FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY.

AUSTRALIAN IMPERIAL FORCE

GRENADESAND THEIR USES

:t l..[cd by iutraction of tlo sGhlef of General Staff, Auttralia.

Compiled br

Lieut.-Col. R. LAW,Australiau Engincero.

pp gltfiotltytMULLETT, COV:NXIIST' iT PRTNTER. MELBOURNE.

o.18?.

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY.

AUSTRALIAN IMPERIAL FORCE

GRENADESAND THEIR USES

:t Lsued by inrtruction of tLc :rChicf of Gcncral Staff. Aurtralia.

Compilcd br

Ueut.-Col. R. LAW,Australian Engirccrr.

P2 9ut[orltp:A L ' E R T J . M U L L E T T , G O V E R N M E N T P R | N T E R . S E L B O U R N E .

c.r8?.

CON' fEN1 'S .

SEcrroN. paoB

l. Trainiug end Employment of Grenadiers 5

2. Grenades and Training of Grenadiers l l

3. Improvised Grenades-Jam.tin, Brush-back, and Cricket-bat lg

4. Grenades, Class l-Turkish, British, Law-Adams 2L5. Grenades, Cless Z-Pitcher, Mills, Welsh Berry, Bribish

Marks0and 7 Zg6, ({renedes, Closs 3-British, Mexican, Australian 2S

7. Rifle Grenode and Miscellaneous gg

8. Trench Periscopes (Simple Form) 3S9. Fuses (Service oncl Cornmercial, Braseard, ..Porbfire 40

10, I)ebonators (Service.and Commercial) 1lll. Explosives (Propellant and l{igh Explosives, Service

and others) 4512. Organization of Gronediers .. d613. Trench Catapult, West Spring Gun, Stokes Gun 63

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Turkiah, Gallipoli Grenade.

British Emergency Bomb.

Law-Adams Grenade.

Jam-tin Grenades,

Brush-bock or Cricket-bot Type.

Pitcher Grenade.

Mills Grenede.

British, Marks 6 ond 7.British Hand Grentde.

Moxicou Grenade.

Rifle Grenade.

Miscellaneous.

Simple Trench Periscope.

Fuse, Section, Detonotors, Guncotton, &c

Brasgard.

Welsh Berry Grenride.

Australian lland Grenade (Percussion).

Trench Catapult.

WesC Spring Gun.

Stokes Gun.

Tronch Mortar.

SECTION 1.

MEMORANDUM ON THE TRAINING ANDEMPLOYMENT OF GRENADIERS.

Issunp Dy TrrE Gnrvnrer, Srgr er Grwnner,Ilreu-Quenrrns.

1. The Objects of Grenade Throwing.-.Among themore important purposes for which grenado throwingmay be used are the following:-

(i) To. prevent the approach of enemy,s sapheads towards our own trenches,

(ii) To facilitate the progress of a stormingparty along the enemy's trenches whichhave been successfully attackeil.

(iii) To prevent the advance of the enemv alonsour trenches which thev may have suclceeded in entering.

2. Selection of-Me-n.-The men taken for training asgrenadiers -ghould be gelected from tho very 6est,bravest, and steadiegt in emergoncy.

3, Traini,ng anil Instruction.-Trainins and instmc-tion mugt be progressive, and should cinmence withp-ractice_ in throwing dummy grenades. This shoulilalways be carried out with the strictest observance ofactive gervice conditions, viz.:-

(a) The men must be fully armecl and equipped.(b) Throwing must be invariably practised from a

narrow trench or behind i Larricade.(c) Men should be practised, not merely to throw

over a traverse, but at least into the spacebeyond the second traverse from thenr,'

6

(d) For practice, traverees should be made-at vary-inf intervals, and some should be loop-hoied, in order to teach men that they maybe checked by, and that they may have toresort to, rifle fire.

(e) Men must be taught to. throw accurately atboth long and short distances.

The best results for long distance throwing areobtained by swinging the arm upwards andslightly forward, the hand, at the commence--ei"t 6f the swing, being'about the level ofthe waist. For short distances, the grenailesshonld be lobbed from the shoulder by anaction similar to that employed in " puttingthe weight."

(l) Men ghould be taught to concentrate or d'is-tribute fire as required.

4. Practice wi'th Li,ae Grenades.-Training ingrenade throwing should be carried out in each batta-lion uniler a selected officer, but all officers should make

themselves acquainted with grenade tactics'

Before men are allowed to use live grenades, the

following should be explaineil and demonstrated:-

(o) The construction and action of the hanilgrenaile.

(b) The properties of fuses, detonators, and ex'plosives.

(c) The making up anil firing small eharges toaccugtom men in handling explosives, cut-

ting fuses, &c.

Plenty of practice with live bombs is esseutial,but familiarity with explosives rnust not be

allowed to induce carelesgnesc in hanilling

them,

7

The length of fugo at first should be such ag to allowat least ten seconds' burning. Thie length should begradually reduced^_to-tho-gervice iength aithe men gainconfdence and skill in lighting ancl throwing.

5. The Organizati,on of a Trench-storming Partu.-A trench-storming pariy will, as a rule, consigt of-

(a) The layonet men to cover the party.

(b) The_gre-nadiers. Each grenadier should, as arule, be accompanied by a carrier.

(c) T\e r^ellaining earriers. This party shouldbe followed by-

(d) Th^o_sand-bag men, who carry sand-bags halffilled. They block side entrances 1o thetrench, and ffnally barricade the furthestpoint roached in it. fn an attack the sand-bag men may forrn part of the m4in boily,or, in workiug along a trench, be taken fromthe meu detailed to modify'or destroy thetrenches, or to hold them.

The sand-bag men, and other parties in rear of them,will vary in numbers, but for working along a trenchthe grenadier party might consist of two throwers, witha reserve two behind to take their places in case ofcasualtiesl they might be followed by four carriers, ifthey are necessarJr; thore should also bo about eightbayonet men. Four of theso last, including the N.C.O.in charge, should be just in front of the leailing grena-diers and carriers, and four behind them and in frontof the reserve throwers and carrierg. Some of the menin rear of the leading throwers and carriere must be leftto watch communication trenches that may be paseed inadvaucing. fn an attack, there should be spare grena-diers and carriers at the head of each company, whowill be available to replace casualties anil take over thewatching of side trenches from the grenadier party,

I

8. Methoil, of Attacb.-(a) The following mode ofaction in working along arr enemy's trench has beenfound successful:-

On arriving at traverse l, thebayonet men should place them-selves in position AAA, the N.C.O.at C, or as required, the grenadiersab BB. behind the, traverse with thecarriers, if any, and sp,are bayonetmen behind them. No. I srena.dierthen throws & grenade ovei t.he tra-verse into tre.nch X, and a secondone into trench Y. The leadingbayone,t man can then move for-ward, so, as to eee into trench X.If it is clear, he passes back word,and the three bayonei men move.uptrench X and occupy positions attraverse 2, similar to those, at tra-verse 1. The grenadiers thsn fol-low, and throw grenades into Y andZ. Until Y is clear, the reservebayonet men renain behind traverse1, in case the enemy should throwgrenades into trench X.

Should trench Y be too far toreach from traverse 1, the qrenadiorsshould move t,o point D and throwobliquely into i[ before advancingto traverse 2.

(D) When a machine-qun detach-menf acco-panies the pa-rty, the fol-lowing method has beon found to beeffective:-The officer decides on asuitable position for tho gun as soonas the hostile trench is reached; themachine-gun detachment then con-struct an emplacement blocking thetrench, but leaving room for oneman to pass at a time.

-or|e

, y

F-sst,Ea

ts

s!a

-ccqJ

*ce

Fr)clltEI

r l(

9

The grenadiers act as deseribed in (a), and a forwarilstop at least 40 yards in front of the gun emplaeementis constructed, blocking the trench, and also leavingroom for one man to pass at a time.

The traverses between the emplacement and the for-ward stop should be cut a'q/ay so as to give a clear ffelilof ffre to the machino.gun.

(c) Should an " island traverse " be encountered theleading bayonet men must watch both sides of it whilstthe grenadiers are throwing grenailes.

7. Grenad,e Camiers,-Reeeptacles for carryinggrenades have been devised. One type is in the formof a basket or box similar to the mathine-sun belt box.with strap handle, and fiiterl inside to takd the type ofErenace rn use.

BB

Frc .2 .

Another type is that illustrated in the sketeh. ftconsists of a leather belt,, of the bandolier type, whichgoes three-quarters around_the body, and has-fockets infront for th-e grenades. The belt- is eupport6d by twostraps attached in front, which are paiSed under thesho_ulder straps, then through loops on^ endg of the belt,and then are brought round the waist and tied in front.This leaves the man free use of both hands. (Figs.B, 4. )

.8. Sand-bag Men.-Sand-bag men ghould be prac-tised in filling sand-bags and palsing.them quickly_ ilong& chaln ot men rn a trench to a given point where a

l0

barrier is to be constructed. 'When

a barrieade ie madeit must be machine-gun proof, and it ehould have asecond banier, out of bombing distance, to check theenemy should he attempt to recover his trench bybombing.

f ig4.DACK VItrW.

Fig a.

FPONT VIEW,

GRENADIS AND 'I.HEIR USES.SECTION 2.

Present conditions of trench or fortress warfare haverevived the uso of the ancient hand grenade, andgrenadiers are once more to the fore. A"grenadl wasoriginally a small spherical shell, about, 5 inches indiameter, made of iron or annealed glass, filled withgunpowder, ignited with a fuse, and ihrown by hand.Grenades aro said to havo bee,n first used in ihe lneat1594. fn the years 1914-15 their use has been fullydomonstrated, and, except, for modifications rend.erednecessary by_ modern .plogress and knowledge of highoxplosives, tlre essential principles remain the sam"e.That- the use of grenades-was fo.resee,n is evidenced bythe fact that a description of certain srenades is in"-cluded in Muxhetry EelTtrlqti lns, uid.e "p.

200, 1914.The smallor -typ*.,_ thrown by hand, a.rJ usually desig-nated grenades, whilst the lirger varieties, thiown 6rprojected by mechanical meand Q.g., treieh mo.rta.rs,catapults, and spring guns) are usriallv referred to agbombs. In the following n6tes this classificat'ion will beadhered to, as it appearJto the writer that so,me definitedigtinction should-6e made between the types alludedto. Grena.des thrown by hand are intend^ed for useagainst the individua,l, whilst bombs thrown bv machinesmay be used against, earth or other defensive works.when deeirable,. There are oxce-ptions to eve,ry rule, andthe grenade fired from a rifle.ii called a, rifie qrenade.The old iron ball is still used, and its qualitiee ire diffi-cult to surpa$s, but a glass ball would be quite usslesswith high explosives. The modern improvemints includebetter fuses, .oasier _means of ignition, auf,omatic, ands.emi-automatic mechanical - ligliting devices, also seg-mentation of the shell or body, s6 that the grena.d6s

t 2

will split up into well-defined segmenis' The use ofrnodein, deadly, high explosives,

-makes the grenad.iel

of to-day som-eihing equlvalent to a rapidly_ movingfield-gun- firing high explosive shell of low velocity atshort range.

In the early stages oI the war, lack of preparationfound us with atr insu{ncient *opply of grenades, andalso with types which could be improvpd upon; condi-tions have Lltered uow, and there is an ever-increasinggupply of types and designs, which aro socond to uone'With-some iiaining, our Australian troop,s can show thatif thev. in times of pe,ace, a.re experts with a cricket ball,their'fowers in that direction-are only surpassed bytheir ibilitv to iob grenades into the trenches, whenforced to piace spoit

-on one side and enter the deadly,

but houora.ble, game of war.There are mauy diverse types of grenade, each with

its special chalacteristics and tactical usos, som-e ofwhicli are described in the pages which follow.Grenadiers should know and recognise each type, butthe important part o,f the training is the deveiopment ofthe a,bility to lob the grenade, when and where thothrower desires it to explode, wit'h accuracy andrapidity. It, should be remembered tha,t this caubo easier learned in Au.qtralia than in face ofthe enemy where practice may be inte.rrupted by hiskind attentions. It rests with ourselves to 'put ourwhole-hearted energies into the training; the seat ofactual war seems far oll, but it is really much nearerthan many of us realize-a short, trip in a transport', afew days wait, and ws may be at the game-but, it ishoped, not without that confidence which is inspiredwith knowledge of our orvll powers, the result ofdil igent preparation.

Grenades should never be [ransported with detonatorsin position, it is far too dangerous; all grenades shouldfiaie mea,ns of inserting the-detonator it the last pos-sible inomeub. Grenades with a frictio,n-lighting ar-rangement are dangerous unless this can be in-sorted when required for action. If safety-match com-position is used there is less danger. Ii a quantity

l 3

of grenades are accidentally exploded the results willbe serious, and ono will find it safer at a considerabledisCance. Never hold on to a gronade or tell a funnystory aftor it is alighL-you may never reach the point.

_ All grenades should be,treated with care, they are alldangerous, particularly thoso of the enemy, who some-times_thr-owq. qntighted grenadee in the hope that womay do the lighbing of the instantaneous fuie which hehas innocently inserted for our destruction. The timeof the fuses used in all grenades should be staudardized;and this is being doner-but one has no guarantee thalChoee of enemy origin- are similarly timed'. Somo typesof groradeo rely on th-e effect of 6xplosion only, brit itis better to indrease the radius of action by means ofmissiles contained in, or resulting from, the disruptionof the grenade itself. The bru'sh-back or crickei-batvariety is really not a grenade at all. but is simnlvan improvised meang of flacing a high-explosive chaigLon the earthworks of thle eneiry belcause obher meaisaro impossible- without undue eiposure and consequentloss of life. Grenades propel a"e throwo by handi andare sornetimes classed accolding to weighti but this isrtnsatisf actorf , as. the weights. viry consiieiably. Lightgrenades, about 1 lb. or a little over, can bb thro"wnabout,60.yards, whilst heavy grenaaes, Z lbs. upwards,gay b_e thrown not oy-er-3b "yards;

thur" ng"i.u *itidepend on the design of the gienade and othEr .ir.um-Etanceg.

" The efiective area of a lighb grenade is mainlvlocal,,about.6 yards in diameter] bufr, when possible, iishould not be thrown leos than_-20 yards in^the npon,as stones, &c.,_ thrown up by the eiplosion, would bedangerous to the thrower.

