Greenland(1st&2ndeditions)Acardgameofsurvivalfor1to3players.Design:PhilEklundwithinspirationbyPhilippKlarmannandJonMankerVersion:Nov25,2015Copyright2ndEdition:2015SierraMadreGamesRules:MattEklund,MaurizioPicanza,StefanoTine,KevinBurfitts.Playtesters:DerekDrake,ChristopherFelleisen,DavidMorneau,ThompsonStubbs,AndyGraham,PouriaFarvid,MichaelDebije,CsarRebollo,BrianBurnley,NigelBuckle,EricHehl,ColeWehrle,SamWilliams,MartinGriffiths,ItalianTranslationandEditor:DanieleGiardinoGermanTranslation:ManuelIngelandmanuelingeland@gmail.comDanishTranslationandformerGreenlander:MortenKattenhj,Statistics:PabloKlinkisch,KyrillMelai(Red=addresslabelmade)Logyourplaytestsessionshere:https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0ArydVvnLRt3dHdES3gyektBaFZSSEhDV2RPYzR3bXc&usp=sharing

9YtttVassalModule:http://www.vassalengine.org/wiki/Module:Greenland(withlinktowww.vassalengine.org),thankstoStefanoTineRuleschangesingreenarechangesbetweenthe1st&2ndeditions.NotethatWitchburning(I2)andBanish(I3)haveswitchedtheirfunctions!Thisisdonetoaccommodatethenewiconography,whilepreservingtheChristiansabilitytoburnwitches.Ruleschangesinpurplearechangestothe2ndedition.

INTRODUCTION

TwocenturiesaftertheoutlawEriktheRedhadmisnamedthistreelessicecoveredislandGrnland,tenemaciatedNorsemenclamberedoutofarowboatandontothepackice.ItwastheMayafterthehardestwintertheycouldremember,andmonthsearliertheyhadrunoutofstoredfoodandhay.Theclubsmenexpectedtoharvestthefirstavailablemeatoftheyear,doeeyedharpsealpupsabandonedontheice.ButinsteadtheyfoundonlyavolleyofThulearrows.TheSkrlings(adisparagingVikingwordforboththeThuleandTunittribes)havesuperiornumbersandArcticsurvivalskills.AndiftheThulekillofftheNorseandTunit,theywillruleGreenlandalone.

A.SUMMARYThethreeplayersrepresenttheTunit (green),Norse (red),andThule (yellow)tribesfightingtosurvive1 2 3

1TheTunitmigratedtotheNewWorldrelativelyrecently(5000yearsago)andarethusnotcloselytoeithertheInuitorthe

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inGreenlandinthe11th15thcenturies.Eachtribesendshunterstogatherfoodandfueltosupporttheirchildren,elders,andlivestockwhilecollectingvictorypointsbywipingoutcompetingspeciesorgatheringresources.Historically,theclimateturnedfrigidandallbuttheThule(Inuit)diedout.

Turns.Eachgameturnrepresentsonegeneration.Eachturnhassixphases(A1)duringwhicheachplayerperformshisactionsforthephasebeforegoingtothenext.

Termsbeingdefinedarelistedinbold,oritalicizedifdefinedelsewhere.TheGoldenRule.Ifthetextonacardcontradictstheserules,thecardhaspreference.

A1.GREENLANDSEQUENCEOFPLAY(sixphasesperturn)1.EVENT(PartD).RevealanEventCardtobegintheturn.Thendeterminethefirstplayer(A2),andapplytheeffectsoftheeventiconsfromlefttorighttoallplayers(PartD).IfthecardshowsaNorsetradeship,auctionitsimportgood(D10).

2.HUNTERASSIGNMENT(PartE).Allplayersassigntheirhuntercubestohuntbiomes(E1),becomecolonistsintheNewWorld(E2),becomeElders(E3),orperformlivestock/SabineraidsordefendtheirTableauCards(E5).

3.NEGOTIATE&ATTACKS(PartF).Playerscanbribeotherstopeacefullywithdrawhuntersfromcontestedbiomes,includingmarryingthemtotheirdaughters(F1).Unlesswithdrawn,theymustusetheirhunterstoattackotherhuntersonthesamecard(F2),treatingthecardasaraidbiome.

IfaNewWorldCardendsupwithover6hunters,flipthecardtoitshostileside(F3).Attheendofthisphase,anyonelivingintheNewWorldcanexpendanivorytopacifyacard(F3).4.ROLLFORHUNT(PartG).AllplayersmakeHuntRolls(PartG),rollingonediceforeachoftheirassignedhunters.Ifthenumberof1sor2srolledisatleastequaltothenumbershownonthebiomebeinghunted,addnewbabies(i.e.huntercubesforthenextgeneration)and/ornewresourcedisks,asindicated.ForRowCardsonthecoldside(D4),only1saresuccessful.

Thesharkbiteiconsshowwhichdicerollskilloffhunters,regardlessifthehuntissuccessfulornot(G0).Survivingcubesarereturnedyourunassignedhunters(B0).

Ifsuccessful,livestockraidersstealbabiesandraidingdaughtersplacesahusband(G1).Certainwives,elders,ordomesticatedanimalsallowrerollsofspecifieddice(G2).Somecardsforcealldiceofthespecifiedvaluetobecountedas1s(G3).

Amerindians.Specializinginicefishing,theylackedevendomesticdogsorthebowandarrow.TunitisthenamegiventothembytheirtraditionalenemiestheThuleInuit,buttheanthropologistscallthemtheDorsetculture.In1903aBritishwhalingshipstoppedbythelastcolonyofTunitlivingonanislandinHudsonBay.Oneofthesailorswassick,andwithinmonthsalltheTunitweredead.Nobodydecipheredtheirlanguagebeforetheirextinction,anditwasneverputtowriting."TheTunitwerestrongpeople,buttimidandeasilyputtoflight.Nothingistoldoftheirlusttokill."NetsilikInuit,1923.2In984CE,EriktheRed,aVikingoutlawleadingagroupofNorsesettlersfromIcelandandNorway,foundedacolonyknownastheEasternSettlementandtheWesternSettlement,thefirstEuropeancoloniesintheAmericas.AccordingtotheSagas,henamedtheislandGrnlandessentiallyasamarketingdevice.3TheThuleareknowntodayasInuitorEskimos.Besidestheirfabledharpoonsandkayaks,theThulehaddogsleds,umiaks(skincoveredopentoppedboatswithuptotwentysetsofoars),acomplexfoodcachesystem,slitgoggles,andfinelytailoredparkas,pants,leggings,boots,doublethumbedmitts,andtentcovers.Theywereawhalingculture,andasingle40tonneBowheadwouldsustainacommunityof50forayearwithfoodandflammableblubber.TheyderacinatedandenslavedtheTunitswhenevertheymetthem,andperhapstheGreenlandNorsemetthesamefate.

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IfmultipleplayershavecubesonacardotherthanMarklandorVinland,thefirsttohuntsuccessfullyreapsthebenefits,andtheothersgohomeemptyhanded(G4).

Biomeswithtrophiescanbeaddedtoyourtableau(G5),andarentreplaced.Biomeswithinventionsordomesticableanimalscanbetakenintoyourhand(G6)andarereplacedintheRow.

5.DOMESTICANIMALS(PartH).EachDCardinyourtableaugivesyouthebabiesspecifiedwithoutaHuntRoll,ifyouexpendtheenergyoreldersspecified.

Attheendofthisphase,anyonelivingintheNewWorldcanexpendanivorytopacifyacard(F3).6.ELDERACTIONS(PartI).Finally,allplayersperformElderActions(PartI),iftheyhavecubesintheproperrank(i.e.rowontheirElderCard).IfyouhavenoElders,youmayconverttomonotheism(i.e.fliptheElderCardover).

REMEMBER:WhenyoumakeaHuntRoll,eachdicefaceshowsthefateofoneofyourcubesinthehunt!

A2.PLAYERORDERPHASES1,2,&5Theiconintheupperleftcorneroftheturn'sEventCardshowsthecolorofthefirstplayer,andthenexticontotherightshowsthesecondplayer.Inallphasesexcept3,4and6,thefirstplayerperformshisphase,thenthesecondplayer,andfinallythelastplayer.CouncilofWar.Ifthisturnseventdesignatesyouasthefirstplayerandyouhavearank4Elder(WarChief)atthestartoftheturn,youmaydesignateotherplayersasthefirstandsecondplayerfortheentireturn.

