing homeowners; and

licensed general and plumbing contractors.

The first targeted audience was chosen because, as homeowners, they are the most likely to choose, pay

for and install water saving devices within the home. Included in this group are spouses, partners, and

family members within the house. I plan to identify these individuals and families using property records

and municipal records as well as membership information from neighborhood groups and community

centers.

The second targeted audience group, licensed general and plumbing contractors, was selected based on

the assumption that they are likely to be involved in new residential construction that may utilize water

saving technologies as a selling point or in the pursuit of LEED Green building certification. To reach

this audience group, I plan to utilize the Associated General Contractors and WNC Green Builders

Association to conduct identify and reach building trade contractors with the greywater message.

Audience demographics (NC State Office of Budget and Management)

General Public demographics

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Population Caucasian African-

American

Hispanic Female Male

Buncombe

County

241,419 89% 6% 6% 51.9% 48.1%

7.9% of the population speaks a language other than English.

Household demographics

Total Units Ownership Rate Median

Property Value

Median

Income

Resident in

house more

than 1 year

Buncombe

County

100,000 66.2% 192,000 44,000 83.5%

When tailoring the message to the homeowner audience, it is important to note that 87.9% of the

population at large has at least a high school diploma and 37% have a bachelor's degree or higher, perhaps

facilitating understanding of the science behind water recycling systems. With thorough educational

outreach, it’s expected that this audience will be engaged in development of water conservation measures,

and will present questions, ideas and problems during the early dialogue stage of the communication

effort.

Potential Opportunities & Obstacles for Gray Water System Acceptance

The problem of water scarcity and the solution of decreasing the community’s water footprint should be

addressed now because the impact of overuse and pollution are already having a negative effect on the

watersheds within North Carolina (NCDENR np). In 2008, North Carolina suffered from the worst

drought in recorded history, which prompted the promulgation and passage of the Drought Management

Act. This law gives state and local governments expanded latitude to respond to conditions that directly

affect their freshwater supplies (SaveWaterNC np). With growing public awareness about the limited

supply of freshwater and the overall health of the state’s water resources, an opportunity presents itself to

both inform the public about the problem of water scarcity and persuade the public to consider the use of

greywater as an effective strategy for water conservation.

Cost Savings

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The positive impact of greywater use on collective water demand and thus on infrastructure needs could

help reduce the need for large capital investments in water infrastructures and costs associated with

operation and maintenance. By decreasing overall flow of both potable water and sewer water, the costs

associated with installation of larger distribution lines, system upgrades and overall repairs to existing

water systems could be limited, saving the city and county treasuries valuable money.

Additionally, the use of greywater to irrigate plants, lawns, and trees within source property boundaries

has the potential to greatly reduce a household’s potable water and wastewater bills. Lucy Allen et al.

(year) even assert that by decreasing overall energy and water costs for the consumer, the use of gray

water could help meet a wide range of socio-economic needs within a community (Allen, Lucy, np).

On the flip side, the cost associated with greywater systems that are incurred by the homeowner –

installation, maintenance and repairs - pose a potentially significant obstacle to public acceptance of this

conservation measure. The initial cost of system installation depends on the type and complexity of the

greywater technology used. Unfortunately, under current conditions, these costs are borne by the

homeowner alone, even though the cost savings benefit the public community (Fiedler 231). This factor

may limit likely participants to those already concerned with environmental issues and those concerned

about the future availability of freshwater. To address this, public perceptions of fairness must be

addressed during the early phases of any communication strategy.

As suggested by Fiedler, et al. (2005), development of financial and/or tax-based incentive programs to

support the installation and use of greywater recycling systems will be critical to its success (p 224).

Several sources suggest this can be accomplished by measures such as rebates for installation, subsidies

per gallon of greywater reused, establishing a fund from which individuals can borrow the money needed

for greywater system installation costs at interest rates lower than available on the consumer finance

market, and property tax credits for households reusing greywater. Subsidies for potable water savings

and decreased wastewater generation could be easily tracked per household in Asheville and Buncombe

County, where water and sewer use is metered.

Water Savings

Implementing water conservation measures before resources are critically strained can help ensure that

those resources remain relatively healthy and resilient to stress placed on those systems from growth,

development and consumption. Helping citizens understand and accept the limits of freshwater resources

and the need to conserve and protect these resources for future generations is critical to gaining public

acceptance and use of greywater technologies. Garnering public support for a wide variety of water

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conservation measures now can help agricultural, business, and residential water customers avoid strict

water use restrictions and water rate surcharges in response to future water shortages.