" The danger area of the heavy grenade is about, 30yards iu diameter, and, therefore] it, should not bethrown less than 25 yards in the open. With allgrenades the thrower- ehould cover t-he eye$ at themoment -of explosiou and protect himself, as-vmall frag-m€nts of metal may carry further than the distanc6gmontioned."

1 4

Timo fuses for all grenades are standardized to fiveseconds, so that one and a half to two s€conds shouldbe used in the throwing. If thrown hastily, it mayanive ab the enemy's trench too early, and give himsufficient time to return it against you.

There are many difierent types of grenades, but eachhas its own special advantagee &nd uses, depending onthe nature aud time of attack. Expert grenadiersshonld irave a good knowledge of oach variety, and b€able to tell the special qualities of each, but, more im-portant still, should be able to impart, the informationto suit the men being insUruct€d, remembering that itis easier to teach here and now, than in some distantland in face of the enemy. The instructor loses nothingby imparting all he'knows and patiently answering th6queotions, however'trivial, made by those anxious tolearn.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE TRAINING ANDEMPLOYMENT OF GRENADIERS.Pnec'rrcer, TnertrNc oF GRENADTERs.

Training will be conducted as laid do'wn in t,he Memo-randum for Trarning and Employment of Grenadiers,issued by the Genoral Stafi, General llead-quarters,which forms the first section in this pamphlet. Localinst'ruct,ions issued by the Director of Military Training,dated Melbourne, 17th January, 1916, is roproducedfor information, also extracts from Orders, A.f.F.,dated 8th June, 1915.

The following instructions are issueil for the trainingof grenadiers: -

1. (i) (a) One officer, two eergeants, and 56 otherranks aro to be trained in each bat-talion.

(6) One officer, two sergeants, and 28 otherranks are to be trained in each LightIlorse regiment.

(c) Five por cent. of each Light Horse and In-fantry reinforcementa are to be traiuedsimilarly.

l 5

(ii) Theoretical instruction, based on the construc-tion, appearanoe, properties, care, and main-tenance of fuees (safety and instantaneousr,detonators (service and commercial), and ex-plosivos (lyddite, dynamite, powder, andeuitable comnrercial erplosives) will be grvenby qualified officers. The following litera-ture on the subject is suggested as likely tobe of assistance in preparing lectures anddummy grenades:-

Appendix VII., Musketry Regulations,Part L (Reprint, 1914).

" Professional Memoirs, Corps of En-gineors, U.S. Army and Engineers'Department af Large."

" Notes from the Front," Part IIf ,, pp.60-63.

" Trench Warfare "-Eoyal, Engineers'Jourrm,l,, 1909, p. 165.

" Treatise on Ammunition "-Sci,entificAmer,ican. of 8th May, 19i5.

(iii) Practical instruction in making, storing, andhandling improvised haud grenades fromjam tins, &c.

(iv) Practical instruction in throwing dummygrenades.

(v) The organization of trench storming. parties,including instruction in tho preliminary ar-rangements, carrying, throwing grenadee,and the further supply of gronades to thegrenadiers. (Seo " Trench Warfare " and" Notes from the FronC.")

2. Persort'n,el, selected fo.r grenadiers will be trainedsoldio-rg who have completed their musketry course, andbho,object to be aimed at is to make a gbod soldier agood grenadier.

3. Until dummy grenades can be is,sued as an articleof store, eagh par!,1 will improvise dummiee of approri-mately I Ib. weight from material available locally.Dummy stores, such aE explosives, fus€s, detonators, &c-,,

l 6

can be made by any handy man from blbcks of woodr9pe, and the brass shells of fired small arms ammuni-tron.

Fnercrs Ilnnrrecr, Lt.-Col.For Chie'f of the General Stafi.

lVloibourne, 17bh January, 1916.

Extnlcrs rnou Onorns oF AusrRelrlx Iuprn,rer,Foncr. Derno 8ru Jurr, 1915.

Bomb Throuing.1. Irr every battalion and regiment of Light Horse

teu men per eornpany and squadron will be trained asbomb-Clrro n'ers.

2. Courses for bornb-throwers will be organizeil regi-mentally forthwith.

The course rvil l iuclude:-(i) Practice at throwing bombs over known die-

tances into marked areas, which are to berectangles of not more than 3 feet width,facing the thrower, and of any rlepth de-sired, to represent enemy trenches, Practicewill be both from trenches and in the open.

(ii) Practice at lighting bombs, with the object ofaccustoming the thrower to the flash of thefuse and to the time taken to ienito anderplode.

(.iii) Practice in bomb-throwing drill. The train.ing will be carried out, under as practicaland realistic conditione as possible.

3. Durnmy bornbs for practice will be drawn forthe bomb party at the rate of six per battalion andregiment. They will not be used until the men areproficient in throwing stones of act'ual weight with theproper swing and nece*ary force.

r7

Practice in Throu:ittg.-This is the most importantand difrcult portion of the training, and every eftortpossibte should be made to create interest in this partof tho work.

ft should be frequently irnpressed ou all rankgthat it is just as dificult to throw an erpeneive andintricate gionade as it is to throw ono of the _simplerand cheaper forms; also that' the least complex arequite as d-eadly as the more intricate grenades, but thatrieither are oi any use unless they

-reach the trench

which forms the objective.Short pithy lecturettes should be given on subjeets

sueh as the tactical.uses of various types of grenadeslMechauical construction of individual grenades; Prac-tical points with regard to their use I Care and main-tenance of grenadesl Sources of danger and how toavoid them; Storage, packing, and transportl Fuses(service and commercial) I Construction, properties,and use of detonatorsl General properties of explosives,their practical use, and precautions to be observedl andPeriscopes. These will create interest and lend varietyto the practice. If the nen are eneouraged to makedurnmy jam-tin grenades, confidence will rapidly beereated in their own powers.

Until other types of grenades are available, " Law-Adams " grenades may be used for practice. It isstrongly urged that actual grenades be used, as menwill put more energy-mental antl physical-into thework if they know it is the real thing they are throw-ing, and not sorne inofiensive dummy, such as a ball orstone.

All corrcerned ale hereby warned of the verygreat danger of using this or any other type ofgrerrade with explosives of any kind until they&r'e familiar with the construction and action ofgrenades, and have a sound theoretical and practicalinetruction with regard to fuses, explooivee, &c. Livegrena.des are dangerous in the hands of the ignorant,but with careful instruction confidence will reoult, andwith vigila,nt supervision especially in the initial stages,

I E

the use of these for training need eause no anxiety ifsafety precautions be taken, The need for actual prac-tical experience with live bombs has become apparent,and the more these are used the greater will be theefficiency of all concerned.

The following is suggesbed as a provisional course:-1st Pnactrcu-To insure Accuracy and, Rapiclity.-

Grenades will be thrown from a fixed position intoa rectangle 3 fe,et x 3 feet at, known and- various dis-tances, a.9. , I5 ,20r 25,30 yards.

2xo Pnecrrcs-fl 6es11stom Personnel, to Lighti'ng atuse and, Throu'ing im,med,iately.-It will be found thata certain nervous reaction at first seriouslv aftects theaccuracy of throwing, but after a litlle practicefamiliarity with the new conditions rapidiy results inthe pracbice becoming as good as it was originally.

Notn.-It, has been found that Chinese. crackers in-serted into the fuse plughole act admira.bly for carry-ing oub this practice. These are cheap', and can be pro-cured almost anywhere.

3no Pnacrrcn-To accttstom Men, to tltrou lrom Re-stricted ltositions, as Trenches, rtc.-Trenches are norrmade narrow and deep, so conditions as nearly as pos-sible approximatiug tEe present practice should be fol-lowed. Trenches 4 ft. 6 in. deep and 2 ft. 6 in. to3 feet wide-from these, men would throw into anothertrench, say, 20 yards distant, variat'ion in distanco beingintroduced by directing men to throw iliagonally todefinite places or traverseg.

4tn Pnectrco.-The samo as in No. 3, but usingsafoty fuse, 4 inches of which will burn approximatelyfive seconds. There is no danger in this, and men soonbecome familiar with fus€s and their peculiarities.

5rn Pnecrrsr'.- lt6 accustom Grenadiers to throwtlrenatles ruith tlt,e l,east possible Drposu,re anrl to concealtheir l'ositi,on.-Periscopes should be useil in this prac-tice. These can be effectively and cheaply made by themen themselves. Details of a simple and inexpensiveperiscope appear in Section S (page aa).

l 9

6ts Pnectrcr.-fn this practice bombing will takeplace along the trencheg, and should be conductod byparties, detailed as laid down in paras. 5 and 6, Sec-tion 1, taking all precautions as if the trenches werooccupied by an enemy. Bornb each gection, throw overone or two traverses before advancing, and generallymake the practice as lealistic as possible.

?lrrr Pnecrrcn.-Live grenades to be used when thepersonnel, aro instructed as laid down by General Staff(para. 4, page 6).

SECTION 8.

Pnrurtrvr Fonus or' Inrnovrsno Gnrxeons.

" Rntsh-ltaclt " o,t " Cr'iclt,et-bat " Typ.es.

The simplesb is one made by firing a quantity of highexplosive, fitted with time fuse and detonator, to ahandle of wood. This, if it strikes a man, will prob-ably blow him to pieces; if it just misses him, it will pos-sibly severely injure him by concussion or shock; butthe danger from flying spiinters or missiles tha.t willcause severe injury is reduce.d to a minimum, Glrenadesof this type have been in use, but aro obviously verywasteful of erplosive, dangerous alike to both friendand foe, and at the best are uneconomical. (Ilicle PlateI . , f ig . 2 . )

The defects and limitations of such simple contriv-ances aro .so -apparent that something more eftestivewas soon forthcoming, and we find the advent of tirenow woll-known " jam-tin " grenade. This is an im-provement on the previous attempt, but it uust notbe overlooked that it is, after all, nothing more thansomething improvised from such articles aJ were avail-ablo in the iryme.diate vicinity, and a poor substitutofor grenades as now supplied.

20

" Jam-tin" Grenad,e.

This, as its name signifies, ie constructed from ajam t,in, which forms tho containing vessel. A hole isLoo"hed in the base or side of the"tin to allow a fusoio project. If high explosivee aro ueed, the fuse mustalso be fitted wiih a detonator. Any high explosivewhich is procurable may bo used with this form ofgrenade, but low explosives or propella,nto areuseless without proper and eftective tamp,ing. Thefuse, with detonator attached, is inserted intothe high explosive and the explosive placed intothe tin. Around the explosive is placed any ma-berial (that will withgtand the ghock of the exploeion)to act as missiles. Pieces of iron, cartridgo cases, nails,punchings, barbed wire, buttons, or any other pieces ofirregular shaped metal would meet the requirement.Wren the grenade is exploded, such missiles will bedriven with considerable force, and if the grenade miseestho man, much damags is still possible, even at manyyards distance. The effectg of these grguades have beenhighly cornmented upory aud are regarded as mostdeadly, but they are not by any means as effertive as itis possible for them to be manufactured with suitableappliancee and conveniene,eg. They are but an im-provised type dictated by requirements and a limitedquantity of material suitable for the construction ofnore effective designs. (Vide Platns IL and IIL)

Jam tins are numerous, explosive pleutiful, fuse anddetonators can be obtained in the field. but when asupply of metal suitable for the filling is required, adifrculty arisee immediately.

They are a bad shape..for throwihg,_ large intern-alpresriures are an impossibility, they are but a poor sub-stitute for the old grenacle, of cast iron used years ago,and aro certainly not the typo to make for use by ourtroops, if the greatest efficieucy ig aimed at, especiallywhen everv convenience is available for tho productionof grenades.

The construction of such jam-tin grenades is simple,and can be undertakeu bv any one with a full and com-prehensive knowledge of the peculiarities and proper-

2 l

ties of fuses, explosives, anil detonators which shouldbe posseesed' by^ those intrusted with the making ofthese grenadea.

There is little danger if the. necessary precautionsare observed, but it should be remembered that, allbombs, grenades, and, eoyil'oaiaes are dangerous a,nd, re-quire cale and, knowlcd,gc in handlin41, but tho dangersdiminish with iucreasod hnowledge and care in monipu-lation and avoidanco of well-known sources of danger.

SECTION 4.

GRENADES.

Grerrades rnay bo grouped into three classes-

1. Those which require to be lighted by some er-tsrnal neans of ignition.

2. TEoso which have some interna,l means of igni-tion and lighb automat'ically, or require somemechanical action to cause ignition.

3. Those which explode on impact, or percussion.

Classes 1 anil 2, of necessitn are provided withtime fuseg of various designs, which arousually timed for five seconds.

Apart from the improvised jam-tin and brush-back(also called cricket-baf at Gallipoli) types already-de-scribed, the nert representative of class 1 is the cricket-ball variety, which is the modern prototype of theoriginal hand gronadb, three of which are describedbelow.

GnnNepss.-Cr,lss 1-CnrcKET-BALL Tvrrs.(a) Tu.rldsh, Gal,lipoli, Grenacle..

This coneists of a very rough cast-iron opherical ball of3 iuchee in diamete,r, fitted with a hole for the introduc-tion of t[e charge. tapped and screwed to receive a brass

22

fuse plug. The fuse plug hss a hole in it through whichthe fuse is inserted, and is provided with a ring forcarrying purpo€es. This grenade weighe 1 lb. 6 oz. un-filled, it can be thrown about 40 yards in the o'pen. Re-ports lrom Gallipoli indicate thai this is a ver| effectivegrenade. Any explosive may be used with it, but it isstated that its effects can be localised when smotheredwith a blanket or other material. (Iticle Plate IY.\

(b) The Bri,tish Emergency GrenatJe,

This is also o,f the cricket-ball type. ft is made ofiron, about the size of a cricket ball and be.autifullvfinished in every way. It has a hole for a fuse plug aniintroduction of a charge. The fuse plug is made ofiron, and screws into the hoie, and fiti flush with theextorior surface of the sphere. two tommy holes beingprovided to enable the plug to be screwed in. There isa. sm-all ,projection in the plug, with a hole in it, pro-vided with about 6 inches of copper wire, which is ;s,€dto hold the fuse, or Brock lighter, in position. Thew-eight is app.roximately 1 lb. 7| oz. unfifled. Any ex-plosive could be used in this grenade. Bellite has-beenused as exp,losive. (Vide Plate Y.)

(c) Austral,inn " Lata-Ada,ms" Grenade.

