Greetings and Welcome to this consultation

The sustainability matrixwhich sanitation has to address:

• Social• Technical• Institutional• Economic/Financial• Ecological

About Sustainable Sanitation

Trend of Sanitation Coverage; India

1%4%

11%

3%

10% 11%14%

6%

17% 18%

21.9% 22.4% 23%

27%

31%

38%

45%

57%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

1980

1988

1989

1990

1991

1993

1994

1996

1997

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

1980-90: Int'l Drinking Water Supply & Sanitation Decade

1986-1999: Central Rural Sanitation 1999: Launch of Total Sanitation Campaign

2003: Launch of Nirmal Gram Puraskar

• Started 1999• Goal – Stop open defecation by 2012• Through IEC, behaviour change and demand

pull• Community participation• Cost sharing; Central, State and Beneficiary• Sanitation choice : The single pit latrine with a

pour flush pan

Total Sanitation Campaign

A shift from the twin pit pour flush toilet, which was envisaged in CRSP as the appropriate solution

TSC- Present Scenario• Target set in 2001: 119.8million

individual HH toilets• 57.6 million completed by August 2009• Which is 48%

Fund Structure

Total Projects Outlay

Approved Share Release of funds Expenditure Reported

Centre State Benef Central State Benef Total Centre StateBene

fTotal

GRAND TOTAL (Rs in Crores)

17885.55 11094.03 4775.75 2015.77 4642.42 2562.22 1345.18 8549.82 3391.88 1880.54894.5

46166.

96

Table: Funds; shares, approval, release and expenditure under TSC as on 8.09.09

Source: http://ddws.gov.in/crspnet/crspasp/RepMenu.htm

Some evaluations

WaterAid Study of TSC- 2008

• Qualitative assessment • Study undertaken by Knowledge Links, May-

Aug 2008• Five states(Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana,

Karnataka and Tripura)– 40 GPs of 20 blocks in 10 districts

Some findings:

• Significant disconnect in terms of intent & action• Campaign mode of implementation is better

performing• CLTS approach with encouraging results in Haryana• Subsidy didn’t work in Bihar and Chhattisgarh• Lack of technical knowledge• Poor quality of construction• Lack of sustained sanitation in NGP

• “A Survey of Household Water and Sanitation” supported by Arghyam

• Dec 2008/Jan 2009• Sampling of 17,200 households across the

state of Karnataka

• Sanitation situation: 72% HH Open defecation(IHHL achievement in TSC programme in Karntaka in

July 2008 was reported as 28.68% ; good agreement)

Performance of 14 NGP villages covered in survey, on OD

Strengths•Committed financial resources•Programme focusing on all elements- HHL, School, Pre school, Supply chain, SLWM, Communication and capacity building, incentive system•Local bodies taking lead

Weaknesses•Inadequate focus on hygiene promotion•Weak supply chain affecting post construction support and O&M•Weak monitoring system for process parameters•Lack monitoring of usage and sustainability of the toilets

Opportunities•Increased awareness among PRIs, Women groups and government officials•Successful models in all states for scaling up•No dearth of resources

Threats•Too rapid scaling up•Poor monitoring of clean village award (NGP)

SWOT Analysis of TSC Program (India Country Paper- SACOSAN III)

SACOSAN III – The Delhi DeclarationSACOSAN III – The Delhi Declaration

• Importance to O&M- sustenance, not just toilet building

• Importance to integrating sanitation with other programs like health and education

• Importance to alt. solutions that conserve water, protect environmental, reuse waste

• Provide range of options depending on demand and willingness to pay

New TSC Guidelines (proposed)New TSC Guidelines (proposed)

Incorporating learnings from experience, input from civil society etc.

Toilet cost estimate and corresponding subsidy has also increased

EcosanEcosan

Ecosan

Hard rock areas

Areas with water scarcity

High water table

Flood-prone areas

Extreme winters

Ecosan by Geography; India

No. of Ecosan projects: 27

Fertilizer value: In a national context

•If we added up everyone’s pee could it cover the fertilizer requirement of the country ?-- No; but could make a significant dent for

phosphorus and potash-- National food security – import of fert.

• Ministry of Fertilizers should see the value in promoting ecosan

Fertilizer value: in a local context

•Productive kitchen gardens

•Source of fertilizer for small dry-land farmers who have not been using

chem. fertilizer•One more element in local organic biomass based fertilizer/manures

Areas Type of work Remarks

UAS Research Application of human urine in crop production

Kolar (Myrada) 204 toilets in 4 villages

Hard rock, water scarcity and a good community base of MyradaMysore (Myrada)

Gujrat (Utthan) 20 toilets Coastal regionManipur 20 toilets Prevent water contamination (?)

Chittoor, AP 12 toilets Water scarcity Bundelkhand, Bihar (DA) 2 toilets Experimental

Khagaria, Bihar(MPA) 6 toilets Flood prone

Effort so far:

Arghyam’s Experience

Learning:

• Need to explore more approaches for acceptability and usability

•Require post project support to community

• Research needs on:

• Protocols for urine use

• Design and cost reduction