Besides the household-level savings in the amounts of drinking water consumed and wastewater

generated, recycling water for an additional use decreases the amount of freshwater that must be extracted

from reservoirs, lakes and streams for drinking water supply. This economic value is difficult to estimate

but can be conceptualized by focusing on the individual’s and the public’s dependence on aquatic

ecosystem services such as water, food, recreation and aesthetics. Surveying members of the public on

their use of ecosystem services and their willingness to pay for ecosystem services would serve to

measure the communities’ values and guide discussions on freshwater conservation. First and foremost,

the public must be made aware of the current freshwater crisis and be engaged in discussions on how best

to mitigate water scarcity at the community level.

Environmental awareness has been found to be a significant determinant in public acceptance of

greywater systems (Domenech and Sauri 60). In general, the percentage of Asheville and Buncombe

County residents that are concerned with the health of the environment and are already engaged in some

type of environmental conservation measure is relatively high. Mass transit, bike paths, solid waste

recycling and energy efficiency incentive programs were initiated by the city as early as 1997 and are

well utilized by the community (aschevillnc.gov 2010).

Complacency and Lack of Awareness

Complacency regarding water scarcity due to historically low costs of water and the naturally wet climate

of western North Carolina may also deter the public from accepting greywater use as a necessary strategy

in water conservation efforts. The County Inspections department does not maintain records pertaining to

household greywater installation but, since specific permits are not required; this is not a measure of

greywater system prevalence in the county (Stone, personal interview, 2/13/13). The possibility of lack

of awareness presents a potential opportunity to reach an audience that may be unfamiliar with this

technology in a way that will improve their knowledge and reduce the risk of “social refusal of the new

technology” (Domenech and Sauri 56). Additionally, given the relatively high education level of the

target population, providing an opportunity to engage with technology developers and qualified plumbers

regarding system operability and safety will be critical to building trust in the technology.

Safety of Greywater

Public health concerns regarding greywater safety continue to be a primary concern of potential and

existing greywater users, both nationally and internationally. Several studies on the microbiological and

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contaminant content of greywater processed in accordance with standards similar to those required by the

NC Plumbing Code show that greywater does not pose additional public health hazards when used for

subsurface irrigation and flushing of toilets (Maimon 3218). These studies and their results need to be

provided to the public during the early communication phase. As stated earlier, the target audience is

well educated and is very likely to understand the results provided by these studies. This campaign has

the opportunity to inform as well as hear feedback regarding the safety of greywater technologies.

As noted by Domenech and Sari (2010), the acceptance of greywater systems depends on the public

engaging in sustainability learning that develops new relational capacities between them and their

resources and between social-ecological systems (p.54). Thus, sustainability learning should play a role

in early dialoguing of water scarcity issues and human-water interdependence. If established early in the

communication process, affecting the public’s perception of greywater reuse and understanding of

sustainability will have an exponentially positive impact on public acceptance of water recycling systems.

The “ick” factor

The “ick” factor is another potential obstacle that can be overcome by educating the public about

innovations in greywater recycling technologies and about effectiveness at treating the once-used water.

Inviting greywater system manufacturer representatives to participate in educational seminars and

community meetings to present information about technologies, user data, research findings and safety-

related information for their systems and to answer audience questions could be an effective strategy to

deal with this obstacle. Also, presenting case studies and actual user reports to the public may assuage

the more emotionally-based obstacles to greywater acceptance. It will be important to stress to the public

that the NC Plumbing Code establishes certain requirements for all systems to protect human health and

the environment. These requirements include labeling of greywater pipes and components, filtering,

disinfecting and coloring (dye) of greywater, and limiting the capacity of storage tanks to ensure rapid

turnover of greywater. These restrictions reduce the potential odor and bacterial growth that can occur

during long-period storage of untreated greywater.

Current Policy and Law

Gray water has often been viewed by policy-makers as a risky alternative to wastewater removal through

municipal treatment systems. The lack of knowledge about gray water technologies and applications by

public constituencies and policy-makers alike can impede demand for regulatory actions that facilitate

rather than hinder the installation of domestic gray water systems. In some instances, where regulations

governing gray water technology have come before public acceptance and demand for the technology, its

effectiveness as a conservation strategy has been limited (Domenech and Sauri 62).

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Case studies of small pilot plant projects have been conducted during the past decade that have

emphasized the benefits of greywater use and have demonstrated the environmental and health safety of

the greywater effluent. These studies consistently show that with a properly tiered approach to gray water

treatment and application, the risk to environment and public health is minimal (Friedler 193).

Unfortunately, the public health implications of using greywater to irrigate edible crops remain a concern

with public officials in North Carolina. Such concerns include the presence of contaminants and nutrient

loads that may be detrimental to health if passed on to the edible portion of the crop (Lucy et.al. np). The

state plumbing code effectively manages these risks by regulating collection and application mechanisms.