_.This grenade is made of cast iron, is 2{ inches indiameter, and weighs I lb. 4 oz. It is similar to theBritish Emergency-and Turkish grenades, being providedwith a hole into which is screwed a brass or-gunmetalfuse plug, which carries the fuse. The hole al-so servesthe purpose of inserting the charge. 'Ihe fuse plug isfitted with a loop for eonvenience in carrying. The flserecommended is the ordinary serviee slow ?use, which,when used with high explosivee, must, bo fitted with adetonator.

'When available, " Brock', lighters should

be used.The specific improvement in this grenaile consists of

t)e internatr segtnentatiou, which oi exploeion causesthe grenade to break up into well-defined segments of

23

a curved triangular shape, sharp pointed, and sharpedged. The bursting pressure of this grenade is er-ceedingly high, requiring internal pressures of from 20to 37 tons to cause fracture. On account of the largeeize of the segmente and the enormous velocity wi[hwhich they are- projected, it is doubtful if a blaiket orsimilar substance could emother them, but this pointhas not yet been settled by actual erperirnents.

Any erplosive may bo used, either slow burning orhigh erplosives.

The radius of action on explocion is not less than40 yards. fndividual segments have been found topenetrat€ I inch of pine.

, Grenades of this type are now available for train-ing purposes, b-ut jam-tin and other varietieg should beused, also, where possible, to accustom grenadiers toadapt themrelves to local circumstances and supplier.(Vide Plate YI.)

Thore are many other examples of Class 1, but theyaro similar to thoio described, fittle variationg are intro'-duced for special purpos€s, as, for eramplo, when it isdesired to uso a deliquescent, explosive, or when it isfound neceesary to employ cast or wrought iron for fuseplugs insteaa bf brass oi gunmetal. fhe.e alterationsneed causo no confusion, a litble consideration will shortrt'he object in view in each caso.

SECTION 6.

Gnrlreons.-Cr,ess 2.

Thoec which lwtc some internal, meane ol ignition andlight, au,tomatically, or requ,ire some mechan.ical,action to cause ign'ition.

In this claes of grenade the ideal aimed at ig to causetho- grenade to light after it has been thrown. So manyserious accidents have occurred owing to fuses beingmade of various timo lengths that it seemed desirable,if possible, to make the grenado light automatically.

2q

For tactical reasons also such an arrangemenb has beonfound erceedingly usoful. The idea is- goo-d, but thenractical methois of carrying it, out make tho grenadecompler,, and if absolute iafetv is desired the grenades,"nuiru io be verv carefully made, whilst th.e coet' is enor-rnouslv increased-wit:hout Lny increassd efficioncy on ex-plosioi. Ono qreaL general objection to this typo is thatihr fo*" burnilor fiie seconds-after it has been thrown,courequenbly it is difficult to coutrol tho bursting byouo's'own jiudgment,, as can bo done in the case of thesimple fuse.

Ii is necessary to time the grenade bofore throwing,to cornpensate ior distanco, so tltat the grenade willexplode whetr and where it is desired''Some

cricket-ball types are provided -wibh a fuse plugand frictiou-light'ing- irrangement. The. mere -pullingof a wire ign"itee ih* tutJ, which, is timed for fiveseconds, as ilroady indicated in oLher instances' Itis usual with thii particular type to -wear a. strapbuckled round the *ii"c *ith coi'd attached. On theend of the cord is a swive'l hook, which hooks on to t'hesronade friction-fuse rod. On throwing the grenade,[he f"i.tion rod ie jerked out, aud the greuade auto-n:atically lights, at some distance from the thrower'(Ilide flate YII.)

The strap and cord remaiu with the thrower, anrlare ready fbr further uss' fn somo cases,- the cord isattached- to the finsor. but the principle is the same.This tvpo is erteniivelv used ui the- French on thoWegtein Front. (Vid,e'" Notes from the Front," PartI I I . , pp. 62-63.)

The Pitcher Grenade.

This is another example of Class 2. (Vid'e Platevrrr.)

The pitcher grenade coneist$ of a cylindrical cast-ironcaso 4 inche€ long and 2 inches ertornal diameter, seg-mented. outside and closed at the bottom. In shapeit is like a Brasso or Brilliantshine tin, only made ofcast iron. fnto this case is placed a metal cylindor

25

containing tho explosive chargo (4 oz. of. ammona,l,time fuse, a,nd detonator). The top is pro-vided with a brass cap, which is fittod witli abridge piece for attaching a piece of tapo to. Thec-ap is socured_ to the tin by a bayonef joint, andthe tapo is packed ins.i4e the grenade; on reriroving thecap a piece of tape will be found to be attachod ti thefuse tube. . On.pull ing this tape tho grenade wil l l ight,l.he tubo for the fuse has a gutter on ono side of it,int.o which the tape, 6 inches-long, is packed, and onthe u-pper end of- the tubo match"-head composition isplaced, a-n! ry arranged that the tape rube-over thie,and, by friction, ignites the time fuse. Time of fuse,five seconds. Arry high explosivo may be used-bellite,lyddite, &c.

In this case there ig a mechanical lighting anange-ment as described, but the grenade mi'y be-held a-ndllrown when one's judgmenf dictatos.

-this is not an

ideal.shape for throiin!,.ald,- althougt probably effec-tivo from an_erplooive point of view, il does not-appoarto be ae good as other types which already erist, a"a igfairly erpeneive. On erplosion, the

-casb-iron caso

breaks up into pieces, which act as miss,iles and causedamage (quite apart from the shock of detonation) forsome considerable distance. There are twe sizes of thisgrenade-heavy and light.

The " I'tills " IIand Grenacle.

The nert example of Cla"ss 2 ig the " Mills " handgrenade, knowu in the Service as Grenade Iland No. 5,Mark f. (VicNe Fig. TX.)

This grelade consists of a cast-iron externally seg-mented shell, roughly egg shaped. It is provided witha^mochanical striking arrangement contained in the bodyof the greirade. The etriker is operated by a spiralspring, which is normally in compression, being kept soby an erternal lever, which lies flush with the outlide.A safety-pin keeps_this lever in position. If this safety-pin be removed, the epiral spring displaces the lever,

26

ancl the etriking mechanism ignitee the time fuse bymeans of a Dorcussion caP.

If the ereilade is held ln the hand, howover, so f,hatthe lever fg covered by tho hand, the safety-pin may beremoved-the hand holding the levsr in pooition-butimmediately it is thrown tho spring overcomes the effectof the lever-, and the lever is diiougageil, and the grenadeignites.-

This gbriking mochanism is vely ueat and efiective,and for certein tactical requirements makes a most uoe-ful addition to the grenadeo in use.

The igniting device is contained in an aluminium casein whic[ t,wo paralle'l holes are bored. The larger holecontains the striking pin while the separate componentcomprising percu*sion cap, fuse, and detonator, aromadl " U "-ehape and lsad into the smaller hole. Areference to ths sketch will show the method of arrange-ment. Acoees to f,hege holes is gained by removing thealuminium plug a,t the base of the grenade. Onthe side of the grenade is a screwed plug-hole for the in-sertion of the erplosive T.N.T. (tri-nitrotoluene) orother high erplosive. This grenade ie, withouterception, ons of the most carefully designed inuse. It is very erpensive, very reliable, and eafe.It is oDen to the obiection that no provislonis made io o"ty the fuse iength, so that the'grenademay be timed a-ccording to the-dislance thrown.

- If the

levor is removed in the hand and the difficulty got overby this me&n$, many of the advantages of the intricateand orpensive automatic lighting mechanism disappear.There are other eramples of Clags 3 which have in=ternal or external mechanism to caugo ignition, somewith gprings to do ths work, others which require theqrenadi to-be struck on a hard substance, but, lhe ideasdre the same, viz., to ignite a time fuse contained in-eide of the grenade itsalf. To compensate for distance,it is necessary to vary tho height at which the grenacleis throrvn. One man c&n carry 25 of these grenades ina box, saud-bag, or basket. These grenades are beingextensively used on the Frenclr frout at preoent; theyw e i g h l l b . 4 o z .

27

[Ertract, from " Inlormatiott to Guitle Instructiott, inthe use ol Eif,e and Iland Qrenacles.")

Ilexp GlnoNADEs Nos. 6 ewo 7, Menx f.Dercription..

. Tho grenades con$ist of tin vessels filled with high er-plosiv6, and are packed 40 in each packing caso] withfour havereacks. The heavy grenade, wlight aboutI lb. 13 oz., contains an outer layer of scrap iron. Theigniter_socket is closed by a wood6n plug for transit, andcovered bv a papier-mach6 cap.

The light grenade is entirely filled with erploeive;weight, slightly over 1 lb. (Vid.e Plates X. and Xt.;

Tho igniters and detonators, packed ten in a tin and40 iu each packing case, consisi of a friction igniter, alength of safe0y fuse, and a gervice detonator. The fric-tion igniter consists of the holder, to which is fixed aflange with two notchee and two springs. ft aho hasbwo horns, which form a grip for-turiing the igniterinto tho locked position. fhe friction baiis fired'to abutton, through which the firing loop passes. Thehaversack is intended to bo carrieilsimilirly to the ordi-u.ary service haversack, but the sling is shoiter, to caugsthe grenades to rest above the hip, and. ae far as po€-aible., clear of, other equipment. The ioose strings shduldbe tied round the waist-to prevent the pockets- saggingaud the greuades knocking igainst one another.

Preparatiott ol Grcnad,e.

.. R9m9ve papier-mich6 cap and the woode,n plug fromthe igniter socket. Tear the strip from tho tii b& con-taining the ten ignibers, insert a-n igniter in the socket,so that the notches in the flange iasg over the brassetuds on the grenade. Turn tholgniter in either direc-Cion until it is locked !y _tt,u epriigs on the flange andono of the studs, which is then h;ld between tf,e twosprings. If it is-required to remove an igniter, one ofthe springs.must bo kept pressed down while the igniteris turned till the spring is cloar of the stud. REplacethe papier-mAch6 ca.p and place the grenade in a picketof tho haversack with the-cap uppeimost.

23

?'iring the Grenade'

Remove lhe papier-mich6 cap; hold the grenade.rn

the r isht (or throwing) hand, so that.the- ignlt 'er ls . to-

wards"t ire'wrist, the foref inger over t-t to bottom oI tne

"*tra"-'

-prss the forefiuger"of the other hand through

?h;'ffi;i;Jp, *td, whJn readv to throw, pull with asharp ieik.

-If a couple of steps are then taken and

[ii"- '*td""a" bowled o.'th.o*t', i t should erplode soon

afteireaching t'he mark.

" Wnlsrr BPnnY " IIINo GnrNlon'

This srenade is of the jam-tin variety, but tho- l ight-

in" a"ui.r brings it undei Class 2' ft consists of a t'in

ii"i".it"*-auup iv 2 inches in diameter, wit"[ a lid made

rif-"i pt".*e'd tin plate. A tin tube, 1 jnch in dia-;;-;; ii ntteJ in tire centro of the tin' Between t'his

bin tube and the outer case, missiles consisting-of dumpsor irroqular pieces of iron, are inserted, the wltole betn-B

k;; fi-;;.ition bv a covering of resinous material'irtl-i""*'tube is liired with car:dboard, and is inten'le'lfor the explosive' In this connexion it is -importantt" JL ttri, cardboard lining; many explosives de-

teriorate, or may form dangerous compounds' wnen ln

contact with metal.

The lid acts as a cover and support for two tubesmade of iron with very large flanges. These' give tholicl more rigidity, and add Jtrengtii to tle cover' Theupper bube"

"utii.u a detonator cap and anvil, and a

huie is provided in this tube, and-also the lowet one,through-which the timo fuse passes.

fhJ grenade is ignited by giving the,percussion capa sharD blow on some lrard substance' 'fhe percussroncao is irotected bv a cover made of tin, which rendersthL srdnade safe iir transit. The detonator and explo-giue"are not inserted until the gronade is required foruse.

A reference to t,ho diagram will make the construct'ioncf bhis srenado clear. (Plate XII.)

29

, On the outor caso, the instructions given are as fol-l ow : -

"'WEr,6rr Bsnnr " IIIND Gnnleons wrtn Pnr,r,prs.Instructions.

l. Koe.p the safoty-clip, which protects the perc rs-oion cap, on the fuse plug until you are readyto throw the gronado.

2. To fire, hold the grenade in the throwing hand.Give the percussion cap a oharp blow againsta hard surface, and throw at, once. Thegrenade will explode between four and a halfand five seconds after the percussion cap isgtruck. As a large number of th""u gr"rud"shas already been ordereil, and will probablybe used by Austra,lian tioops at tfie froni,special att6ntion should be g:iven to tho con-st,ruction and method of use of this grenade.

Cnrcrpt-ser,r. TypE.A similar lightinq arransement to that iust described

abovo has beeri-proiided foi a cast-iron crilket-bail typeof g-renade. - Tf,e uso of euch will be precisely simit'arto . the. '' {9leh B"ryy " hand grenadel the a-dvantagebeing in this case, hbwover, th-at the

'sheil will breik

into irregular fragments, and altogether fo,rms a mor€usoful and better-designod grenade, easier to throw andmore liable to reach itl mar-k on account of its shaDe.

SECTION 6.GRENADES-CLASS 3.

. In this clags are placed all grenades which explode onllnpact or concugsio-n; they ari, in some ways, ihe mostdangerous type, because once the safety-pin'has boeuremoved it only requires a blow to causo de.tonation.Thoso with the-long-haldle a.nd stroamers appear to beparticularly opeu to _objection in restricted' positions,euch as, tEenches, and, although tho shape and designmay allolt ot. €r€ater range and cerbairrty of erplosionon reacnrng Dho enemy t,rench, still it is procured atgreater dauger to ourselves, and is therefore a doubtfuladvantage.

30

GRrlt.l,Dr, Elexo, No. 1, Menx fI.

Grenade, Mark I., is described in Musketry Regula-tions, pp. 200-203.

The Grenade, Mark II., consists of a brass cYlinderencircled by a narrow cast-iron ring sorrated to' breakup into sixLeon fragmonts. Tho cylinder is mounted onaiood block, to w[ich a cane handle, with streamers, isattached. The brass cylinder or body of the grenado isfilled with explosive, and has its upper end closed !y tttodetonator holder. fixed bv three screws. Thls holdercarries two pins for sacuring the detonator. The bodyhas fitted a.bovo the sorra,t€d ring two indicating stops,painted red. The firing neodle is carried in the re-movable cap, which has two grooves formed on it, inwhich slide ihaknobs on the body. The cap is centrallypierced for the s.rfety-pin.'