A3.NEGOTIATE/ATTACKORDERPHASE3Theplayerwiththemostiron(blackdisks)determinestheorderofnegotiationsamongcardscontainingcubesofdifferentplayers.Unlessallbutoneplayershuntersleaveacard,allplayerswithEldersofrank#4(warchiefs)mustimmediatelyattack(F2),startingwiththeplayerwiththemostiron.Iftiedforthemostiron,goinplayerorder(A2).A4.HUNTORDERPHASE4Thefirstplayerdecideswhichcardishuntedfirst,second,etc.ThisisimportantinaSabineRaid(G1),inwhichyoumaygainorlosetheabilityofadaughter.LeastHunterOrder.Onacontestedcard,theonewiththeleastnumberofhuntersthererollsfirst. If4

tied,goinplayerorder(A2).HuntFirst.Certaincardsallowyoutohuntfirstifonacardofthespecifiedbiometype(B1).Iftiedtohuntfirst,goinleasthunterorder.

A5.ELDERACTIONORDERPHASE6Allpolytheistsgofirst(inplayerorderperA2),thenallmonotheists(alsoinplayerorder).

4Thisisbecausealargearcticexpeditionsuffersdelayswhilegettingunderway,longsupplylines,lackofstealth,andonlybeingasfastasitsslowestmember.

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B.COMPONENTS54PopulationCubesrepresenteldersifontheElderCard,colonistsifonaNewWorldCard,husbandsifontheexogamyspaceofaDaughterCard,andhuntersifanywhereelse.Thereare18ineachoftheplayercolors(NorseViking=red,ThuleInuit=yellow,TunitDorset=green).YoumustkeepyourunassignedhuntersseparatefromtheValhalla(i.e.thecommondeadpile). 5

3BigCubes.Eachplayerhasalarger(10mm)cube(orcylinderinthe2ndedition),usedforhisalphahunter(E7).

24OrangeDisksrepresentenergy(theburningofwoodorblubber).Theyareusedtosupportdomesticanimals,promotehunterstoelders,andtoperformcertainElderActions.

12WhiteDisksrepresentivory(alsospecialwool,livebearcubsorfalcons).Usedtoauctionimportedgoodsarrivingbyship.Theyareworth1victorypointeachformonotheisticplayers.

12BlackDisksrepresentiron,usedtomaketools,reverselosses,andallowyoutoattackfirst.Theyareworth2victorypointseachformonotheisticplayers.

6Sixsideddice(6d6).UseforAttacks,HuntRollandElderDieOff.(The2ndeditionhas10dice).

60Cards(Seethesideofthebox).Thereare16EventCards,14NorthGreenlandBiomes,15SouthGreenlandBiomes,2NewWorldCards,3ElderCards(oneforeachplayer),8DaughterCards,and2NorseDomesticAnimalCards.(ThesecondeditionhasoneextraNorthandSouthGreenlandBiomes,oneextraevent,andnoElderCards).

3Placards(2ndeditiononly).Usedforeldertracking.

B1.BIOMETYPE,CLIMAX,ANDHOMELAND

Theiconintheupperrightcornerofabiomedescribesthebiometype:eithercaribou/spear(landhunting),kayak/harpoon(maritimehunting),fish/fishhook(fishing),hammer(metallurgy),orarcher/medallion(raid).

Climax.Thenumberintheiconistheclimax.Thelowerthenumber,themorelikelyitistobereplacedbyamigration(D1).

Homeland.Thecolorofthebiomeiconindicatesthatthecardispartofthatplayershomeland.

5ValhallaisusuallyinterpretedastheNorsebeliefintheafterlife.Theirdeadwereburiedwiththeirweapons,horsetack,jewelry,and(ifasmithy)withtheirfullsetoftools.Theyregularlybroughtfoodandbeertotheburialtumulus,andwenttogreatlengthstorecoverbodiesandsetgravestones,quizzicalpracticesstillfollowedtoday.InGreenland,thecoffinswerereused,bybrutallyshovingasidethepreviousmummifiedbodies.Iinterpretancestorworship,practicedbyallhumanculturesbutnotbyanyotheranimal,asasignaturenotofabeliefintheafterlife,butofatimebeforetherewereanybeliefsatall,andacceptancethatindividualssurviveddeathandcontinuedaparallelexistencewasadaptedbehavior.Inbicameraltheory,beforehumansacquiredconsciousnesstheycametodecisionsbaseduponthehallucinatedvoicesofthedead.

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Green/YellowistheTunitandThulehomelandinNorthGreenland.RedistheNorsehomelandinSouthGreenland. Cardsinyourtableauarealwayspartofyourhomeland.6

B2.TABLEAUANDHANDMANAGEMENT

YouwillmanageafaceuprowofcardsalongsideyourPlacardcalledyourtableau.YourstartingtableauarethethreecardsspecifiedinC0.5.BiomeswiththehandiconcanbetakenintoyourhandperG6.Whileinyourhandtheyrepresentunrealizedideas,andsoarenotinplayandtheirabilitiesandVParenotactivateduntilplayedintoyourtableauasanElderAction(I1orI4).CardsyoupurchaseinauctiongodirectlyintoyourtableauperD10.

HandSize.YourHandSizeequalswhatyouaregrantedbycertaindaughtersandimports.YoualsoaddonetoyourHandSizeforeachRank3Elder.Ifyouhavenoneofthese,yourHandSizeiszero.

IfyouacquireanewHandCardandyourhandisfull,youmustchooseonetodiscard.IfyourHandSizedrops(e.g.youlosealiteratewifeorartisan),youmustdiscardHandCardsuntilyourHandSizeisreached.

DorICards.BiomesthatcanbetakenintoyourhandaremarkedeitherwithaD(Domesticableanimals)orI(Inventions).ThetwoNorseFarmAnimalCardsareotherexamplesofDcards.

Example:TheThulehavePeepeelee(HandSize+1),ahusbandonBirgitta(HandSize+2)andaSage(rank3Elder).TheirmaximumHandSizeisfourcards.FIRSTEDITIONCARDERRATAonCard50:removeDCardOnlyfromPeepeeleesspecialability.

Tip:TheTunitstartwithnoliteratedaughtersandiftheylosetheirrank3artisan,theycannotobtainanylivestockorinventionsotherthanwhattheybuyfromtheship.(Thisishistorical.)Asanearlyhighpriority,theyneedtomaintainanartisan,buyanimportedbook,ormarryaliteratedaughter.

B3.EXCHANGINGCARDSFORDISKS

Somecards,asindicatedbytheexchangeicon,canbediscardedatanytimetogainthediskordisksspecified.

ADcardthatisbeinglivestockraided(E5)cannotbeexchanged.

Respectwoodpilerot(B4)whenexchanginglivestockforenergy.

Breakage.Ifabreakageevent(D6)occurs,youmustexchangeoneimportcardwithanironexchange

6AlthoughpreviouscultureshadpopulatedGreenland,onlytheTunitlivedtherewhentheNorsearrivedin980CE.TheThule(paleoInuit)wereactuallythelasttoarrive,landinginNorthGreenlandaround1200CE.BoththeTunitandtheNorsewereextinctinGreenlandbycirca1450CE(andtheTunitextincteverywhereby1903CE).Therefore,whencomparingtheInuittotheDanescurrentlyinGreenland,itisactuallytheDaneswhocanclaimtobethesuppressedNativeAmericans(GreenlandisconsideredpartofNorthAmerica).

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icon(ifyouhavenay)togainanirondisk.

Example:TheFalconersRansomEventallowsgyrfalconstobeworththreeivoryinsteadofonefortheturn.Ifyousuccessfullyhuntawildfalconorexchangeadomesticatedfalconfordisks,youget3ivory.

B4.CUBEANDDISKMANAGEMENT

Population.Youarelimitedtothe1alphatokenand18cubesofyourcolorprovided.

IvoryandIron.Useofwhiteorblackdisksisunlimited.Usesubstitutesifyourunout.

WoodpileRot.Youmayneverholdmorethan8orangedisks(energy).

Youmayneversubstituteadiskofonecolorforadiskofanothercolor.

C.SETUP1.Events.SeparatetheEventCards,andrandomlyselect10ofthemtogointoashuffledfacedownstack.Theremainingcardswillnotbeusedinthisgame. 7

2.DrawDecks.SeparatetheNorthGreenlandBiomes(withagreen/yellowiconinupperright),whichgointoashuffledfacedowndeck.DothesamefortheSouthGreenlandBiomes(witharediconintheupperright),inadeckjustbelowtheNorthDeck.3.GreenlandBiomes.RevealthetopsixcardsoftheNorthBiomeDeckandspreadthemintoarowtotherightofthedrawdeck.DothesamefortheSouthBiomeDeck.ThesearetheNorthandSouthRows.Allcardsbegintotherightofthedeck,i.e.thewarmside.4.NewWorld.PlacetheMarklandCardintotheNorthRow,andtheVinlandCardintotheSouthRow,inapositionbetweenthedeckandtheleftmostcardintherow.ThisbringsthenumberofcardsinbothRowsupto7.BothstartPeaceful(colorsideup).5.StartingPlacard&Cards.RandomlyassigneachplayertoanElderCard(startingonitsPolytheismside)>EachalsogetsthedaughterCardsofhiscolor(threeforPlayersYellowandGreen,twoforPlayerRed).PlayerRed(theNorse)additionallystartswithonesideofoneNorseFarmAnimalcardofhischoice(eithercattle,pony,sheep,orgoat).SettheunusedNorseAnimalcardasideforpossibleuselater.Placeyourcardsinarowcalledatableauseethesideofthebox. Tip:ExaminetheRowsbeforechoosingyourdomesticanimal.