Resources Available for Communication and Program Development

Based on readership statistics, both targeted audience groups are likely to read newspapers, neighborhood

newsletters and community journals (altweeklies.com n.p.); therefore, announcements for initial

stakeholder meetings and educational seminars placed in these forums may reach a broad spectrum of

participants. The Asheville Citizen-Times newspaper has a readership rate of 53.5% within Buncombe

County and a readership rate of 59.5% when combined with the Citizen-Times.com website. The

MountainXPress, a local Asheville weekly, is read by a diverse audience that includes a 21 percent

readership over age 60. Initial educational meetings/seminars and public forums could be announced on

the local public radio station’s community events calendar segment.

Additionally, identifying Homeowner Associations and Property Owner Associations (HOA and POA)

for neighborhoods of particular interest will be important. These resources will be included in outreach

efforts to promote the educational elements of this campaign. This also presents an opportunity for lateral

dialogue between association board members, concerned public members, homeowners and greywater

system promoters. Working directly with these associations may be critical to moving past public

acceptance of greywater use and into the desired public action of Greywater system installation and use.

HOA and POA may have restrictions on water reuse that will need to be investigated.

A large contingent of artisans, crafts people, performing artists and art patrons live and work within the

City of Asheville and Buncombe County. Posting flyers or other forms of announcements at local

community art centers, wellness centers and recreational centers may be an effective method of spreading

the word for the early stages of Greywater System educational forums. Closely associated with this

population sector is a very strong “think globally, act locally” movement to address economic and

environmental challenges. Many businesses specifically advertise the sourcing of locally-produced goods

as a way to reduce their global environmental footprint and as a means to support the economic and

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environmental sustainability of their community. A website that is interactive, visual and auditory in

nature will be created to educate the local community on the importance of water conservation, greywater

reuse, and greywater technologies, as well as to engage site visitors in efforts to promote household

greywater reuse.

Newsletters and flyers issued by WNC Green Builders Association to its members, as well as those from

RiverLink and RiverKeepers Alliance, are also a potential media source for initial public meeting and

educational announcements.

Given the highly educated, community-oriented and politically involved nature of the target audience, it’s

likely that messages from scientists, research findings, HOA/POA leaders, constituents and other

homeowners with practical experience will provide valuable sources of information. Identifying leaders

within the various associations and local conservation organizations for early-stage communication

efforts should take precedence to gain support of these leaders and establish pathways to members of each

group.

Funding

Incentives such as rebates, tax breaks, vouchers and conservation rate structures funded through the EPA

Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) could be a potential source to tap for incentive program

funding. Many resources for developing educational programs and communication campaigns exist on

the EPA’s Water Sustainability website, as well. Funding of incentive programs for greywater system

installation and use will be an important component of public acceptance and use of this technology since

upfront costs are shouldered by the individual.

Potential sources of funding for outreach, education or program development include the non-

governmental organization, Save Water NC. This organization is associated with the State’s Division of

Water Resource Management and connects various NGOs, state agencies and local municipalities

together within the framework of water conservation. This organization has been utilized to promote

other types of water conservation movements within the state and provides local organizations with

sources for program funding. WNC Green Builders Association is an additional point of contact to

identify sources of funding for this project.

SummaryDiminishing freshwater resources and subsequent decreases in drinking water supplies are not just

national concerns. Freshwater supplies within North Carolina have dipped due to an extended drought,

population growth, development encroachment and continued pollution in recent years, all of which

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decrease the amount and quality of water available to residents and businesses in this region. It is

imperative that additional conservation measures be taken by individuals at a local level to help mitigate

the risk of water scarcity and increase the community’s resiliency to water shortages. Individuals can

contribute to the preservation of freshwater resources for future generations by decreasing their

consumption rate and limiting the amount of wastewater they generate. This can be accomplished by

installing home greywater systems so that valuable water is not wasted, but is recycled for use where

highly treated drinking water is not necessary. Case studies of greywater systems across the globe have

demonstrated the public health and environmental safety of greywater reuse and shown that recycling

water is an effective way to limit the stress placed on freshwater reserves. The full impacts on human

health, economic stability and ecological systems from diminishing freshwater supplies have yet to be

seen. Preparing now to deal with the effects of water shortfalls by limiting our consumption of freshwater

is one way local citizens can have a positive influence at the state, national and global levels.

The public’s concern regarding water pollution and decreasing supplies of drinking water is on the rise,

making this an opportune time to communicate to homeowners measures that they can take to limit their

water footprint and increase their resiliency to water shortages. Innovations in greywater reuse systems

have made this technology more safe, accessible, and economically feasible for homeowners. The

residents of Buncombe County are concerned about environmental issues and have shown a propensity

toward action as demonstrated by their concerted support of the “buy local” movements for agricultural

products and manufactured goods. Tapping into the community’s desire for improved water resiliency in

the face of external economic and environmental stressors can prove beneficial in promoting the

installation and use of greywater systems by Buncombe County and Asheville residents. Greywater

systems will play a key role in community-wide water conservation efforts.

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