On the outer suriaie of tho caP are stamped thewords t 'removert' tt travelr" and t? fire." When thgknobs are in t,he groove " r'emover" ao indicate'd bythe stops, the cap-can be removed and replaced; thocentral-position, marked " travel," is to be adhered tonormally; while in the position " f ire," the-cap,.afterre-ouai of the safety-pin, is held in position by frictiononlv. and can be piessed' inwards to- fire the grenacle.

The action of tfie grenado is simply that tho cap.isforced in on impaci] carrying ths nee'dle on to thedetona.tor, the cai having bien-turned into the position

" fir€," and the safety-pin having been removed beforethrowing.

Packing.-The grenades are packod six in a woodenbox. Cyl'indero-dbntaining ten-detonators, No. t handgrenadel Mark I. or Il.-are issued separa,toly.

Proparation.-The oa.p is removod, a detonator in-serted'in the rocess, the^grooves in the detonator beingplaced opposite the'pins on ttte body, and- the detonatoris then i,iessed hom-e and turnod to the left' (its flangobeing under the heads of tho two pjns) until the springon t-he detonator flange is released' thus locking it inposition. The cap is t-hen replaced and turned into the

irosition " travel. j'

The safeiy pin must on no accountbe withdrawn during these operations'

3 1

The cap from one grenade will not' invariably fit an-other greirade well,

"id ut.pt should be taken to-prevent

caps and grenades being interchanged.

Throuting the Crenade.

When it is required to use the gronades, all on thebelt should be [urued to " fire,"- and the whipcorilbeckets aud leather strips should be removed from thesafety pins.

When a grenade is taken fro,m the belt, the streameris unwound and alloweil to hang free, and the safetypin is withrlrawn immediately before throwing.

The grenade is graspod by the end of the handle andthrown in the required direction, care being taken thatthe stroamer lloes not get entangled with the thrower.

To insure the grenade firing on impact, it should bethrown well upwards, ab an angle of not lese than 35qegrees,

Should the grenade not, be used, the cap should beburued back to " travel," and the safety pin replacedand secured by p,assing the whipcord becket over the capand threading the leather strip through t,he slot in theend of the safety pin. (Vide diagram No. XIII.)

Txn MsxrceN Gnruenn-{arreoe, I{Ano-IIALEs'

This is another example of Class 3, and is similarto the one already described, but it will be observedon refe,rence to Plates XIV. and XY. Chab themoans of ignition is designed difierently. Thegrenade has a brass body with a,n internal tube.,in which is placed the detonator holder and eap, alsothe needle pellet. This pellet is securely held inposition by tho safety pin, which, whe,n removed,allows the pellet ca.rrying the striking st€el needle tofall forward on to the detonating ."[, bot it is pre-ve.1te-d from doing. so by a smalf briss spiral 'spring,called a creep spring. When the grenade strikes ;nolject, or is suddenly arrested in itt flight, the inertiaof the spring is overcome, and the nCale strikes the

c.187.-B.

32

percussion cap, which in turn erplodes the detonator.On ths upper end of the inbernal tube is screwed adetonator holder, into which the detonator aud cap isplaced. The grenade is provided with a segmented cast-iron ring, and is charged with high explosive, as inother cage.s. A referenoe to the diagram will make theaction of this grenade clear. It, iJ advisable to fullyunderstand the action of this grenade, as the actionof the rifle grenade, to be desciibed later, is similar,only with a irore complex arrangement of release.

. Other types of this class of grenade exis0, ,l'.e., withhandie and streanrers, but there are algo some of thecricket-ball style, that explode on impact and com€under this class.

' As is usual in the preliminary stages

of jnvenbion, classes and types multiply, but evintuallya definite standard of each type will-becomo recognisedand adopbed for further use,-jusb as one type of iifle iscommon throuqhout the service of a natibn. bu0 untilbhat stage is re;ched it is necessary to ascertain the mostsuitable type for genera,l requirements.

IIe,No GnnNror.This is another example of Class 3 of AusLralian

orig.in, which embodies-the "Welsh Berry" l ightingdevice. This grenade is of the British No. 1 Mark

-I. and

Mexican types. Tho grenade is made of tinned sheetiron, the body being a conical veesel containing smallp-ellets of iron, and forming the head or striking end. ofthe grenade. A tin tube containing the exploslve, de-tonator,. and cap forms tho handle, lnd passes throrrghthe conical top, and on which the body slides, wh6ngufficiont pressure is applied to overcome'the resistanceof an internal spiral ifring placed iu the head. of thegronade. (Vicle Plate XVI.)

. On pressing the top of the grenade vigorousl], or bygiving-it a-blow,or knock, th-e boay ofihe g.Lt*a" i,pressed backwards and detonates the percuJsion caprwhich exp-lodes the grenade. Explosiies may be iir-serted at the last moment by removing the smali woodenhandle at the foot.

33

A cardboard tube fite into the tin tube, and is closedby means of a cork. On removing the cork (a. piece oftape is provided for such purpose) the explooive maybe ingertod. The grenade is fitted with a aafety deviceconsisting of a bent piece of tin held in position bymeang of paper and tape. Until this is removed thegrenade is perfectly safe.

To use the grenade, undo t'he tape attached to safetydovice, pull sharply, whon the safety clip will bo re-moved. The grenado ie then ready for act'ion, and willerplode immediately on porcussion. Tho grenado issimple and offective, but cheap and elementary in de-sign compared with others previously described. Itwill be noted there ie no segmented ring on this grenade,the missileo being provided by the dumps contained inthe conical body referred to. Half-a.-dszen gtreamergare attached to the end of tho grenado to insure, thatthe grenade will fall on its head.

SECTION 7.

Tnr Rlrr,p GnpNeon.

Grenad,e, .303 Short Rifl,e, I{o. 3, Marli, I. (J. Pattern).This is one of tho finest eramples of Class 3, and is

without erception one of tho best-designed in use. Itis finely !3r1hed,- and this is nocessarf in order to getaccurate flight, which would be impossible if it were iotwell balanced. ft consists of a mild-steel cylinderaccuratoly turned both outside and ineide. Tf,e out-si{9 is de"ply- gro_oy94 or sorrated, like a motor-cyclecyliuder, and in addition, it is grooved or serrated ver-tically, so that on erplosion it flies into uumerous frag-ments- of . ?.pre-determined size. The inside is qui[esmooth. (Viclc Plahe XVII.) The length of the cylinderor body is 3| inchee, while the ext-ernal diameter is1] iuches and the internal diameter I 3-16 inches. TheF-f 1"4 bottom are cl_osed by means of brass plugs.The top end is fitted with a scriw for the insertion of ihedetonator. Dowu the centre is a brass tube Z-16 inchin diameter, and between this tube and the iron cvlinder

34

tho explosive is placed. The contral brass tube carriegCho detonator and striker. The striker is a rod of brass2$ inchas long and $ inch in diameter. It is fittedwith a needle point around which is a light, brass,spiral spring (creep spring), which preventsthe needletouching the pe,rcussion cap until the grenade ig suil-denly stopped by some obstruction. A brass socketscrews into the lowsr end of the iron cylinder: this isbored out, and forms practically a tube-into *hi"h theond of the striker fits loosely. Two holes are bored andrecessed to receive two retaining pins, which, in turn,fit into a rece€sr in the striking pin and hold it in posi-tion till free to fall out. Tfiese retaining pins vro.uldfall out unless covered in somo way. so a gcrewed collarcarrying a neat, I itt le windmill oi 'vane ie'screwed toand covers them, and holds them in position. Belowthis wind-vane is a loose brass collar, which would falldown the socket bu[ is preve,nted from doing so by asafety pin, which keepJ it in position a.nd-hard'upagainst the bottom o.f fhe screwed wind-vane. Into thebottom of the brass socket is screwed a ste,el rodl0 inchee long, which fits into the rifle barrel, and whichis securely, but lightly, held in position by a steelsprlng cllp.

Action ol the Grenade when lv'ired.

_ The grenade rod is placed into the barrel of the rifle;bhe safety pin is removed after a blank charge has beeninserted into the chamber. On firing, tho sLock causes[he collar under the wind-vane to slip downwards, thisfrees the wind-vane and the force of the air causes itto rota,to. It, has beon found nece€Eiarr to pull thecollar down and give Che wind-vane about oie turn,instead of trusting to the shock of exolosion to causethe initiel movem*ent. The wind-van*i buitrg screwed,unwinds itself and frees the two ret,ainine b;its, whichholds the striker in position, the striker falis forward andbalances on the small spiral creep-spring already al-luded to. The grenade is now very sensilive, and willreadily explode-on the slightest iripact or concussion.A reference to tho diagram will make the action clear.The weight of this grenade is aproximately 1 lb. 2 oz.

35

The range is 200 yards. Thero are a number of precau-tions which mugt bo observed in using this gienado.Old riflps-short .303-should be usedl tho a-ction ofbhis grenado is not coaducivo to improving the shoot-ing qualities of the riflo. Old rifles,-at thirate of twoper platoon, are issuod for this purpose. Thero is nogyroscopic -motion with this grenade. Ball cart.ridgonlu*t not be useil, as this will burst the rifle. Blankcartridge is not suitable, but a ball cartridgo fromwhich tho bullet has boen removed is suitable.

- Special

cart'ridgeo are supolied. Don'C try and fire the riflewith grenade from th,e shoulder, the recoil will impressthe importanco of this advics. The rifle should berigged up with a, special staud and suitable sights. forin this case one is really using high-anglo fire, for whichtho ordinary oights are ugeless.

Tho safety pin should be in position until about tofire, the detonator ie also inserted when the gronade isabout to be used. 'fhe erplosive used is bellite, T.N.T.,or other high explosive. The grenade erplodes on im-pact, and is suitable when the tre,nches are some dis-tanc-e apart, too far for the ordinary hand grenade.Ab first, the spring on striker was mad-e too strong, andmany failed to explode when striking the wire n=ettingwhich the Germang used to protect their trenches' fror;grenades, &c., but this de,fect has be€n remedied-thospring is made more sensit,ivo.

Pachage ol Grenad,es.-The woodon box prolidedcarries twenty gre'fadee in protecting tins with screw-off lids, twenty detonators, rifle grenadee in fo,ur tinboxes with lever lids, and 22 special blank cartridgesin a tin box.

Preparat'ion lor k'iring.--The grenade is removed fromits tin, and the ebonito plug in itg head is unscrewed. byhand. The grenado is held nose down to ma,ko gurbthat the noedle pellet is held by tho retaining bolts.

If correct, the detonator is inserted and screwedhome.

The rod is tlren gently lowered into the rifle, the clipsspru-ng o-n to_the nrnzzle, aud a blank cartridge insertedin the chamber.

36

The safety pin is withdrawn just before firing.ff, after the safety pin has been removed, the

grenade is not used, "th; safeby pin may be replaced

if the screwed ring has not unsciewed dnd unciveredthe two retaining bolts, but if thes€ are uncovered thegrenado.is..in .a d_a-ngeroudy sengitive condiCion, and jfso found it ehould be deetroyed. Only the'specialdetonators and cartridg.e prooided should be ueed. Ifby accident a grenade iver6 fired with a buileted round,tho rifle would probably burst and injure the firer.

- Tli.r grena.de is very safe to handle, as it cannot benrect .by knocJ<rng or dropp.ing on the ground; it mustDravel through thb air $oms dirtr"o"e before the retainingbolts fall out.

fExtract from " Notes front, the Front, Part IV."]

Norrs nv er Orrrcnn Eupr,ovoo rN Chener oF THEGnrxeorpns or e DrvrsroN.

- $) nifl,e Grenattres.-The rod is officially rust proof,but it rusts in the trenchm, and should Ue t<ept o1tea.

- (ii) In carrying the grenade, the head of the gronadeshould be held and not the rod. The weighCof thegrenade is apt, to bend the rod, whiclr will thsn not, fitinto t'he barrel.

(iii) The box sight is too clumsy, a,nd depends toomuch on the ground being leve,l. fn practice, men canlearn to judge the elevation by observing the trajectoryof the grenade in flight.

(iv) The firer should stand well back from theparapet, as the grenade, if shown over the parap€t,draws fire.

- (v) The detonators are packed in cotton wool, whichalsorbs a grea,t deal of wet when a tin is once opened.This may cause the detonators left in Che tin to becomedefectivs.

(vi) An enemy machine-gun interfering with a work-ing party at night was silenced by rifle grenades.

87

(vii) An erperiment wa,s tried by shooting rifleg_reuades,point-blank at the loopholes and parapeto ofthe trenc'hes where sniper'e were active. This was donewith great effect, and all sniping ceased in a very shorttime. This method was found to bo a much moreaccurate way of firing the riflo grenades.

(viii) Hand Grenacl.es.-The trench for instructionshould have a parapet front a.rld rear, as one of bhedifficulties is to avoid striking the grenade against therear parapot.

Pen,dulwrn Dial Sight.

- A pendulum dial sight, graduated in yards, for direc0aim or high elevation, is issued for us€ with riflegreladeo, and can be easily afhred to the leaf of theba.cksight. Should the sight not fit tightly on the leaf,tho spring sides ehould be slightly pinihed-in.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Under this heading is included a numbor of grenadeswhich are ingenious in,gome respects but possessing noadvantages over those already in use. fn s-ome caseJ theprime_ry use of a grenade is lost sight of amidgt a com-plication of spring levers, triggers, and. fuses of fearfuland wonderful designs. There is one the shape of aboomer_ang,- containing the explosive charge at tle bendor anglo of the boomerang, invented by Rugsel-Sutton.which hfs peculiarities and is worthy oi mention, beingunique in design, and if the areo-dynamics were'not socomplex might have its uges under certain circum-stances, but, unfortunately, these circumstances can bebette,r coped with by other engines of destruction.Mrlch tralning is necessary to rise this type, and itsuffers from the lack of uniformity in balance andflight. (Vide Plate XIX, Z.)

There is one also of the jumping-jack species, whiclris reputed to be capable of riomflei movom'ent and vervdeadly in its action; it may do all that is claimed ofit, but one has not heard of its practical application.