7TheNorseVikingColoniesinGreenlandlastedabout12generations.Thefirsttovanish(around13601400)wastheWesternSettlement,whichwascolderandmoremarginalinhayproduction,andalsoclosertotheivoryhuntinggroundssharedwiththeThule.Itoncehadapopulationof1000.ThelastwrittenrecordsindicateheavyThuleattacks,andarcheologicalevidenceshowsthelastinhabitantswerestarvingwhentheyabandonedthesettlement.Aftertheseaiceincreasedandthesupplyshipsstoppedcoming,thebiggerandmoreprosperousEasternSettlement(populationof5000)diedoutforunknownreasonsaround1450CE.

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6.StartingCubes.Eachplayergetsthe18smallcubesandthealphatokenofhiscolor.Placethetokenplus5cubesbelowyourElderCardtheseareyourunassignedhunters.Place6sixcubesbyyourElderCard,onenexttoeachrowtheseareyourstartingelders(seeillustrationonpage13).PuttheremainingcubesintoacommondeadpilecalledValhalla.ItsbesttouseasmallbowltokeepthoseinValhallaseparatefromthelivinghunters.TunitMarklandColony.PlayerGreenstartswith5cubesontheMarklandCardintheNorthRow,takenfromValhalla.

7.StartingDisks.Starteachplayerwith5orange,1white,and1black.C1.THETWOPLAYERGAMEPicktworandomcultures,andthecardsofthethirdculturearenotused.FirstPlayer.Ifaplayercolorwhoisnotinthegameisassignedtogofirst,thecolorofthefont1stdesignateswhichplayeractuallygoesfirst.

StartingRows.Startwith5biomesinsteadof6ineachRow.

C2.THEBEGINNERSGAMERemovealldaughters,Norsedomesticanimals,NewWorld,andDandIcardsfromthegame.Skipalladvancedrules,i.e.D9,E2,E5,F1,F2,F3,F4,G1,G6,H1,H2,I1,andI4.(Thesearemarkedwiththekillerwhaleiconinthepublishedrules).C3.THESURVIVALISTGAMEThisbrutalvariantismorelikelytoachievethehistoricalresultofonlyonecultureleftstanding.Alpha.Thealphasspecialability(E7)ischangedsothatheautorolls2sinsteadof1s.Thushisabilitycanbesuicidalifused(seeexample)andisnogoodonthecoldside.

Theironrule(F4)isnotused.Allcardstakenintoyourhandortableauarenotreplaced.ThusGreenlandfreezesoverfaster.Example:Inawarmsidepolarbearhuntwithanalphaand4hunters,youdecidetousethealphaability.Thismeansthealphaautorollsa2whichisahityetsuicidallykillshim.Assumingatleastonemorehit,thehuntissuccessfulandyoutoresurrectthealphaasoneofthefourbabies.

D.EVENTPHASE(playerorder)

RevealtheEventCardanddeterminethefirstplayerperA2.ThenapplyfromlefttorighteachofthecardsiconstoallplayersperD1toD9.FinallyauctionthecardperD10.

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D1.NORTHANDSOUTHMIGRATIONSIfthemigrationiconappears,revealanewcardfromthetopofeithertheNorthGreenlandorSouthGreenlandDeck,asindicated.Findthelowestclimax(B1)cardintheRow,oneitherthewarmorcoldside,andreplaceitwiththenewcardintheexactsamelocationsothatthenumberofcardsintherowremainsunchanged.Thereplacedcardisdiscardedoutofthegame.

Nomigrationoccursifthedeckisoutofcards.

Example:Asouthernmigrationoccurs.TheexistingthreecardsintheSouthRowareclimax6and11onthewarmside,and4onthecoldside.Theclimax4cardisdiscardedandreplacedwithanewcarddrawnfromthesouthdeck.Notethattheclimax4cardisreplacedevenifthenewcardisalowerclimax.

D2.DECIMATIONSThedecimationiconmeansthattheaffectedplayersaredecimated(bydisease,internalstrife,etc.).Todecimate,removeatleasthalfyourunassignedhuntercubes(i.e.allcubesandcylindersofyourcoloroutsideyourElderCard,NewWorldColonies(E2),husbands(F1),andValhalla),andexactlyoneelder(ofyourchoice,ifyouhaveany).RemovedcubesgointoValhalla.Therearethreecausesofdecimation:CrowdDisease(8+,etc.knifeicon).Decimateallplayerswhohavethespecifiednumberormoreofunassignedhuntercubes.

VenerealDisease.(knifeicon).Decimateallplayerswithhusbandsmarriedtodaughtersofthecoloroftheicon.Thehusbandhimselfisimmune.

Feuds.(feudknifeicon).Decimatesallplayerswhodonothaveacubeinrank1oftheirElderCard(i.e.achieforforeignmissionaryorrepresentative).ThisantifeudprotectionisshownbytheslashedfeudiconinthefirstrankofyourElderCard. 8

Example:Thesyphiliseventafflictsplayerswithhusbandsoneitheryelloworgreendaughters.TheNorseplayerismarriedtoKirima,soforhisdecimationhelosestwohunters,leavingonlyhisalpha.Healsochooseshisbishopashisdeadelder.TheThule,marriedtoMeeka,arealsodecimated.Althoughtheyhavenoelderstolose,fouroftheirsevenunassignedhuntersperish.D3.ENERGY/ELDERDEPLETION 9

8TheGreenlandSagasdocumentthefollowingstoryofaNorsefeud.Ahunterfoundabeachedshipfullofcorpsesdeadofstarvation,anddonatedtheshiptobishopArnaldforthebenefitofthelostsouls.Thebishopawardedthehuntertheshipsvaluablecargo.Relativesofthedeadprotestedthattheydeservedthecargo,butthebishopruledagainstthem.Afightbrokeoutduringmass,andthebishopsbodyguardEinarkilledoneofthecomplainantswithanaxe.TheslainwasdeniedaChristianburial,andangryrelativesarrivedfromtheWesternSettlement.Einartriedtoplacatethembyofferinganancientsuitofarmorascompensationtothedeadmansfamily.Thiswasrejectedandninemenwerekilledinthefight,includingEinar.TheThingawardedcompensationtoEinarsside,whohadlostthemostmen.9Huntergatherersurvivalisallaboutsurvivingthebadtimes,especiallyharshwintersasexpressedinthegamebythedepletionicon.Especiallyforenergyintensiveactivitiessuchasfeedingcowsorrefiningbogiron,ifyourenergysuppliesrunlowbeforespringcomes,youmustslaughterfarmanimalsorsendeldersintothesnow.ThisharshdecisionwasdramatizedbythenovelTwoOldWomenbyVelmaWallis,inwhichtwoInuiteldersareabandonedinthewildernesssothattheirtribewouldhavemorefortheupcomingwinter.

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Thedepletioniconmeansthateachplayermustexpendthenumberofenergyand/oreldersspecifiedbytheevent.Youchoosewhichelder(s)die,fromamongtheeldersofyourcoloronanyElderCard.IfyouhavenoeldersorDcards,thenthereisnoeffect.IfyoudontpayforaDcard,discarditinstead,obtainingitsvalueperB3.Ifaneventcardwithadepletioniconappears,thenumberofenergy/eldersyouloseisreducedbyoneifyouhaveSailaasawifeordaughter.

Example:AdepletionlabeledforeaDintableauappears.YouhaveaDcardbutnoeldersorenergy,soyoumustdiscardtheDcard.IfithasaresourcevalueperB3,yougainthosedisks.D4.GLOBALCOOLING 10

ThesolariconmeanstomovethecardfurthestrightinboththeNorthandSouthRowsfromthewarmsidetothecoldside(i.e.totheleftofthedrawdeck).PutthemtotheleftofallothercardsintheRow.Theyarenotreplaced,sobothRowshaveonecardfeweronthewarmside.TheColdSide.Biomestotherightofthedrawdeckareonthewarmside,whichmeansthatboth1sand2sinaHuntRollareconsideredsuccessful.However,forcardsonthecoldside,only1saresuccessful,seeG0.

TheNewWorldCards(E2)areBiomesfollowingthesamerulesasothersintheRow,andsoalsocangotothecoldside.

DeepFreeze.IfallthewarmsidecardshavebeenremovedinaRow,GlobalCoolingwillremoveacoldsidecardfromthegame,withoutreplacement.Removethecardthathasbeenthelongestinthecoldside(i.e.closesttothedrawdeck). 11

D5.ELDERDIEOFFEachplayerrolls1d6perelderdieofficon,andkillsoffoneofhiseldersofthisrank(A1.6).ChooseacubeofyourcolorfromyourElderCard,oronotherElderCardsifyouhaveanycubesoftheaffectedrankthere.Ifyouhavenothingintheaffectedrank,thereisnoeffect.D6.IRONIMPORTBREAKAGE

10Anicecapcoversabout80%ofGreenlandsinterior,andsaltsprayinhibitsplantsintheoutercoasts.Soplantgrowthandultimatelyallhumanandanimallandactivityislargelyrestrictedtotheinnerfjords.ThegamebeginsattheendoftheMedievalWarmPeriod,whentemperatureswereabitwarmerthantodaysandglacierswereinretreatworldwide.TheonsetoftheLittleIceAgeheraldedglobalcoolingandworldwideglaciergrowth.ThespreadofpermanenticeinGreenlanddestroyedlichensandgrassesneededbycaribou,muskox,andtheNorsefarmanimals.TheLittleIceAgeseemstobeassociatedwiththeperiodcalledMaunderMinimum,whenthesunspotnumbers,whichnormallyoscillateinan11yearcycle,shutdown.LowsunspotsmeanslowsolarUVoutputandlowsolarwind,whichmushroomsthesizeoftheEarthsionospherewithanunknowneffectonweather.Theresumptionofsunspotsin1730hasresultedinawarmingtrendthatpersiststoday.However,thelatestsunspotcycle(#24)hasbeennotablyquiet,notgettinggoinguntilFeb2014,threeyearsafterthepredictedmaximum,aperiodmarkedbyglobalcooling.Ifsunspotcycle#25stalls,anewMaunderMinimumwithanotherLittleIceAgecouldbeontheway.11Thegamestartsin1200CE,afterthearrivaloftheThule.Bythistime,globalcoolinghaddestroyedtheNorsebarleycrop,whichtheVikingsoncegrewintinyquantitiesforbeer.TheLittleIceAgealsoimpactedsealing,amajorpartoftheNorsediet(80%inthelateryears).Sealsaresensitivetoglobalcoolingbecausethickiceisunsuitableasasealdenningarea(especiallyharpsealcubs,whoareroutinelyabandonedontheiceandwillstarveunlesstheicethaws).Walrus,thebasisfortheNorseeconomy,arealsoimpactedbyicebecausetheyaredeniedaccesstotheshallowcoastalwaterswheretheyhuntclams.Deepwintersnows,especiallyassociatedwithcrusting,causeslocalextinctionsofcaribou.GrahamChapman,TimescalesandEvolutionaryChange,2005.

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Eachplayerwhohasoneormoreironimports(i.e.animportwiththeironvaluesymbol,seeB3),mustchooseonetoconvertintoanirondisk.D7.STORMEachplayerwhohasoneormorerank6elders(mariners)losesone.D8.NOMARITIMEHUNTINGNoplayermayassigncubestoamaritimehuntbiome(B1)ontheturnofthisevent.Youmayflipthesecardsupsidedownonthisturnasareminder.D9.CANTENTERMARKLANDNoplayermaymovetoorfromMarkland(E2)ontheturnofthisevent.D10.AUCTIONOFIMPORTS(Vikingship)AuctionanyEventCardwithanimageofanimport.Allplayersmaybidusingtheirivoryonly.Ifacardisnotbidupon,discarditoutofthegame.BidProcedure.Anyplayercaninitiatethebid(minimumbid=1)andanyotherplayercanmatchthisorincreaseit.Whennobodyiswillingtogohigher,thehighbidderspendshisivoryandtakestheEventCardintohistableau.Thelosersgettheirbidsreturned.

Ties.Ifthebidistied,playerswiththePeepeeleedaughter(ormarriedtoher)winauctiontiesiftheyareintheauction.Ifstilltied,resolveinplayerorder(A2).

Ifyouwintheauction,placetheimportcardintoyourtableauoriented180(sothetansidereadsupright).

Example:TheIcelandTradeShipoffersaNorseponyforsale. BothPlayerRedandPlayerYellowbid12

oneivory,andneitheriswillingtobidhigher.SincePlayerYellowhasthePeepeeleedaughter(whowinsauctionties),hewinsthebidandtakesthecardintohistableau.Notethatimporteddomesticanimals,likeallimports,godirectlyintoyourtableauinsteadofyourhand.

E.HUNTERASSIGNMENTPHASE(playerorder)

Eachplayerassignsalltheirunassignedcubesinplayerorder(A2).Assigneachcubebyplacingitonacard,eitheraBiome(hunting),ElderCard(promotion),DaughterorLivestockCard(raidingordefense),orintheNewWorld(colonizing).

Youmayplaceasmanycubesonacardasyouwish,orleavesomeunassigned.Youmayhuntmultiple

12PlayersofBiosMegafaunaknowthathorses,rhinos,andelephantsuseanunspecializedhindgutdigestivesystem.Oneconsequenceofthisisthathorsescandigestmeat.IntheArctic,horsesaresometimesfedmeat,whichismoreavailablethanhay.Asbizarreasitsounds,sometimesGreenlandponiesacquireatasteformeat,andcanevenattacktheirhandlersandeatthem!

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biomes.

E1.HUNTINGBIOMESTohuntoneofthebiomesthatarerevealed,placehuntersdirectlyonit.Homeland.TheThuleandTunitshareahomeland(B1)inNorthGreenland,whichincludesallthecardsintheNorthRowexceptMarkland,plusallthecardsinboththeThuleandTunittableaus.Thisisindicatedbythegreen/yellowbiometypeiconintheupperrightcorner.TheNorsehomelandisSouthGreenland,asindicatedbytheredbiomeicon.ThisincludesallthecardsintheSouthRow,exceptVinland,plustheNorsetableau.

Mariner.YoumusthaveoneMarinerElder(rank6)foreachBiomeorTableauCardoutsideyourhomelandyouplacecubeson.EachMarinerEldercantransportupto4huntercubestoasingleBiomeorTableauCardeachturn.

Placarderrata(2ndedition):TheNorsemarinershouldspecifytransporttoNorthGreenland,notSouthGreenland.(Naturallyamarinerisnotneededtomovetoyourhomeland).

Sleds.IfyouhaveaDcardwithaslediconinyourtableau,youmayplaceanynumberofcubesononecardoutsideyourhomelandwithoutaMarinerElder.Ifyouhavetwosleds,youmayplaceanynumberoftwocards,etc.However,sledsworkonlyinGreenland,nottheNewWorld(E2).

E2.NEWWORLDCARDS 13 14

MarklandandVinlandarebiomesintheNewWorld.TheygointotheNorthandSouthRowsrespectively.Thesecardsarenotpartofthehomelandofanyplayer,andyouneedaMarinertogothere(sledsdonotwork).Inexhaustible.Anynumberofplayersmayplacecubesonthesecards.Theinfinity/chevronsymbolindicatesthat,unlikeallotherbiomes,anynumberofplayerscansuccessfullyhunthere.

Colonists.CubesinMarklandorVinlandarepermanentlyassigned(E4)andarenotreturnedhomeeachturn.ThesecubesarecalledColonists.

HostileBeothukNatives.IfafterNegotiations(PhaseF),thenumberofcubesinMarklandorVinlandisgreaterthan6(countingallplayers),thenthecardflipstothehostilesideperF3.

NewWorldLittleIceAge.IfMarklandorVinlandflipsoverorshiftstothecoldside,anycolonistsonitfollow.Ifthecardisthenremoved(e.g.inamigration(D1)),allthecolonistsonitgotoValhalla.

E3.PROMOTIONTOELDERBypayinganenergy,youmayassignanunassignedhuntertooneofthesixelderranks(A1.6)ofyourElderCard.Hispowersareeffectiveimmediately.

13TheNewWorldarcticcoastlinesweresettledbytheTunitculture,adaptedtosealholehuntinginverycoldclimates.TheyweredrivenoutofVinlandbytheBeothukculturebeforethestartofthegame,andoutofMarklandandGreenlandbytheThule.14ArcheologistshaveexcavatedaNorsesiteintheextremenortherntipofNewfoundlandwitheightwoodsodlonghousesandanironsmithy.ThisisproofthattheVikingsreachedtheNewWorldfivecenturiesbeforeColumbus.AccordingtoVikingSagas,thissitewasinalandcalledVinland,butwasabandonedduetohostileattacksbythenatives(calledbytheNorseSkraelings).Evenafteritwasabandoned,archeologyshowsthatCanadianwoodcontinuedtobeusedduringtheGreenlandcolonization,indicatingthattheNewWorldwasregularlyvisitedforlumber.