38:

After a, cafeful study of the meagre facts and exami-nation of soveral types, one is lead to reqard the oldoriginal -spherical bali as tho most usefuf and simpleform-of hand grenade. There boing no gyroscopic actionporyible with a hand grenade, it-is tfii mos[ suitableand scientific shape. It is very cheap, and its powerson explosion-ary full;r equal to t-he mori'complex sjlapes.It may_be of Ciass i., ind is then simplicity itself. ' IfClass II. type is desired, this is easily obtained by ma.k-ing the fuse plug with a friction l ighter; if Class ULis required, then it is only necessari to insert a handlein bhe fuse plug arrd concussion detolator in the handle.The ball.giv"t thg- least air resistance and uniform pr.es-sures, while it allows the centre of gravity to be^wellforward, so that there will then be io question of ihegrenade fall ing head downward, and streamers can beabolished.

SECTION 8.

TRENCH PERISCOPES.

The dangers of oxposure are so obvious in trench war-fare that if one can see without being seen much valu-able life will be saved, and moro acc-urate informationobtained when the observer knows he is quite safe whileobserving. The use of the periscope permits safeobservation, and such instrumerits shorild bL used wher-ever possible, and supplied in sufficient numbers to alltroops engaged. in- this phase of warfare. They can bega.gily. improvised for the use of grenadilrs, thefollowing information wil l enable a,ny qr6nadier to'makea periscope for himself.

Srupr,r Iupnovrspo Pnnrscopn FoR UsE oFGnnNeprrns.

A periscope is an optical irrstrument, used for obser-vaLion over or round eover without exposing the personusing it. There are many varieties and desilns, but tte

39

essential requirements are two plain mirrors fixed in thesamo vertical plane and set at, a distance' from butparallel to oach other at an anglo of 45 degrees withthe vertical. These mirrors may be held by lightskeleton metalwork, in which case they ma.y bo madevery light and portable, but are usually erpensive. Onbhe other hand, they may be arranged in box form,when thoy aro more officie,nt optically, stronger, and lessliable to damage, but obviously are no0 so portable.All that is ne,cessary is a wooden box 16 x 5 x 4, withan opening 3f r 3| in the gide marked " A " (aidePlate XYIII.), and arother similar opening ontlre side narked (t 8," Two mirrori-tt lW '-

each 4 inches x 4 inches, are set at an angleof 45 degrees with the vertical. The rays oflight from the object to be viewed strike theupper mirror and a,re reflected at 90 degrees do'v/n tothe lawer mirror, and are then again reflected at ananglo of 90 degrees. The inside of the box should boblackened, for era.mple, with aniline black. ft ghouldbe noted that this instrument can bo used with fieldglasses, and, ercept for a slight loss of light due toreflections and minor imperfections of tho mirror. dis-ba,nt objects can be viewed with perfect clearness, ruf.ty,and abioluts concealmeut. UJing a koroseno case, afew nails, a,nd two pieces of mirror 4 x 4, the cost ofwhich wil l be 6d., it rvil l be seen that an efrcient peri-scope, as suggested, can be made by any handy grona-dier. ft is strongly urged that grenadiers make suchplriscopos for practice puiposes whin throwing grenades.(Vide '( Instructions for Training,t' page 18.)

The lenqth in sketch-16 inches-is a matter of noirnportancd, they may e,qually well be made 2 or 3 feet.The siz,s of the mirrors can be variedr if desired; thereis little use increasing the vertical depbh of the mirrorsunlesri one is lookin{ for air-craft, but the horizontallength may be increased with advantage, especiall.y ifone desires to use field glasses, the 3| inchee b.eingrather. restricted oponing. Periscopeg aro a very oldinvention, but_are specially guitable for the present styleof warfare. The poriscop€s used for submarine work

40

are similar in principler only more perfect optical ar-rangements are us€d-the mirrors aro replaced by re-flecting prisms, and also magnifying systemg are intro-duced, and means adopted to increase the horizontalangle of view.

From the principles above-mentioned the use of thoperiscope to a rifle will readily be understo,od, but thelast, word has not been said in this direcbion, at flresentit is only an improvised arangement in the best, ofthem, and until firsb principles aro adherod to and con-ventionalities are discarded. a neat and serviceableweapon will not be forthcomirrg.

SECTION 9.

FUSES.

There are two types of fuse used in the Service, knownas " Fuse Safety, No. 9," or more generally as " Bick-fordtsrtt and the tt Fuse Instantaneousr" Mark IIf.

They aro readily distinguished from one anothor-first, by the colour, the safety fuse being black, andthe instantalroous ora,rlge. They can also be distin-guished in the dark, as the instantaneous fuse has asnaking of thread on tho outside, so that it is rough tothe feel.

The safety fuse burns at the rate of, approximately,4 feet per minute, and the instantaneous at the rate of30 yards per second. (See Plate XIX., v, vi.)

CeurroN.The instantaneous fuso is quite uselese for grenades.

CoNsrnucrroN.

The safety fuse consists of " flax spun andin the samo manner as in twine-twisting ormaking, with a core of fine gunpowder in-the

twist€dcord-

centre.

4l

The flax is covered with guttapercha, and has an ex-berior.coating-of tape and varnish, which delays theoxidation of tho guttapercha. It is supplied iir her-metically sealed tins containing 8, 24, ir'b0 fathome.This fuse is coloured black, and will burn under waterat a depth of 90 feet a|ter 24 hours' immersion.,'(M.E., Parb 4, page 35.)

The rate of burning of all fuses is liable to altorationdue to various causes-climatic, chemical, andmochanical. It is therefore always advisable to teettho rato of burning by an acbual trial. To do this, cutoft accurately a known length, sa,y, 1 or 2 feet, liehtit, and meiurure the tirne of- burniirg. If it should ie-como necessary to use commercial fuse. the abovo pre-caution is moit, necessary, as the rates of burning^aredifierent from the Service fuse. It is very dangero:us tohave fuses of differont rates of burning; t,hJ Servicefuse. ther-eforo,- should be used when possible. Alwaysuse good fuse, because unreliable fuse'is very dangoroirsrn many wayg.

Fuges are now tested by X-rays, which show up anyclefects in the internal powder c-olumn, and a deflctivbfuse is rejected.

LrcurrNc a FusE.Cut at an angle, so as to expose the powder co umn

a9 mu-cl1 as porsible. A matchhead or flake, o,f guncottonplaled in or on the ond matorially assists ignition. Thedifficulties in igniting fuse are due to the melting ofthe guttaperchi, whiih thus erudes and covers up"thepowder column, rendering ignition difficult.

A port fire, elow match, cigarette, and fusee are suit-able means t,o ignite fuse.

The usual length of fuse, used is timed for fiveseconds; 4 inches, therefore, of Service fuse should burnapproximately five seconds.

frrpnovprcnrrs FoR Lronrrxe.On account of the difficul0ies of readily isnitins a

fuse (a matter of vital importance to grenidiJrs), fisesare scmetimes coated with matchhead composition,

42

which is suitably protected from the, weather, &c., bymetal cap or tube. Thero are two kinds of matchhead-thoso which contain phosphorus and those which donot. The former ignito by simplo friction, the same asa wax match; Che latter require to be rubbed on a pre-pared surface corrta,ining red phosphorus, in exactlythe same way as one strikes a safety match on the, pre-pared surfaci of the box. With th; latter type a bias-sard,(worn on the left arm) is used to light the fuse byfriction on its prepared surface.

SLOW MATCH.

Slow match can be made by steoping rope in a solu-tion of saltpetro (potassium nitrate) and limewaterand allowing the rope to dry, when it will burn at therato of, approrimatoly, 1 foot p€r hour.

BRASSARD.

A braseard is en article used by grenadiers to ignitegreuades. It is worn on the left forearm, being securedby a strap or tied ou by tapes. The size is quite im.material. They rnay be rnade of wood, still canvas,l inoleum, &c., and are coated with red phosphorus com-pound, tho same as that used o,n the striking surface ofa safety matchbox. The fuse for use with

-brassards is

coated with a substance of the same comrrosition as thatused on the head of a, safety match. The diagram showsa simple, but ellective, brassard, dimensionJ 3] inche,sx 2| inches, mride of wood slightly curved (oid,e skehch),tapes, kha.ki, e.ach 2 leeb long and { inch wide, aretacked on to the wood, caro being taken that the tacksdo nob probrude through the striking surface.

If one runs short of brassards, the striking surfaceof a safety matchbox held in a small tin clip, with tapeattached, could be used.

48

QUICK MATCH.

. This. is.made by boiling three strands of cotton wickln a. lrquld corrtaining mealed p,owder and gum, Uhendustrn_g the cotton with mealed powder beforelt beccmes*ty. It is then erclosed with

-flar go as to cany the

flame along rapidiy.

PORTFIRES.

, ̂ P.o.t6ru,, conrno_ll, c_onsisbs of a cylinder aboutro .tncnes ron^g aud rather more than |_in. diameter.rt rs mado of sLout b,rown pape.r, p,aste-d, rolled, and,when dry,-turned irr at one,i",i to f'o"rn u'Uotto*. The"uX,

nt, cyliader is driven-wi-th portfire composition.thg top has a small holo bored in the cdmposition.

and. rs primed with mealed powder to make ^it

l iehieasily. Th,gf !.u1n from twelve to fifteen .i""t"r,-i"Ja-re generally lighted by a slow match. Thev mav beIlt ,llso bV any means handy, as a vesuviarr, i bur."nirrgstick. &c.-

Painted flesh colour.

sEcTIOil 10.

DETONATORS FOR USE IN HAND GRENADES.Drstonators are small metal tubes containing ful_minato of rnercury, which is .o

"r"""dirrgly violent andoangerous explosive, erploding on slig-h[ friction orpercussion, or when heatbd to 560 degries tr,ahr.

I)otouators aro used to explode or detonate le,ss er_ploqjvo subst-an-ces, which suLstu".u, i" t*n, may boused to ejplode or_ detonate still iess erplosirr" com_pounds. I 'or example, wet guncotton is veiy diff icult tocle.ton.ate,-dry guncotton is easy to detona,le, and ful_Tt]i1.:_t L.:"lry

v^ery.easilv detonared. To ignitoa. cnarge oI lb oz. of wot gunco.tton it is necessarv. todetonato it with dry guncotion-1 oz. arf p"i.i" iii"q

44

tused to detonate it-the dry guncotton being.detonatedwith a detonator containing 35 gratns of .fulmtnate oIrnercurv. A dotonator alono is sufficient for explosionof the usual commercial explosives.

There is a vast difierencs beLween ignition and de-tonation, but the subject is too comPlex to-erplain here'Text-books for erplosives sho'uld be referred to forfurther information on this subject.

Gunpowder in a grenade can be- exploded by simplyusing a fuse, but to properly explode dynamite, gu-n'cottin. eelisnite, tri-riitro-toluene, lyddite, &c., a de-tonator ilut"t be used if the full value of those so-calledhigh explosives is to be attainecl.

SnnvrcB DntoNeron.

The detonator used in the Service is desiguated No.8, Mark IY., and contains 35 grains of-Julminate ofmercury placed in a Uapered metal tube 2| inches longand neariy as large in diameter as an ordinary- le'dponcit. ihe end

-coutaining the fulminate is closed,

ihe other end is left open, so as to receive the fuse'Ovor tire fulmiuate is placed a plug of wood with a holoin it, through which^ prtt.s i sirall piece, -of quick-matcli. The-detonator is held 6n to the fuso by simplypinching tire tube. There are special pincers used forthis purpose. This o,peration is necessary, otlr.erwise thefuso is liable to be blowu out, and may preverrt igni-t ion.

Those detonators are painted red, and require thegroatest possible care in handling, there being suffi-ciont explosire in the detonators themselves, to causeserious Uoaity injury. (Vide Plate XIX., iii., iv.)

Couunncret Dttor.rerong.

Commercial detonators aro made of solid-drawncopper tubes clos€d at ono ond and partially filled withan oxplosive compound, viz., fulminate mercury andchlorate of potash.

They are made in variotts sizes, and numbered 1to 8.

45

No. 3 is 26 millimeters in length ancl 5.5 millimetersin diameter, and containg 8.3 grains of fulminate.

No, 6 is 35 millimeters in length and 6 millimetersin diameter, aud contains 15.4 graius of fulminate.

No. 8 is 55 millimetsrs in lensth and 6 millimeters indiameter, and contains 30.9 giains of fulminate.

No. 6 is suitable for most commercial erplosivee, butthe No. 8 detonator is required for erplod^ing so,me ofthe lees sensitive explosives, such as

- the iitrate of

ammonium compounds.Commercial detonatore a.re packed in bores of 100,

and require to be handled with the same care as theService dotonator. fn some wa,ys the Commorcial de.tonators (especially on account

-"t their short, length)

are more suitable for grenades than the Service-de-tonator. They are very much che,aper, and quite re-Iiable. They-aro firecl'on to the frise'by meins of alpecial pai-r of nippe-rs, but miners, who are constantlyhandling _them, rqearly always do the compressing withtheii teeth. This is all right if one bites the rightend, but it is a dangerous practice, and ehould neverbe allowed.

Dotonators ehould at all times. unlesE when actua,llvbeing used for dotonating purposes, bo kept separate aniapart from erplosives of all kinds. The saf&t way tokeep them ie to bury the bor containing them,

-and

undor no circumstances should they bo stordd w.ith o0herexplosives.

SECTION 11.

EXPLOSIVES.

, Officers and expert grenadiers should have somee.lementary technical knowledgo of erplosives they aroIikely to handle whon dealing-with grenades. Th! fot-loqing . notes on exploeives may be- found useful forlnstructlonal Purpo€ott : -

Many substances explodo under cortain conditions.By that it is meant that there is a eudden disruptiou

46

of matter, and usually there is an enormous increase involume. Certain substances, however, erplode withoany increase in volume due bo internal strain or stress,&c, I'rom time to time one hsars of erplosions of coaldust, flour, and other solids, in which caso it is reallya very rapid combustion due to t:he zubstances beingintimately mixed with air. The heat generated and theby-products of combustion occupyiug a very muchgroator volume than before cause the effect of explosion.