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Thisisapermanentassignment(E4),andhecannotlaterchangeranks.Youmayplacemultipleeldersonranksmarkedwithfourdots().E4.PERMANENTASSIGNMENTPlacingunassignedhuntersontheNewWorld(E2),ElderCards(E3),ortheExogamyBoxondaughters(F1)isapermanentassignment.ThismeansthecubesarenotreturnedtoyourunassignedhuntersduringPhaseG.Thesecubesdonotcountasunassignedhunters(e.g.duringdecimations).Exception:Ifyoubeginthisphase(PhaseE)withoneornounassignedhunters,youmayreassignonepermanentlyassignedelder,colonist,orhusbandasanunassignedhunter,assumingyouhavetheappropriatesleds/mariners.

ColonyAbandonment.Ifyouhaveenoughunusedmariners(E1)toevacuateallyourcolonists(leavingbothMarklandandVinlandemptyofyourcolonists),youmayassignthemtohuntorraidanywhereinGreenland.ColoniesmaybepartlyabandonedbyleavingduringPhaseF.

E5.LIVESTOCKORSABINERAID 15

ToraidaDorDaughterCardinanopponentstableau,placeunassignedhuntercubesonitscard.ThiswillberesolvedinPhaseF(seeF2)andPhaseG(seeG1).WarChief.YoumusthaveaRank4Eldertomakearaid.YouneedamarinerorsledtoraidaTableauCardthatisnotinyourhomeland(E1).SotheThuleandTunitdontneedtransportationtoraideachother.

Asnotedonthecard,certainDcardscantbelivestockraided.AlsoIcardscannotberaidedorstolen,andcubesareneverplacedonthem.

Defense.YoumayalsoassignhunterstoanyofyourdaughterorlivestockTableauCards,ortodaughtersyouaremarriedto,todefendthem.ThiswillberesolvedinPhaseF(seeF2).

Youarenotallowedtoassignhunterstoattackhusbands(inyourtableau)orelders.E6.NAVIGATIONALREASSIGNMENT 16

TheSunStone/SunCompasscardinyourtableauallowsyoutoreassignthreeofyourhuntersaftereveryonehasassignedalltheirhunters.Thisreassignmentmustbeeithertootherbiomeswhereyouhavecubes(exceptnoreassignmenttotheNewWorld),ortodaughterorlivestockcardsinyourtableau.Youcanreassignregardlessofyourmarinerlimits(E1).Example:Movinglast,theVikingsplaceahunteronthemuskoxcardintheThuletableau.ThislivestockraidallowsthemtotrytostealtwobabiesthatotherwisewillbelongtotheThule.TheThuleusetheirsunstoneimporttoreassigntwohuntersfromtwodifferentbiomestothemuskoxinstead.ThefightbetweentheraideranddefendersproceedsperF2.

15ThetermSabineRaidcomesfromthetraditionthatRomewasfoundedbystealingSabinewomen.16TheonlyknownNorsenavigationaltoolsarethesunstoneandthesuncompass.Thetransparentsunstone,madeofIcelandSpar,hasaremarkablelightpolarizingpropertythatcanindicatethepositionofthesunevenonacloudyday.ThesuncompassillustratedwasexcavatedfromaNorsesiteinGreenland.Itusedthesuntodeterminenorth,andperhapslatitude.

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E7.THEALPHA 17

Eachplayerstartswithonealphatoken.Thisistreatedasacube,exceptyouhavetheoptiontoconsidertheHuntRollforthiscubetobe1,withoutactuallyrollingforit.YoumustdecidetousethisspecialabilitybeforeyoumaketheHuntRoll.IfyouchooseNOTtousethealpha'sability,orheisusedinabiomeorraidwherehisabilityisinactive,thenherollsadicelikeeveryotherhunter.Ifthedicedesignatedashiskillshimoff,hecanberesurrectedasyournextnewbaby.

Thealphaspecialabilityisdeactivatedonmetallurgyorraidbiomes(B1),andalsoinattacks(F2)orraids(G1).Thealphatokenistreatedasanyhuntercube.

Example:Youassignyouralphatogofishing.Becauseheautomaticallyrollsa1,thishuntissuccessfulwithoutrolling.

F.NEGOTIATE&ATTACKSPHASE

Duringthisphase,ifyouhavecubesonthesamecardasanopponent,orhavecubesonaTableauCardofanopponent,youmayopennegotiationswithhim.Youmayaskhimtoleavepeacefully,orvolunteeryourselftoleave.Youmayexchangedisks,HandCards,orDorIcardsinyourtableau(thecardsexchangetableaus),aswellasofferdaughtersformarriageormakenonbindingagreementsaboutplaysonfutureturns. 18

Leaving.Yourhuntersmayleaveduringthisphaseonlyifallotherplayerswithcubespresentallowyoutoleave.Ifahunterleaves,eitherreturnhimtoyourunassignedhunters(sohecantdoanythingthisturn),orelsemarryhimtoaforeignbride(F1),ifagreedtobytheplayerholdingtheDaughterCard.

Divorce.Yourhusbandsmayleavedaughtersduringnegotiations,becomingunassignedhunters.

Transportation.Ifleavingacardoutsideyourhomeland,youarelimitedto4cubespermariner(evenifthemarinerwasusedinapreviousphase).Thenumberofcubesleavingisunlimitedifallowedtousesleds.

17FortheThule,thealphaisthewhalingcaptain(umialiq),whocommandedthe10manopentoppedwhalingboat(umiak)andalsopresidedovertheceremoniesredistributingthewhalemeatandblubber.Today,thealphaisknownastheGreatcatcher.FortheNorseandTunit,thealphaisoftenatrapperwhoprovidedunspectacularbutsteadyfoodsupplyfromthetrappingoflargeandsmallgame."TheTunitmadeourcountryhabitable.Theybuiltthelinesofbouldercairnswhichguidecariboutotherivercrossingswheretheycanbeambushedbyhunters,andtheyfurnishedtheriverswithfishweirs."NetsilikInuit,192318TheGreenlandSaga,writtenintheearly1300s,recordswhatisoneofthemostmomentousmeetingsinallofhistory,thefirstcontactbetweenEastandWest.AccordingtoYChromosomeanalysis,thetwogroupshadseparatedintheincentralAsia50,000yearsearlier.OnegroupwentWest,andbecametheEuropeans.TheothergroupwentEast,andbecametheAmerinds.Aftereachtraveledhalfwayaroundtheworld,theywerefatedtoreuniteonGreenland.Themeetingdidnotgowellforfuturenegotiations:TowardtheNorth,huntershavefoundsomelittlepeoplewhomtheycallSkraellingstheirsituationisthatwhentheyarehurtbyweaponstheirsoresbecomewhitewithoutbleeding,butwhenmortallywoundedtheirbloodhardlystopsflowing.Theyhavenoironatalltheyusemissilesmadeofwalrustusksandsharpstonesforknives.TheSkraelingsinthiscaseseemtobetheTunits,althoughtheNorseneverlearnedtodistinguishbetweenthetwo.

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F1.EXOGAMY 19

IfagreedtoduringnegotiationsorasaresultofaSabineRaid(G1),youcanconvertoneormoreassignedhuntersintoahusbandbyplacingitscubeontotheexogamyboxofaDaughterCardinaforeigntableau.Thisisapermanentassignment(E4),sohusbandsarenolongerunassignedhunters. Abilities.ADaughterCardsharesherabilities(e.g.huntingadvantagesperG2)equallywiththeplayerwhoownsthetableauandtheplayerwhoownsthehusband.Thisabilityisconferredimmediately.

Monogamy.Onlyonehusbandisallowedperdaughter.Marrieddaughterscannotbeofferedinsubsequentnegotiations.

DefendingOnesWife.Forpurposesofattackanddefense,considerhusbandsthecolorofthetableautheyresidein.TheymayonlyattackSabineraiders(F2).IfaSabineRaidinflictscasualties,theowneroftheresidenttableaudecidesifthehusbandiskilledornot.Thehusbandisalwayskillediftheraidsucceeds.