An explosive, as generally understood, is a eubstancecomposed of combustible matter and containing its ownsupporter of combustion. This may be oxygen derivedfr6m certain salts, but' it noed not necesi;rily be so.It may be expected that there is always a change ofinitial volume on explosion, though tha,t volume mayultimately resort to uormal. Such changeo do not takeplace insiantaneously, but roquiro a certiin duration oflime for the actions to completo thomselves, but thetime necessary for complete explosion to take placeis varied in difierent explosiyes. Those '\Mhich takecomparatively long time are called low explosives, anclare usually employed as propellants, for example, gun-nowder and cordite. It ehould bo notod that theseiubstances do not, burn or erplode at a given definiterate, but, even with them the time varies, according tothe size of ths grain in the case of gunpowder, or onthe dimension of the cord's thickness in the case ofcordito. If a large gun using gunpowder woro chargodwith fine gra.in, such as is used in a Martini-Ifenry cart-ridge, it would probably burst, but, if charged withprism powder the propellant effect would be attainedwithout unduo pressures. Likewise with cordite, iftho fine cords used in a .303 cartridge were employedin charging a 16-in. gun, disastrois results rvooldensue, yet the same weight of cordite, if made in largodimensions, is used without trouble, becauso the largerpieces require a longer time, to burn, and the timo ofexplosion is therefore prolonged. Other exploeives arevory rapid in action, so'rapid that they cannot be usedas propellants (except, when suitably diluted or retarded

'47

by the addition of other substances). Substances whicherplode so readily as indicated aro designated high er-p]osives, and their effect is to shatter and destroy.- It isobvious, therefore, that these aro generally morl usefulfor gre_nade work, where it, is desired to shaiter a grenadeor to destroy obstacies. Propellants such as gunpowderand cordite may be used with good effect in certaingrenades, but will be quite useless in others. Ag ageneral rule, it .*t{ bg accepted that high explosivesare the more suitable for grenades.

Gun-powder may be exiloded by me.ans of a time fussop.ly,-but the high explosives re{uire a detonator, andthis should alwav-s be rised in ordir to get the full ellectand value of these explosives.

GuNrowonn"Thie is one of tho oldeet explosives known. It is a

mechanical mirture of potassium 'nitrate, sulphur, andcarbon. These substanies are intimate,ly incorporatedby grinding and other operations. It is Lne of tie bestoramples of_ a slow-burniag erplosive or propollant, andfor hundreds of years wai the only orpllogive us€d forordnanco. Its colour and appearance are familiar toall, but certain kinds of gunpowder look quite difierentfrom what we usually seo in-commercial lifo. The dif-ferences in appear,a,nce and colo,ur are due to the variouskinds of.carbon (wood ch_arcoal) used. Some, samples ofgunpowder are black, others siato or b,rown. The gizoof the grains -varies from very small particles up tolarger pieces, shapod prisms, or cubes. plwder is eridedinto various sizes, and designated accordingly.

Tho rato of -explosion alters enormously,-dependingon the size of the grains, the finer the grain tne iasteith rrp of erplosion; pnsnratic powder being about, thes.[owest,.

. The, percentage composition of gunpowder varies con_srderably, but, u_su-ally is-nitre, 75 per cent. I carbon.15 per cent.; sulphur, 10 per cent,.

fo-r- gr9nad9s,. the fine-grain samples are the mostsuitable, but it is by uo ineans an ideal erplosive forsucn purpose,

48

Gunpowder deteriorateg by damp. ft is sa,fe to handleiu transport.. It is unaffecied by climatic conditions,very simple in use, compact, does not explode readilyby percussion, and can be exploded by fuie alone. T;get the best results, however, from gunpowder carefuliamptng rs necessary.

CluNcotror.r (Nrr,n,o Cnr,r,ur,osr).This explosive is ertensively used iu the Service, and

complies with the conditiong required, viz., safety inuso_ and transport, stability under climatic conditions,and. simplicity. in uso. Ib is fairly compact, and beirrga nlgh explosrvo does not, require tamping.

Guncotton is made by tho action oJ i mirture ofnitric and su-lphuric acid on cellulose (a.g., cotton wool).After the cellulose has been immersed in the acid, voiylittle alteration is observable, but tho action of thiacids has converted it into one of the mosb importanterplosives known. Guncotton used in the Seivice iscompressed_ intg slabs -weighing lb oz. and measuring6 inches r 3 inches r 1$ inch. Jn this form it, is usuallikepb wet. .Every slab has a cylindrical hole in it meJ-suring 1.3 inch in diameter.

-This is used for the in-

sertion of a dr-y-primer-of guncotton. W'et guncottonis more_poyerfrrlly oxplosive, than dry cotton, but isvery dlthcult to detouato.

Guncotton is also compressed into primers, which arekept dry, and are usually coated with parafrn wax.These cylindrical primers- weigh 1 oz.,

-and measure

1.25_inch.high by. 1.3 inch in-diamoter, and are pro-vided with a conical perforation for tho insertio; ofthe Service detonatorf which ie used to detonate it.D-ry_ guncotton will detonate wet guncotton, and to ex-plode a slab of wet guncotton a dry primer is insortedi-n the hole provided lor the purpose in each slab, and adotonator with fuse attached is inserted into the'conicalperforation of the primer.

Dry guncotton burns quietly in small quantities with_out oxplosion if ignited- and. unconfined, 6ut large quan_tit ies may explode under similar conditions.

The products of combustion are fifierent, from theproducts formed on detonation.

4 9

- Wet guncotton requires largo quantities of high ex-ploslve to detonate it, -so dry primers are always usedfor the purposo with the usual detonator attaclied. Itis very safe, and does not deteriorato even after theIapse of m^any years if kept at rnoderate temperaturesand away from sunlight.

?recautions,

Wet guncotton can be sawed, bored, or cut withsafety. Aiways use wot to,ols and avoid dust, fluff, orgrit, of any description. Destroy all chips and dust.Neaer cut or' sa'u tlry gu.ncotton.

Nrrno-cr,ycpnrNE aND Drnrvetrvn Expr,osrvrs.Nitro-glycerine is made by the action of a urixture

oJ sulphuric and nitric acids on glycerine, in the samemanner as cellulose or cotton is converted into nitro-e,otton or guncotton Nitro-glycerine is a heavy oilyl iquid, its specific gravity 1.6. It variee in cbloui,some specimens being ye,llow or brownish-yellow. Ithas a, very sweet taste, is poisonous, but odorless. Itcauses sickness and hoadache if introduced into the sys-!.-. It _erplodes at a tempet'ature of 360 degr6es!ahr., or by shock or detonation. It burns if ignited.It is quite u$sless for grenades, and oxplosives conta.in-ing nitro-glycerine meciranically mixed, as, for example,dynamite, &c., should be avoided.

Thele are many of the most usoful explosives knownwhich contain nitro-glycerine,, for exinpJe, cordite,gelignite, &c., but in theso cases tho nitro-glycerine isso combined that segregation of the Iiquid islmpossible.Nitro-glycerine is tJo dangerous to be used bv itself.

Dynamite No. 1 is a mixture of nitro-glycerine ab-:bod in an inert base, kieselguhr, whicli is an in-sorbod in an inert base, kieselguhr, whii

fusorial earth found orincipallv in German&n ln

fusorial earth found ofusorial earth found principally in Germany and Scot-land, and co'nsist of shells of diatomacea. which are

Dvweurrp.

Seventy-five per cont. of nitro-by 25 per cent. kieselguhr. The

highly absorbent.glyoerine is absorbed

50

colour is buff to reddish-brown, and d.ynamito lookssomething i ike red putty. ft is a very powerful ex-plosivo, but is much affected by low temperatures, whichcauss the nitro-glycerino to freeze, in which state itshould not be used, and requires to be thawed, in doingwhich numerous frightful accidents have occurred.Under other conditions the nitro-glycerine is liable tosoparation. It is less powerful than guncotton,

Dynamite No. 2 is milder and slower than dynamiteNo. 1. It is black in colour. and consists of 18 rrercent. nitro-glycerine and 82 pir cent. of a rough g-un-powder. Dynamites can be detonated easily with theusual conrmercial dynamito cap.

Br.lsrrxc Gnr,lrrNr.

This is one, of the mosb powerful explosives known.It is composed of 93 to 95 per cont. of nitro-glycerineand 7 to 5 per cent. of nitro-cellulose (guncotton). Itis 50 per cent. stronger than dynamite, and freezes at40 degrees Fahr., when it becomes more sensitive. fnthis rospect, it is difieront from dynamite. It is a gela-tinous mass, varying in viscosity and appoarance. Somesamples look like leather, others more like a thick glue.It is not affected by water, and can be kepb in w.ater.It is clean and safe. Like rnost modern erplosives, itis mado up into cartridges, which are wrap.ped up inspecial parchment paper with the conterrts, &c,, clearlyprinted on the outside. It can be detonated by aService or eommercial cap,

Gnr,lrrxr DyNeurrp.

This is a modification of blasting gelatine, and con-0ains nitro-glycerine, nit,ro-ceilulose, potassium nitrate,and woodmeal. It is a very useful explosive.

GsLrsNrtr.This is another modification of blasbing golatine. It

has similar ingredients anil pro,perties., but cheape,r andmore guitable for certain classes of mining work. ft isalso dono up in cartridges similar to dynamito, &c.,

5 l

and is a suitable explosive for use in grenades. ftscomposition is 80 per cerrt. to 60 per cent. of nitro-glycerine, 8 per cent. of gunco.tton, 7 per cent. of wood-mcal, and 20 per cent. of nitre.

Connrrr.Cordite is a well-known propellani used in the British

and Jap_anese_services with small arms, and Uhe largestguns. - It varies in appearance, depending on the thick-ness of the cords or threads, in which form it is manu-factured. It is a tough gelatinous substance, and itsnams is derived frorn the cord-like forms in which it,is made. The thinner variety, as ussd in small arms,looks like a gut. violin string, while the large sizes, usedfor big guns, look brown or yellow in colour.

'It is

composed of 30 per cent. nitro-giycerine, 65 per cenb.guncotton, and 5 per cent. mineral jelly, incorporatedby means of a solvent such ae a,cetone. This latfer sub-stance, however, is not one of the constituents of the-final product. Cordite has proven it is one of the finestpropellants in existence. Stable, safe, and easilyhandled, but being a propellant it is not an ideal sub-stance for use in grenades. ft, ca,n b9 used, however,but much better efilcts can be obtained from'one of theshattering or high explosives.

Euprnr Powopn.

{mpiro powder is another subgtance used, consistingof 84 per cent. guncotton, the balance being nitre andsbarch.

Ber,trsrrtn.Ballistite is a porvder generally made in flakes of

various sizes, and, except for a few technical move-ments, is similar to, cordite.

Tolrrtn.Tonite-another high explosive-is formed by im-

pregnating guncotton with one or more nitrates.- It issupplied iu cylinders 2 inches in diameter, of rneights

52

I lb., I1b.., and_l Jb., and in 5-lb. blocks measuring5 inches cube. ft, is detonated with a large-srze com-mercial cap, supplied by the manufacLurere" of the ex-p los ive. (M.E. , 1910, Par t IV. , p . 90.)

Nrrno-srNzrxn Explostvss.Nit-ro-ben_zine, frequently used as an essence con-

tained in oil of bitteialmoirds, is tho basis of many im-portant _commercial oxploslves. These explosivej arereadily distinguished by the weil-known odor. Nitro-benzlne is an active poison.

Ronunrrn.This .explosive is essentially a mixturs of nitrate of

ammonium with chlorinated- di-nitro-benzine. It is ab.rownish-y.ellow powder, and is volatile without, explo-sion. It burns in the open with diffrcultv. It is^de-liquescent, i.e., it absorbs moisture from the atmosphero,and is therefore object.ionable, as it is quite useless whilewet.

Sncunrrn.Securite consists of 26 parts of di-nitro-benzine and

74 per cent., of ammonium nitrate. Jt is a yellowpowder, and is likewise deliquescent. and his thefamiliar odor of bitter alrnonds.

^

Bpr,r,rrn.This js used in certain grenades at present. It is a

similar compound to securile, and contiius 20 per ceat.ot dl-nrtro-b€nzine and 80 per cent. nitrate of am_rnonium. This explosive is of'swedist oriei"

Recranocr,Rackarock is another of the di-nitro-benzine com-

pounds. ft consists of potassium chlorate, to which isad{ed a qua.ntity of di-nitro-benzine. Other hyaro-elrbons are frequen0ly used for this purpose. it is

53

v6ry 8afo, and s very popular erplosive in certain dig-tricts. Detonation is carried out by means of a dvnamitecaP, &c.

Prcnrc-lclo Expr.osrvrs.Picric acid is erteneively used as a high erplosive.

It has a bitter taete, and cimmercially is u-eed as'a dyo,producing a -.TosLbrillianb -yellow "olour.

It ignileswith grelqt . difrculty, and burns with a very d-rnokyflame. It is not usually considored an erploiive, buieome of the metallic solids which it forms'are erceed-ingly exploeive. In the crystalline powder in which itis usually found it, can be detonated with difficulty. Itsspecific gravity is 1.6. Guncotton cau be used-to de-tonate it. Picric acid is made bv the action of uitricacid ou carbolic acid or phenol. if picric acid is fusedand solidified, its exploeive properties are enormouslyincreased. It is thei known as tvaaite in the BritislService, melinite in t,ho French

- Service, while the

Japanose call it Shimose powder.It _is interesting to note that certain gums or resins

found in Austra.lia and New Zealand. are capable ofproducing large quantitieg_of this compound. Glermanyhas for-many years purcbased supplies of such gumsostensibly for the production of vainishes.

'Inr-Nrrno-ror,unxn (T.N.T.).Toluene is a liquid hydro-carbon obtained with benzine

from coal-tar and kindred eubetances. The action ofnitric acid a,nd sulphuric acid produces tri-nitro-toluene,uictre similar reactions in the caso of glycerine andcotton. This gubetance melts at 80 degrees Cent., is in-soluble in water, and burns quietly if iqnitod. ft canbo easily_ detonate-d, however,-by firlmin"ate of mercurycontained in our Service detonator, or bv a commorcialcap. fb is capable of many modificationj, and is knownin the service as T.N.T., or trotyl. ft is used by prac-tically all the belligerents at prosent. ft ie a,

-very

cheap_and vory safo erplosive, anil erceedingly powei-ful. ft, varies in price from 1s. 2d. to 1s. 10d.-pir Ib.

54

Aurr.ro Expr.osrvrs.

Certain explosives with radical N.8.2 as the basisare known, and are used commerciallv.

Aulroxar,.This is a compou-nd which is used in certain grenades,

_as, for example; the " Pitcher," tho composit'ion of i[be ing t roty l , or T.N.T. ,31 per cent . , ammoniumnitrate 44.9 per cent., metaili6 atuminium 24.1 pe,rcent. There are numerous other erploeives which irebeing investigated and used, and whiih bid fair to sur-pass in. good qualit ies many of those mentioned, tri-nitraniline, for 6xample, but to,try and describe thesewould probably 'be of little use to

-grenadiers, as one is

then enterrng into technicalities too uninteresting fortne average man.

SAxoNrrE,

This is arr.explosive containing gelignite and. am-monlum oxalate,

Cenrowrrn.This substance contains nitro-glycerine, oakbark,

nitre, and barium oxide.

MoNosnL.

. I"hj.* is a,nother explosive, used commelcially, contain-ing uitro-glycerine, wbodmeal, and nitrate of ammonium,

Fur,urNer:ns,No des-cription of explosives would be complete with-

out a, reference to tho fulminates. They are mostviolent, dangerous, and delicate explosives, and.are onlyused in tho very^smallest- quantities in percussron caps,commercial and Service detonators. Mercury fulminateis most, ge-nerally used.. When wet, it is nol explosive.It, is made by-dissolving mercury in nitric acid and

pouring this into alcohol, when the fulminate precipi"tates and falls to the bottom as a, yellow gandv mass. Itis then well washed and packed in calico bigs holdingfrom 10 to 20 lbs., which are always stored in watoiand transported in wator. For use, it is dried on asteel plate, and this constitutee one of the mosthazardous operations in the manufacture o.f explosives.For use in

-the detouators it is mixed with p.6'tassium

chlorate, which increases its sensitiveness. Tire charg-ing of the caps is done automatically by special anddelicate machinery from a distance of about 30 feet,and the greatest possible care ha$ to be erercised in themanufacture of t,hese detonators. and a,lso in the hand-ling of them in the field, The, slightest scratch, shock,or unduo pressure may cause them to explode, and thereis onough- in an ordinary Service detonator'to shattera limb,lf not to cause s6me more gorioile injury. Mostof the erplosivee used commercially can bo fairly safelyhandled,

-Uut in the case of the fllminates one cannot

emphasize too often the danger of rough handling.

fExtract from Militarg Engr'rcering (Part IV.)," Mining and Demolit ions," 1910.]

Arpnworx 1.Tests lor Eugtlo$,ueu

1. Dynamite, blasting gelatine, and gelatine dynnrnitoshould be tested as laid-d6wn in " RogulaCions for ArmyOrdnance Services, par&graphs 388-396.

2. Test for bellite, securito, roburito, and other er-plosives containing ammonium nitrate.-The dangerwith these erplosives liee in their getting damp and fail-ing to erplod'e. A few cartridge"s shdla be'detonatedin tho opon to see fhat, they are serviceable.

Test for sensitivone€s of chlorate erplosivos.-Placea small quantity of the explosivo on a slono or woodfloor and give it a glancing blow with the end of acommon broomstick held laqce-wise. If ihe sample willexplotle easily on a stone floor, it should not be rieed forcharging boreholes, ancl if it will erplode on a deal floorit should bo used with care. This test.is only applicableto erplosives conbaiuing clrlorates.

56

SECTION 12.

ORGANIZATION OF GRENADIERS.

. This appears, at present,_to be subject to change fromtirne to time, aud no well-defined organization seems toerist.

Circular memorandum 454, page 14, states the num.ber to be trained in each l,igni llorse regiment, in-fantry battalion, &c., but, in-addition to tlhe numberslaid .down_ there, the following is additional:-,, ft isnot intended to limit the number of men who shouldjrave sornc knowledge _of grenades generally.,, tr'"omrntormatron recerved, about 2b per cent. of each battalionlt .b"l lg organizcd.into. grenadiers-at the present t ime,but thcre are indications that this number wil l b6greatly increased in the near future.

^The- personnel selected as grenadiers should be, firstof all, good soldiers, shoul-d have eompleted theirmusketr.y course, &c. They should be ptucky, but notcrulns)', brave and steady in emergency, ancl selectedfrom the very best men

-available. " In Laeh battalionthere ought to be a definite number of experts who eanteach and hand on information of ani fresh factsrvhich may arise pe_riodically. A part.y of from ten tohlteen appears_to be the most suitable unit, but thiswill vary according to the Iocal circumstanees and con_drtrons, _and,must be altered when necessary to suit thetask in hand.

'Ihe instruetions issued by the Imperial General Stafi,Seetion 1, will be taken is the standard. but for iniformation, sorne notes eompiled frour inemorandumfrom the G.O.C. 19th fnfantry Brigade are attachedhere for guidanee, also some not"r otr" bomb fishtine atGall ipoli by Captain D.

'W. Edwards are attiched"for

information. IIntil further instructions are issuedthe.training and organization as set forth by the Im-perial .General Staff wili be followed by all toncernedas being the latest standard information on the.subjeet.

o t

H.rNo GnnNeDEs rN TetNcs Wenr.lnl.

The following uotes, compiled from a circular momo-randum

-by G.O.C. igth Infantry Brigade, are

produced for guidance:-fn the abtack it is doubtful if hand grenades would

be of much use till the first trenchos are captured' Iflrelrl up, c.g., by wires, ttear the hosti le trenches, it ' isnossibli ' thit 'a irand-srenade partv misht, be of uso to

iritch grena.des into tf,e enemy's tienchis, but ib is un-iikely

-that grenades would be up at that period of the

acf,lon.

The time when thev will be of most use in attackon opposing trenches will be when the front trenchesare liinedl lland gronades should then bs sent upeach-of tho communication trencheg and along the firetrench. In either caso the best position to take upwould be in the treuch behind a traverse or bend, fromwhich cover glenados would be thrown a't any of thoenemy aPproacnlng.

2. To organize a grenade party, the following issuggeoted : -

Squad to consist of two nren (with rifles aqtl' ba.yonets), two men for thrdwing (rifeu gootr,

and two men to carry basket of gronader(trained as throwers to replace casualties), anclone N.C.O. in charge of squad.

3. The party would move oft up the trench in thofollowing order : -

Man with rifle and bayonet ready for rrso.Bomb-throwers with grenadeo.Carrie'r with basket of grenades.N . C . O .Second t'hrower.Second carrier.Sparo man.

As so'on as the first baeket of grenades is finished, itshould be passed back for a furfh6r supply, and tlrs fullbasket of fhe secoud carrier passed to the No. 1 carrier.

58

, 4..The.grenade squad should act on the ofiensive,bombing the.enemy *herever found, and then pressingon to bomb the next section between traversesl for iTthey remain stationary when the enemy is approachinsthey will be located, iud probably theinselvas bombedl

.. 5..IMhen an enemy's fire trench has been captured,it will be necessary {o make a second advance.'usuallvfrom the communication trenches, after which ih* ,r.rttrench will have to be teckled, the bombing squad beingsplit in tw-o and turned outwards, so as ti avoid beinfitaken in the rear.

. 6,1 I" the defence, grenad_e squads are probably besttn,the support trenches, ready to advance-up comhuni-cation trenches to meet the

-enemy should he take the

fire trench and try to advance.

BoMs FrcsrrNo aND Mpmroo or Tse.rxrxc, ay CArrArrD. W. Eow.l,nos, Trs Barrer,rox, A.f.F.

Trench l l tghthry.When two opposing forces are entreuched in close

p.roxrmity with each other, bombing is resorted to fort,he purpose of . destroyi.ng his worJ<i and keepiug himrn subje.ction; to do this sucessfully two definito"typesot, bomb,s are used, one to exterminate the enemy,-iheother (.the heavy type) to destroy overhoad coveis.andparapets;

Bombs manufactured and used in Gallipoli:_Typo _A, for use against, individuals, has three

classes, viz,:-

Class f.-Jam-tin bomb.If .-Cricket-ball bomb.

Ill-Matchhead bomb.'I'ype B, for demo,lition of works and. overhead

cover . _

CIass f.-Lotbiniero bomb.II,-Trench mortar bombs.

59

Typc A.

Olass l.-ft, was found nocessarv to manufacturobonrbs ab A,nzac and to ov€rhaul ilombs of a faultvcharacter- mado in Egypt. We could make a very efteci-tive bomb from 1-15.

-jam tins and other tins of the

8€rms gi2s, cailed the jim-tin bomb. This bomb hadthree compartments-t[e inside chamber, a.bout an inchiu.diameter, contained the charge; the second chamber,2 inches in 4iameter, filled with-broken resin; the third,or outside shamber, filled with broken pieces of shelihammered smaller on anvils at the bo,mb dep6t.

Class II.-The standard typo of Class A bomb iscalled t,he cricket-ball bomb;-of these, there are threeor four known kinds. These bombs aie colst,ructed oIcasL iron, and ar-e about ] inch thick and B| incheg ind.iam-eter; .they have various attachments f6r lightingthe tu$e, the ouo most used and looked for is the plaiitype, the fuse .of whiclr the bomber places the^ endagaiDst a s]norrldering .piece o,f bag rolled round a, stick,plqced so that it is easily got at when the, bomb requireil ighting. All bomb fuieJ have be,en etardardizea,'tt iatis, a five-second fuse, bombs having fuses of incorrectlength are returned to dep6t and fussd afresh.

Class III.-The matchhoad borhb has the $amopoculiarities.as tho cricket-ball bomb, the differenco inthe fuse having a head .like a safety match, which, aftre.rtho copper protector being removed, would lieht readilvwhen rubbed on a brassard or any other fr-iction sui-face. The concussion from thes; bombs being verystrong, a,nd the radius of effect in a trench 3 feJi widfis about 6 feet.

?gpe B (Heauy Bornb).Class f.-The lotbiniere bomb (or oicket-bat bomb)

ie used when a shattering effect is iequired. e piece o'tg,uncotton 8 r 4 x 2 is strapped to a piece of wo"dshaped wit,h a handle like a sirill cricket iat. The endsof the guncotton kept firm by two pioces of wood fast_sned at the top and bottom- of th6 bat. A hole for

60

the detonator is in the centre of slab, and this is con-nected to a five-second fuse. These bombs are usedagainst overhead cover, built so as to give the enemybombers a place of security after they- had thrown ibomb of type A.

It was found that two of type B bombs, Class I.,thrown at one spot had a very great efiect and loosenedall cover and parape0s in the vicinity of explosion, butnot so much as to ca,use damage to our own works.

Class Il.-Trench rnortar bombs are used against theenemy's works and trenches. They are situated from100 to 300 yards from the enemy's trenih. This typowas largely used by the Turks against our positions inLone P-ine. ancl had serious ollEcts when well aime.dbnd struck'the parapet.

T'raining ol llont.bers,It is essential that every man should be conversant

with both types of bombi, and trained that he canquickly obtain superiority over his opponent by bomb-ing, the same as rifle fire; this must bo obtained, other-wise lo€s of life occurs in the trenches, and men easilybecome demoralized owing to' the developing of a heavyfire by opposing bomberJ, who, having'gaTned a temlp,orary advantage, wil l advance unti l they can look intoUhe trenches, and thus cause heavv casualties. TheTurk is U vefy dariug bomber, and wil l creep up to ourown works just to throw one bomb,

lfetlroctr of Trai,ning.B-ombe-rs, .then, should aim at persoual sup,eriority,

combined wit.h resource and energy.When a soldier in the trenches proves a very accurate

bomber he is give'n a responsib,le post, wheio he canenfilade a section of the enemv's trinch.

It was found necessary to instruct men in bombingafter they had-landed on tho _Peninzula, as this trainin!was not carried out in Ausbralia or Eeypt.

Men upon arrival were allotted toliriits in the Rein-forcement Training Camp, lst Division, and there hadbo pass testg in bombing, bayonet fighting, and rifle fire,

6l

so that they could work elliciently with the more experi-enced soldiers when allotted to units serving in thetrenches.

l 'raining is carried out as follows:-- lst Stage.-Throwing jam t,ins filled with old piecee

of shell, the weight being about the average weight, ofa bomb of ClasJ A. lYhe rnen are tauglt to

-throw

straight, and later fp increaso their lengt[ of throw.2nd Stage.-Men taught to throw dummies into a

small trench, 2 f.eet, loug, 4 feet wide, I foot deep; dis-tance, 20 yards; later this distance is increased to 25yards, then to 30 yards, thie being the limit of efiectiverange of bombers.

3rd Stage.-Men taught to throw from a trench4 f,eet deep _inbo auothei trench 15 to 20 vards away,and to attick each ssction a.s ordered.

- 4tJr Stage,-Men taught to light fuses of dummybombs in trench before attacking named s€ctor, com-bined with holding bomb whilJ fuse is burning, inorder that desired efiect may be obLained; that is, highexplosion on parapet, exploeion in trench, or explosionon bottom of trench.

Bombs are held, according to the distanco betweenbrenches, about one second, 20 yards; tw9 seconds,15 yards; two and a half seconds, l0 yards; bomb ex-ploding just inside parapet of enemy-trench.

5th Sbage.-Men taught use of periscope as observersof bomb fiio, explaining" to bombei where^ target is, andwatching for results.

6th Stage.-Bombers work in pairs, the observerlocates large'b, the bomber throws the bomb, crouchedup against post in left-hand co.rner, observer in theright, or otherwise; results watched for through peri-scope; both bomber and observer under cover.

Principles governing bombing in trenches : -lst.-It must be understood that ab nisht both

bombers take position in post, and expose tLemselves(head and shoulders), watching for poaitions fromwhence enemy bombs aro coming, when they will at oneeendoavour to bomb him out.

62

2nd.-It was found necessary to use two bombs tothe.enemy-'s one in order to silence him, this having the.desrred etlect, of conserving the bomb supply, beiidesgaining individual superiori-ty.

3rd.-Reserve of bombs in first-line trenches kentas low as possible, consistent with tact.ical situation aidthe knowledge gained-of the euemy,s future movementsrrom prrsoDers, patrols, or air craft; this being neces_sary as a safeguard against the enemy becomlng pos-1e1s.ed o{ a go'od_ supply of bombs in the event o"f himtaklng the trenches occupied by our forces.

. ,4th.-All heavy bombs-Class B-are kepb at bat-talion head-quarters, and only four allowed' to be ina trench at, one period, conditions being normal; onlvexperienced bombers or officers are allowed to use- ClassI tombs, as they are only required against particularobjectives and require careful Landlingl

5th.-All en_gmy bombs which fall unexploded intobrenches are collected and taken bv N.C.O. to battalionhead-quarters, they are then senf to t,he dep6t, wherethey are ove,rhauled, and re-fused. a.nd issued. fo. ,rse.(This procedure was found necessary owing to accidentscaused by enemy throwing bombs with an'instantaneousfuse, which killed the Eomber who lit it.\ In theoxcitement, a bomber is apt to forget the time of fuseattachment, to enemy bom6, or no0-make correct allow-ance when throwing, thus causing inaccurate fire.