F2.ATTACKS 20

Yourhunters(includingcolonists)mustattackotherhuntersonthesamecardbyrollinganumberofdiceequaltothenumberofyourhunterspresent.Eachplayerisallowedoneroundofattackspercard.Exceptforwarparties(seebelow),each1willkillahunterofthevictimschoice.MostIronOrder.Formultipleattackers,goinmostironorder(A3).Thatis,theplayerwiththemostirondisksrollsfirstandappliesdamage,thenthenextattacker,etc.Youmaydistributeyourhitsamongmultipledefenders.

WarParty.IfyouhaveaRank4Elder(WarChief),thegroupofhuntersthatincludesyouralphaiscalledawarparty.Allthehuntersinawarparty,includingthealpha,achieveahitiftheyrolla1or2.

Rerolls.ForthepurposesofanAttackRoll,thelistedbiometype(B1)isignoredandinsteadthearchericonisused.Sharkbitedicearealsoignored.Iftheattackerhasatableaucardwiththemayrerollarchericon(thebowandimportedweapons),heisallowedonererollofeachattackdiceofthevalue

19Mendothehunting,womenthegathering,afactrooteddeepinourorigins.ButwhatroledowomenplayinGreenland,withallhuntingandnogathering?Norsewomentendedanimals,churnedbutter,andgatheredseaweedandseasonalcrowberries.TheThulewomensewedindividuallyfittedclothingandboatskins(anddidtherowinginthelargerUmiakboats!).Infact,thepivotalinventionsthatallowedthearctictobeinhabitedishayfortheNorseandtheneedlefortheEskimo.Butperhapsthebiggestfemaleroleistoleaveonesclantomarryelsewhere.Calledexogamy,thisisessentialtopreventinbreeding,bothofgenesandideas.TheThulepracticeddualexogamy,orcontinualwifeexchange,bothbetweenclansandcultures.Movingintoaforeigncommunityrequirespluck(Ispeakfrompersonalexperience,asIamtheonlyAmericaninthevillagewhereIlive).MyDaughterrulesarenotintendedtorepresentwomanaschatteltobedrughomebyVikings(althoughthatdidoccur),butinrespectofthecouragerequiredtoforgeamulticulturalmeltingpotcommunitythatcontinuestobethehopeofourfuture.20EvencomparedtotheVikings,theThuleInuitwereanaggressivepeople.Theyusedwelltrainedmilitiawithadesignatedmilitaryleader.Theyemployedarrowvolleys,withthevictorastheonewiththemostarchersorarrows(andoftentheirvictimsweretheTunit,whohadnoarchers).Aftertherainofarrows,oneononecombatcommencedwithcariboukillinglancesorsealingclubs.Surpriseraidswereundertakenoncampsorvillageswheneveryonewasasleeporgatheredatthecommunityhouse.Thedoorsweresealedandarrowsfiredthroughthesmokeholes.SimilartotheNorsepracticeofArson,theymaysethousesaflameandshootthosewhoflee.Noprisonersweretaken,asthegoalofThuleInuitwarfarewasthecompleteannihilationoftheenemy.ReneeFossett,InOrdertoLiveUntroubled:InuitoftheCentralArctic1550To1940,2001.

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indicated.VengefulHusbands.Yourgroupofhuntersdefendingoneofyourdaughtersisawarpartyifahusbandispresent.Rollforthiswarpartyatthesametime,forallthehuntersincludingthehusband,eventhoughthehusbandisadifferentcolorthantherest.

Pogroms(optionalrule).Foreachhunteryoukillinanattack,yourvictimmayoptionallykilloneelderorhusbandofyours,ifthereareanyinhistableau.

Example:InaSabineRaid,thedefendingNorseandtheraidingThulehavetwohunterseach.TheThulehavemoreiron,androlla5and6.TheThulehaveanimportedsword,allowinghimtorerollthe6,whichisa1.TheNorsearedowntoonedefender,whorollsa2andkillsoffoneThule.ThesurvivingThulerollsa3forhisHuntRollinthenextphase.Thisisasharkbitedicewhichkillsthelasthunterandspoilstheraid.F3.THENEWWORLDTURNSHOSTILE 21

Ifafternegotiationsandattacks,morethan6colonistsareonapeacefulNewWorldCard(countingthecolonistsofallplayerscombined),thenflipitovertoitshostileside(whichhashigherattrition).Allcolonistsremainonthecard.Pacification.Ifyouhavecubesonahostilecard,youmaypayoneivoryduringPhase5(Domestication)toflipittoitsPeaceful(fullcolor)side.However,ifover6colonistsremainonthecardatthenextNegotiationsPhase,itgoeshostileagain.

F4.THEIRONRULEIfyouhavesufferedlossesduringeitheranopponentsAttackRollorduringyourHuntRoll,rightafterthatrollyoumayexpendoneirondisktocancelyourlosses.Example:Yourollfive3sinaMarklandHuntRoll.Youexpendanironandthe5colonistsremaininMarklandinsteadofdying.

G.ROLLFORHUNT(leasthunterorder)

Cubesonabiomerepresentassignedhunters.WhenitisyourturntoHunt(seeA4),makeaHuntRollbyrollinganumberofdiceequaltoyourcubespresent.Ifthecardisonthewarmside(D4),each1or2dicerollisahit.Ifthecardisonthecoldside(i.e.leftofthedrawdeck),only1swillhit.Ifyourrollshowsanumberofhitsgreaterthanorequaltothenumberofdiceshownintheupperleftcornerofthecard,thenitissuccessfullyhunted(seeG4forresultsofthehunt).Afterhunting,allofyoursurvivinghunters(exceptforcolonists)arereturnedtoyourunassignedhunterpool.

21VinlandwasdiscoveredbyanexpeditionledbyLeifErikson,sonofGreenlandsfounderEriktheRed.Hebroughtbackgrapesandwood.Thenextexpedition,ledbyhisbrotherThorvald,gotofftoabadstartwhentheVikingskilledeightnativestheyfoundsleepingundertheirskinboats.Oneescaped,andthenextdaycountlessboatsreturnedandshoweredtheNorsewitharrows.AsthedyingThorvaldpulledanarrowfromhisintestines,hereportedlysaidThisisarichlandwehavediscoveredthereisplentyoffataroundmybelly.Wevefoundalandofplenty,althoughwellhardyenjoymuchofit.Erikwasdevastatedbythenewsandsentanunsuccessfulexpeditiontorecoverhissonsbody.HadtheNorsebeenamorediplomaticfolk,perhapsAmericawouldtodaybeknownasLeifland.

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BiomeResolutionOrder.PerA4,thefirstplayerdetermineswhichcardishuntedfirst,second,third,etc.

MandatoryHunt.Onyourturntohunt,allyourassignedhuntersandcolonistsmustmakeaHuntRoll(exception,seeG7).Oftenyoudonotneedtorollforthealpha,seeE7.

TheHuntRollmaybemodifiedfirstperG2andthenperG3.

Attrition.Huntingisdangerous.Ifthebiomeshowsasharkbitedice,anyhunterrollingthatresult(afterallrerolls)hasbeenkilled(eatenbyapreyanimalconfusedaboutthehunterpreyrelationship).Youmayusetheironrule(F4)toreverseyourlosses.

CompetitiveHunt.Iftherearehuntersofmorethanoneplayeronabiome,thehuntgoesinleasthunterorder(A4).ThefirstplayertosucceedintheHuntgainsthebenefits,andalltheotherplayersgohomeunsuccessful(i.e.winnertakeall).

G1.SABINEORLIVESTOCKRAIDS EachraidingcubeplacedperE5makesaHuntRoll,justasforabiome.IfanyoftheraidersrolloneofthedicefacesshownintheRAIDfield,theraidsucceeds,assumingatleastoneraidersurvivesattrition(G0).

LivestockRaid.IfyousuccessfullyraidaDCard,youstealthebabiesthatnormallywouldhavegonetotheownerduringH2.ThevictimmuststillpaytheHayCost(H1).Ifyouareraidingsheep,youmayoptionallystealanivoryinsteadofababy.Ifraidingacardwithanenergyvalue,youmaytakeenergyinsteadofbabies.

SabineRaid.Ifyousuccessfullyraidadaughterinanopponentstableau,placeoneofthesurvivingraidersintheexogamyboxperF1,killingofftheprevioushusbandifany.Yougainthedaughtersbenefitsimmediately.

Example:TwoSabineraidersrolla3anda5.Onediesasahero(sincehewassuccessful),andthesurvivorsuccessfullymarriesthedaughter.

G2.REROLLSDUETOBIOMETYPES Ifyouhaveoneormoretableaucardsoreldersdepictingabiometypelabeledmayreroll,thenyouareallowedrerollsoftheindicatednumberforallhuntrollsinthatbiometype(B1).Onceyoumakeareroll,itsvalueisfixedandmaynotbererolledagain.Allrerollsforabiomearemadeatthesametime.Example:FourTunitfishermenroll3,3,4,4.TheirdaughterMeekaallowsrerollof4swhilefishing,andthererollisa2and4.Thisfishingsucceedsifwarmside,butfailsifcoldside.Thesecond4cannotbererolledyetagain.

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G3.HUNTMODIFICATIONSDUETOINVENTIONSIfyouhaveanInventionorImportinyourtableauwithapurpleiconcorrespondingtothebiometype(B1),thendiceshowingtheindicatednumbernonoptionallybecome1sinstead.Example:Yourhunterhuntselkhoundswithatrackerelderandanimportedcrossbow.Ifyourolla4,thetrackerallowsyoutorerollit.Ifthererollisa3,youmaychooseittobecomea1,whichissuccessful.G4.RESULTSOFASUCCESSFULHUNT

Ifyousuccessfullyhuntabiome,firsttakeattritionifany(G0),thenaddtheindicatednumberofbabies(newhuntercubestakenfromValhalla)toyourunassignedhunters.Youmustaddthesecubesifyouhaveanyavailable.Youalsogetanydisksspecified(energy,ivory,iron).Unlessyouclaimitasatrophy(G5)ortakeitintoyourhand(G6),thecardremainsintheRow.

Ifyourunoutofcubesordisks,seeB4.

Limits.Youareonlyallowedtogainthebenefitsofahuntedcardonceperturn,evenifyourollmultiplesuccesses.Forinstance,ifyourollthree1swhenhuntingaharborseal,yougetonebaby,notthree.

NewWorldBabies.BabiesborninMarklandorVinlandbecomecolonistsinsteadofunassignedhunters(E2).

WarmSideHunt.IfacardistotherightoftheDrawDeck,both1sand2saresuccessful.Thisisdifferentfromweaponsusewherenumbersbecome1sandcountas1sforallpurposes.Thisdistinctionisimportantwhendeterminingifyourolleddoubles,triples,etc.duringtrophytaking(G5)ordomestications(G6).

HuntingIronMines.Successfullyhuntinganironbiomegivesyouanirondisk.Inthecaseofbogiron,ifyousucceedintheHuntRollyousufferonedepletioniconevent(D3).Ifyoucantorwontpay,thehuntfails.

SuccessfullyhuntingabiomeoutsidetheNewWorldreturnsallyourcubesonittoyourunassignedhunters.Allothercubesonitareautomaticallyunsuccessfulandarealsoreturnedtotheownersunassignedhunters.

Example:TwoThuleandthreeTunitarehuntingdogs.TheThule,withfewerhunters,gofirstandaresuccessfulwithonehit.TheTunitautomaticallygohomeindisgrace.Theycannotattempttodomesticatethedogs,forinstance.

Example(NewWorld):TheTunitplayerhasthreecolonistsinwarmsidehostileVinland.FortheHuntRoll,herollsa2,2"and6".Sincethe2saresuccesses,hegainstwocolonists,twoenergy,andaniron.Howeverallthreeoriginalcolonistsperish,seeG0.Ifhehastheimportedsword,hemayrerollthe6.Hemayalsosacrificetheirontosavethecolonists(F4).

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G5.TAKINGTROPHYCARDSINTOYOURTABLEAU 22

Theantlericonindicatesacardthatcanbeaddedtoyourtableauasatrophy.Ifithas2,3,or4blankdiceonit,yourHuntRollmustincludedoubles,triplesorquadruplestooptionallyaddittoyourtableau.PlaceitpartlyunderyourElderCardrotatedsotheantlersareatthetop. Iftheantlericonhasnodice,addittoyourhandperG6.Asuccessfulhuntisnotnecessarytoclaimatrophy.Forinstance,ifthetrophyindicatesdoubles,anydoubles(notjusttwo1s)willclaimthetrophy.

Extinct.TheremovedcardhasbeenoverhuntedandisnotreplacedintheRow(G7).AnIorDcardalwaysgoestoyourhandfirst(seeG6),neverstraighttoyourtableauasatrophy.Optional.Youmayclaimcard9A(CapeYorkMeteorite)asatrophyifyourolldoublesintheHuntRollandhavesledtechnology.

Remember:Thealphaisassumedtohaverolleda1,whichcancausesnakeeyes,tripleeyes,orquadrupleeyestohavebeenrolled.Alsoweaponsnonoptionallycausecertaindicefacestobe1s.Example:Fourwalrushuntersrolla1andthree4s.Theyhaveadaughterallowing4stobererolled.Theycouldtakethisoptionandifthererollhasonemorehitthehuntbecomessuccessful.Buttheyinsteadoptnottoreroll,andusethetriplestoclaimthewalrusasatrophy.G6.TAKINGIORDCARDSINTOYOURHANDThehandiconindicatesbiomesthatcanbetakenintoyourhand.Ifithas2,3,or4blankdiceonit,yourHuntRollmustincludedoubles,triplesorquadruplesrespectivelytotakeitintoyourhand.Ifithasnodice,asuccessfulhunttakesitintoyourhand.

Ifyourollthedoubles,triples,etc.,youmaytakethecardintoyourhandevenifyourHuntRollwasunsuccessful.

Cardscanbetakenintoyourhandevenifyourhandisfull.ButthenyoumustimmediatelydiscarddowntoyourHandSize(B2).

Example:Analphaandtwohuntersarehuntingmuskoxen.Thealphaautomaticallyrollsa1,andbothhuntersalsoroll1s.Thehuntisasuccess,andfurthermorebecausetheyrolledtriples,theytakethecardintotheirhand.TheymayplayitintotheirtableauduringElderActions(I1).Theoxencardisreplacedperthebiodiversityrule(G7).G7.THEBIODIVERSITYRULEIfacardistakenasatrophy(G5),itisnotreplacedsotheRownowhasonelesscard.Ifacardistakenintoyourhand(G6),replaceitinthesamepositionwiththetopcarddrawnfromthedrawdeckofthat

22Theoverkillhypothesis,championedbyDr.PaulMartin,proposesthatAmerindtrophytakinghunterscausedtheLatePleistocenemassextinctionsintheAmericas.

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Row,sothatthenumberofcardsintheRowisunchanged(unlessplayingthesurvivalistvariantC3).Cardsreplacedbymigrationgooutofthegame(D1).Ifacardistakenintoyourhandbutthehuntwasunsuccessful,huntersofothertribesthatwereonthiscardmayoptionallyattempttohuntthereplacementcard.

G8.HUNTEXAMPLETheNorseplayertriestohuntthewalrusbiomeinthecoldsideofNorthGreenland.Thismaritimeanimalrequirestwo1stobesuccessful.Heisunopposed.PhaseE(HunterAssignment).Atacostof2energy,hepromotestwohunterstothesixthrank(mariner)toreachNorthGreenland.Thenheplaceshisremaining6unassignedcubesontothewalruscardasshown.

PhaseG(HuntRoll).Herolls6d6forhissixhunters:1,2,3,4,4,6.Sinceheonlyrolledone1,thehuntfailsandmoreoverthewalruskillsthehunterwhorolledthe3.

Wives.IfhehasahusbandmarriedtoKirima,thensincethisisamaritimehuntheisallowedtorerollbothofthe4s.Heneedsoneofthemtobea1forthehunttosucceed,anditcouldresultinmorehunterdeaths.

Weapon.Ifhehastoggleheadharpoontechnology, the3actsasa1,23

resultinginhuntsuccess(andsavingthelifeofthehunter).Hegains4babies,2energy(blubberfuel),and1ivory.Sincenotripleswererolled,thewalruscardremainsintheRow.

H.DOMESTICANIMALS(anyorder)H1.HAYCOST 24

ForeachDepletionIcon(D3)oneachDCard(B2)inyourtableauyoumustexpendeitheroneenergydiskoroneelderofyourchoice.Youmustpaythiscostevenifithasbeensuccessfullylivestockraidedthisturn.SlaughteringAnimals.ToavoidpayingtheHayCost,orifyoucantpay,discardtheDcard.Ifithas

23AboutthesamemomentastheNorselandedinGreenland,anunknownThulegeniusinAlaskaadaptedsealingandboatingtechnologytomadethefirstopenoceanwhalinghunt.TheThuleusedthistechtospreadeastwardacrosstheArctic,reachingGreenlandinthelate12thcentury.TheThulewhalingandsealingharpoonwasthemosttechnologicallyadvancedweaponintheworldatthetime.Amongits22partsarethebonetogglehead(swivelstopreventextractiononceundertheskin),anivoryforeshaftandbonesocketpieceheldbythongs(allowsdetachmentfromthewoodenshaft),abonecounterweightheldbypegsatthebaseoftheshaft,andaharpoonlineattachedtoaboneclaspandpeg.Twosealskinfloats,joinedbyapieceofwoodtofitoverastrapacrossthereardeckingofthekayak,werelinkedtotheharpoonlinebyatoggle.Theharpoonwaslaunchedbyanatlatlmadeofwoodwithboneinsets.WendellOswalt,EskimosandExplorers,1979.24Nobodyknowswhoinventedhay,theideaofcuttinggrassintheautumnandstoringitinlargeenoughquantitiestokeephorsesandcowsalivethroughthewinter.AllweknowisthatthetechnologyofhaywasunknowntotheRomanEmpirebutwasknowntoeveryvillageofmedievalEurope.Likemanyothercruciallyimportanttechnologies,hayemergedanonymouslyduringthesocalledDarkAges.AccordingtotheHayTheoryofHistory,theinventionofhaywasthedecisiveeventwhichmovedthecenterofgravityofurbancivilizationfromtheMediterraneanbasintoNorthernandWesternEurope.FreemanDyson,InfiniteInAllDirections,2004.