6jh,-!o get required resuit it is necessary to timeeaeh. bomb correctly b-elore throwing, this is done bytapping. bomb with the forefinger,

-counting l-2-3

before throwing, the count falline on every sdcond beatof f irrger. Thii was found to belhe most'accurate andeasy method of timing each throw.

7th.-Men should not bs taught in larger bodiesthan eight or ten whon instrucbing in the firsi or secondstags.

8th.-Leetures should be given on different tvnes ofbombs and their componetrf, parts, .,hus makirig menfarniliar with bombs and increasins their interes[ in thistype of f ighting.

63

9th.-Reliefs when resting ih rece$r€s in ffring lineare safeguarded from bomb fire by overhead 6ovenand two meu on duty, called blarr[et men, statiorledone at oach end of overhead cover, whose worlr it, ie,immediately a bomb reaches the b6ttom of trench. tocovor it with blanket or old overcoat, to srnother theefiect of explosion. - This method is very effective, asno fragment of bomb escapes.

SECTION 18.MORTAR,S, SPRING GIUNS, AND CATAPULT.The above ar:e used to throw bombs, and havo the

advantage that thoy can proiect these missiles at agreater distance tha.n is possible b,y hand. Any handgrenades_ or bombs may. be_ thrown- by these mJchines,but the larger the size the shorter the"ranse. These instruments are generally rather bulky, an.d' re,quire verydeep.a.nd comparatively wide tronches. Special trenche-srequire to- be made to use these weapons.

^Such trenches

are. usuaily piaced in rear of the^foremost firing lineand to a flank of a communication trench. Altfloughit seems a revision of tho- most prirnitive methode "ofprojection, there are certain advintages to be gain"aby such simple contrivarrces. The noTse is smali com.pared with a gun or mortar, and lo,r that reason, there-tore, a certarn amount of seereqr is obtainable, which initself is a considerable.protecti6n. There is no smoke,Tg {r*f; and aothing is visible from the surface to in.drcate the position of these -w€apons, and tJrey could beea,srry. screenod trom vrew from aeroplanes, their com-paratively small size making it practically impossible forthem to be observed except at night, when the fuse maydisclose their position.

Tnpxcs C.o,re.pur,r.This machine is simply an e_nlarged sihanghai, tho

propelling force being {ue t9 rubber"band, po1 i., t"rr-eron by mea_ns of- a rack-and-pinion goar, tfree to one,and. pieco -of s.teel wire rope,

-about t"ho itrictness of a;

ordinary clothes line, attached to a pockot which holusbhe grenade or bomb. The attachment to the pocket iscomposed, of a clip or hook with a releaeing arrahgementwnlcn act,s as a trngger,

c. r87.-C.

64

The range of this wea.pon is determined by the ten-sion exerte.-d on the rub'ber bande. A rough Bc&le igprovided on the centre beam of the catapult, merked ohonly as a guide. The elevation is arrangid for by meaneof a emall clinometer of very simple design placed onthe sido of the central beam

-or bai.

The simplicity of this appatatus makes it difrcultto describe, but reference to Plate XXI. will show howprimitive and simple the whole arrangement is.

The framework of the catapult is made of wood suit-ally screwed and bolted together, and it is 12 feet ovor"all. The rubber bands consist of +-in. circular rubberof the best quality, six or more in- each bundle, therebeing two bundles, one on either gide of the pocket. Thepocket for holding the grenade is made of ianvas, witha rope Cop. The rubber bands are secured to the cata-pult by moans of cord, and tho pocke0 is secured to therubber bands also by cord. Thd steel wire attached tothe gear box passes bver a pulley at the tail end, of thecatapult, and is brought baik to a brass gear box withlwg pinion"o and an ordigary crank han-dle, the gearbeing, as already stated, thre6 to one.

The eatapult in use is elevated to the required eleva-tion, -and is held -in position by means of sandbags, orm-ay be anchored b.y- qeqns of ropo attached to a coupleof screw-eyes provided for the purpose.- These catapults weight aboui d0 lbs., and. eost some-

thing. about *t2 a _piece. They are 'fairly

accurate,and it is easy, with- practice, to- lob two oirt of threrigrenades in a 3-ft. trench at 720 yards distance.

The fuses used on the bombs have to be made variableto suit, the respective distanceg. ft is stated that thepressure that can be got up with this machine reaches900 lbs. The machine is sraduated up to 1d0 vards.but the figures a,ct as a guidd only. A range of 150"yardsmay be attained.

WEST SPRING GUN.This gun is used for projecting bombs from trenches,

alrd, as the name indicates, sprihgs aro used to propelthe grenade. The action of the gun is very simpli, ahda reference to the sketch will make the gerieral itruog*-ment clear. Moving about in axis. a double lever with

66

un€qual &rms 3l inches and 2 tb. 6 in. is arranged. Tothe short end of these levers is attached a set of 24 spiralsteel springs, each 15 inches in length, the longer endof the-lever, which is made of wood, is provided witha carrier platform to suit varioue shaped bombg. Thisdouble lever is suitably arranged on i*o vertical trian-gular iron frames flanged and bolted to wooden base,"which supports the whdle machino. A lever 5 ft. 9 in.effective length, of unusual shape, made in two pieces(shown in dotteil lines in the diagram, Plate XXI[.),is used to set the gun into firing position, this lever isremoved when firing. The strength of the springs isvery great, requiring the united efforts of two mento bring the gun into firing position. A lockingpiece atiached io a lons horiz-onial tubular lover 4 fi.i io. lottg holds the girn in tengion. Tho weight ofthis levei- is compensited for by spiral springi, notshown in the diagram. The locking piece is screwed andadjustable, and is provided with a rough graduatedscale for distance, graduations being from 50 to 100.The greater tbe distance the greater must be the ten-sion on the spring, and this adjustment is got by a lock-uut, which alters the vertical height of the locking piece.

A small radial motion is allowed for traverse, and adefleetion scale is fitted on the baee and marked ofi into4] degrees. Four iron tubes on ths wooden base aetas suitable handles for moving the machine about. Theextreme range of this gun is about 200 yards. Themachine weighs approximately 2 cwl., and, althoughlarger and heavier than the catapult already described,it has proven a very effeetive, though rather elumsy,weapon. ft has the advantage of silence, and itsnosition will therefore not be readilv located. Alone-side the gun, however, the noise

"ppu""s to be rathJr

great compared with the catapult, but it is inauilible ata few yards distance.

A very deep and wide tronch is neoeesary to uss thiemachine; it is usefully employetl in large numbers onthe'Western Front at present.

The maehine is ,fired by preesing the long horizontallwer. The total lensth of the machine is 6 ft. 6 in.'width 1 ft. 7 in.. and" height 7 feet.

66

STOKES GUN.

. This . is a .gun -for uge by infantry, and is of the|fptesc posslble desrgn, consisting of a steel tube 2 or.t_ rnchtls ln bore, the formor beinq used to fire a 24_lb.shell, while the latter is u$ed to fiie a lb-lb. shell. The.rang-e T stated to be 300 to BbO yatds and in e,xpert!-1ld:

2,4 ro.unds per minute can 6e fired. The grin ismuzzlo ̂ loaqrng,.. lnd at the end of the bore is prdvidedytt!., fixed striking pin. The shells used have i similarughtrng mechanism to the Mills hand srenade. i.r.. thevautomatically iglite after_leaving the"bore

"i tn" g"ri,

the._sidc Jever being held in position while the iro-jectrlo or bomb is in the bore.

- The propellant chirso

is attae.hed to,.irnd-forms part of, the.nef itrutf, u"dTiIs provrded wrt,h t.he usrral percussion cap. On placinsa shell into the gun, rvhich^ is srnooth bored, in'..ir"fidrops ratlrer^ violently on to the striking pin, whichforms.part of the gun itrelf. This detonjtes the smallpropellant charge attached to the shell. It will beseen,-.therefore, that the gun is capable of firinq asraprdly as bhe personnel are capable of loading.., A..i*pl". clinometer ie provided for olevatio]r, whilethe traversing is effeeted by moving the base of thegun over a dial plate provided with'holes, in which aprn attaehed to the gun fits. It will be no.ted that thearrangements of this gun ar,e simple in the extreme, andthis is borne out also by the fact that they cost from€8 to J12 each.

Of all the means used fo-r projecting bombs, the prin-ciples of ,this simple- eontrivance strike one most favor-at)Iy. l he wrrter ha^s - not seen the gun itself, butappreciates the simplicity and excellenie of the'prin_c'rples- rnvolved. A rough diagrammatic sketch showingthe ideas embodied is given in" plate No. XXIY.

1. Russrew HEno GnrNepp.Class If.

Ignitos by pulling small ring in end of the handle.

2. t'Cnrcrpt Bar " oR " -BRUsE BacK " Gnpunr.Handle wood, high explosive charge attached,

tt Lotbiniere " Bomb.

PLATD I.c.1E7.-D

Srurr,r J,ru-Trw Gn,uueon.

PLATE II .

Missiles

Rssin

E. Charge

Detonator

Jeu-TrN Gnnwepns.

PLATE III.

Rlng, Iron

Brass Fuso Plug

Time Fuse

Cast Iron

Tunrrsu Ger,r,rpor,r Gnuulon,

!Vt., I lb. 6 oz. Dia., 2t in.

PLATE IY.

Brass Rlng

Fuse PlugWashor

Bnrrrsn EENp GneNeuE.Wt., I lb. 11 oz. Dia., B in.

" Crickeb J3all " tvpe. There are many variations indesign of Fuse Plug.

PLATE V.

€_----Tapo

Head

Fuse Plug

(Cast Iron

Detonator

AUSTRALTAN,, Lew-Aoeus,, GRENAoE,Wt., l lb. 4oz.; dia.,2lin.

Note inbernal segmentation and ,,Brock " Lighter..

PLATE VI.

F;

oo

Fia)

zF

Fr l-1 dH !-! I'iH - , i

a Q -a a H{ - < F66F

^ - a ^

< i < f ,2 7 2E 4 Ac 5 ( 5 OA F I A

z A z< H <

F I F t s I

J 6i ".j

z

d

PLATI) YII.

Brass Cap

Tape

Match Comp.

Exploslve

Fuse

Cast Iron

Pitch

Tin Tube

Dotonator

Prtcupn HeNo Gnuneoa.

PJ,ATE YIII.

Striker Lever

SatetyPin

Firlng Strikerand Spring

Detonator

Explosive

Safety Fuse

Cast Iron

Detonator Cap

Base PIug

" Mrl,Ls " IfeND Gnnrveop.

GnuNeon, Haun, No. 5, Mr. I .

I'I,ATE IX.

Igniter

Explosive T.N.T.

Fuse

Iron Sorap

Detonator

Woorl

Beeswax. Comp.

Hpnvv.

HeNo Grrrr.renr: No. 6 eNo 7, Mr. I, Bnrtrsn.

PLATE X.

Fuse

Explosive (Trolyl)

Detonator

Lrcnr.

Ileuo GnnNepr:, No. 6 ello 7, Mrc. I, I lnt 'nsu.

PLATI] XI.

Cover Cap

Percusion Cap

Fuse Holder

Fuse, 6 sec.

Pitch

"'Wpt,sg-Bsnnv " Gnnulup.(Australian).

PLATE XII.

-- Cob Pcno,taLleSahfv Prn

l l

h,cl hccdlg

DelDna lor

Car f l ronRtnq

e$losita-Body

------Noad

Slreamers

fi*tna

GnpNenn-HeNu, No. 1, Mr. I.

(Brit ish.)

PI,ATE XIII.

elan//e

lorVfr /2/,"

"HALEs" Ileto GnnNepp.

lThe -\{ericarr.)

PI,ATN XIV.

Detonator Holder

Bras Caso

F0ast IronDetonator

Percussion CapExplosiveStriker Needle

1-Safety Pin

" HeLEs" Hexo GnnNepn.

(The Mexican.)

PLATE XY.

Iron DiscSpiral SBringSafety ClipTapeDefonator

Pellets

Emlosive

Tin Tube

Caril-boaril

lVooil llanille

Streamers

AusrnelrlN Iferu Gnnr.reon. Cr,ess III.

PI,A'I 'E XVI.

!303 Ss

Detonator Holder

,e-Steel BoitY

Detonator

Explosive

Peroussion CaP

Creep Spring

Firing Needle

Needle Pellet

Retaining Bolts

Wind Vane4--- Releasing Sosket

-Safety Pin

Baso PIug

onr Rrrr,p, No. 3, Mx. I., J Plrrnnr

PLATE XYIT.

GnnuAon,

o.187.-E

nIt

+rl , '. _ t -

i - - -

l C t: - 7

@,,

Index-M:MirrorM l : , ,A:FrontB:BackO:Opsning

Srupr,n TnnNcn Psnrscorn.

PLATE XYIII.

offi

ii

l--ll-i",------TDl v

Y

v li. Sr,la or GuNcotroN, 6 x3 x lN, 15o2.

ii. Pnruen of GuNcorron, 1'25 x 1'25 dia., 1oz.iii. Dntor.reron (No. 8, Mk. IV.)-iv. Coulmncrer, Cae.v. Serntv I 'usn (Rlack.)

vi. IwsreNr:eroorrs n'usr: (Orange).vii. Gor,rer.rrru tvrrrr Dr:'roNeton axu X'ursr.

PLATE XIX.

- :R

u i cE II A A> H< E3 ( 5a>,E i {E E

z A

-h (rl

a a, >) . 4

n -

i i-l

PI,ATE XX.

/ . \/ l./l

€o

G!. ' - ar

i {o{ bO: 4 f ;

O ;H - Qi ;

r65 p

Fi CU]q)

F

q,w'b

F\q)

{, \).d.oFd

U4_

rsd. 'go€ . :

- ,.I

FdL

C,

PI,ATE XXI.

00

.$\-t

%

t)c)

$d\

fl\q

\\

{il[",

ao

\

N.Io

t

q.. tEI5{*ldl

$'{.

N$

PLATE XXII.

7c'2€aTA

Ha

F

t t b

/ r '

( 1 lt lt ,l ' tI

t l: .\ .

\L

PLATE XXIII.

4-

I

NI

tct

v . !!sut

\

PLATE XXIV.