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anenergyvalue,obtainthesedisksperB3.H2.MILKANDSKYR 25

Unlessithasbeensuccessfullylivestockraided(G1),yougainthebabiesindicated.YoudoNOTneedtoassignanyhuntersorrollanydicetogainthebabies.IcelandicWaterproofWool.Inthecaseofsheep,youchoosewhethertogainababyoranivory.Pacification.IfinthehostileNewWorld,youmayspendanivoryperF3.

I.ELDERACTIONSPHASE(polytheistsfirst)

EachplayermayperformthefollowingElderActionsifhehasoneormoreeldercubesinthespecifiedrankandpaystheresourcecostindicated.Eachcubecanperformoneactionperturn.Acubeisnotexpendedbyperforminganelderaction.

Sequence.Allpolytheistplayersperformactionsfirst(inplayerorderperA2),thenallplayersthatbeguntheturnasmonotheists(alsoinplayerorder).Youchoosetheorderthatyouplayyouractions.

I1.DOMESTICATION(Rank2Action,polytheism) 26

ExpendoneenergyandplayoneDcardinyourhandintoyourtableaualongsideyourDaughterCards.Whenmovedtoyourtableau,bothDandIcardsarerotated180sothepurpletextreadsupright.Onceyouconverttomonotheism,youcannolongerdomesticate!

I2.WITCHBURN(Rank2Action) 27

Expendoneenergytokillanelderofyourcolorinyourtableau.AllkilledcubesgotoValhalla.

Example(selfburn):Youhaveonelastelder(rank2).DuringElderActions,youperformawitchburnonthiselder,andthenusebaptism(I7)toconvertyourselftomonotheism.

I3.BANISH(Rank2Action,polytheism) 28

25SkyrisatraditionalIcelandicandGreenlandicstrainedyogurtdrink.DairyproductswerehighlyvaluedbytheNorse,andwereusefultradeitemswiththeAmerinds.InhisbookCollapse,HowSocietiesChoosetoFailorSucceed,JaredDiamondarguesthattheNorseovervaluedtheirdairyanimalsinGreenland,causingdestructionofsodandthesubsequenterosiondoomedtheGreenlanders.26AlmostnoanimaldomesticationshaveoccurredsincetheonsetofChristianity.27TheverylastmessagefromNorseGreenlandchroniclesamanburnedforseducinganotherswifeusingwitchcraft.Witcheswere(andare)dangeroustoChristianitybecausetheyrepresentareversiontopolytheism,thepracticeoffollowingpersonalauthorityfiguresinsteadofacentralone.Ratherthanacompetingbeliefsystem,witchcraftisamethodofcomingtodecisionsthatpredatesmodernconsciousness,i.e.thelanguagebasedmethodofdecisionmakingbyactingoutalternativesbasedonmentallymanipulatedconstructs.Underthistheory,witchesarethrowbackssimilartoschizophrenicswhohearvoices,religiousmystics,thosepossessedorspeakingintongues,andchildrenwithimaginaryfriends.28Therank2elderisaspiritualfigureknownasshaman,i.e.onewhoentersanalteredstatesofconsciousnesssimilartothatemployedbyallhumansbeforethedawnofconsciousness.ShamanswerecommonintheTunitculture,employingritual,

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ExpendoneenergyandthenmakeaMartyrRolltoattempttokillanopponentshusbandorelderfromyourtableau.Theeldercanbeeitheramissionaryorarepresentative.

MartyrRoll.RollanumberofdiceequaltoyourmaximumHandSize(B2).Foreach1rolled,youkilloffamissionary,representative,orhusband.

Asaspecialruleforthethreeplayergame,Norsehusbandsareimmunetobanishment,butareotherwisetreatedasiftheyareintheforeigntableau.ThismeanstheycanberemovedfromadaughteronlybynegotiationorSabineraid.ThisreflectsthecelebratedVikingcustomofstealingwomen(sothattheexogamyisactuallyintheNorsecamp,outofreachofThuleorTunitbishops/shamans).

I4.TOOLMAKER(Rank3Action)ExpendoneironandplayoneIcardinyourhandintoyourtableau,alongsideyourDaughterCards.IvoryCarver.TheTunithavetheoptiontoexpendanivoryinsteadofaniron. 29

Example:Youhavetheslitgogglesinventioninyourhand.Youpromoteahunterintoarank3elder(costsoneenergy)andusehimduringelderactionstoputthegogglescardintoyourtableau(costsoneiron).Itisnowworthvictorypointsandyoucanuseitsabilities.I5.EMISSARY(Rank5Action,monotheism)ExpandanenergyandmoveoneofyourRank5eldercubestothefirstrankinanopponentsElderCard.ThiscubeiscalledamissionaryifitsitsonapolytheistElderCardorarepresentativeifonamonotheistElderCard.Missionariesareusefultoforciblyconvertingyouropponenttomonotheism(I6),andhavingatleastonerepresentativegivesyouextraVP(J0).I6.PROSELYTIZE(Rank2Action,monotheism) 30

rhythminstruments,ordrugstoenteratranceduringwhichdivinationswereuttered(interpretedasadvicefrombenevolentandmalevolentspirits). 29Accordingtothebicameraltheory,theimportanceofarttodayisavestigeofaperiodwhenartsuchasmusic,poetry,andstatueswasevenmoreimportant.Thisperiodwasnotthebicameralera,whenallmembersofsocietyunquestioninglyfollowedtheinternalvoicesoftheirgods.Itwasratherthetransitionalperiodwhenthevoicesstoppedcoming,andtheterrifiedpopulaceneededdrugs,chanting,andhandheldidolstoinducethegodstoinstructthemagain.Thiscrisis,thesoundofsilence,wasmorelikelycausedbytheincreaseduseofselfreferentiallanguageratherthannaturalselection.TheThuleandNorseartwasrathersparseandfunctional,withoutelaborationorembellishment,andthesecultureswereunquestionablyconscious.ButtheplentifulTunitstatuary,featuringflyingbears(shownonthetopoftheTunitElderCard),standardizedcarvingsofhumanswithoutfacesandwithstumparms,andrealisticivorybirdwomenabletostandupright,isevidencethatthisculturewastransitioningtoconsciousness.Whateveryouthinkofthistheory,Ihaveneverheardanalternateexplanationfortheuniquelyhumanfascinationwithhallucinogens,alcohol,rhythm,music,andidols.JulianJaynes,TheOriginofConsciousnessintheBreakdownoftheBicameralMind,1990.

30AllthreecultureswerepolytheisticwhentheyinvadedGreenland.EriktheRedssonLeifconvertedtoChristianityin999CE,andsoonGreenlandwasofficiallyChristianunderabishop.OnlyoneNorsepaganartifacthasbeendiscoveredinGreenland,asoapstonecarvingdepictingThorshammer.TheInuitbecameChristianinthe1750sunderMoravianmissionaries.TheTunitdiedoutbeforeanymissionarycoulddeciphertheirtongue.

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IfyouhaveaRank2elderplusatleastonemissionarycubeinthefirstrankofanopponentspolytheistElderCard,expendoneenergyandmakeaMartyrRoll(I3).Any1swillpermanentlyconvertthatopponenttomonotheismattheendofthisphase(flipthecardover,preservingthepositionofallElders).

Limits.Youcanonlyproselytizeifyourmissionaryhasbeeninpositionsincethebeginningoftheturn.Youmayusethesamemissionaryformultipleattempts,seetheexamplebelow.

Example:YouareChristianandhavethreeRank2bishopeldersandtwoRank5acolyteelders.Asemissaryactions,youspend2energytomovebothofthemtoyourfoesElderCardasRank1missionaries.DuringthenextturnsElderActions,becauseyouropponentispolytheist,hegoesfirst.Heuseshisshamantotrytobanishyourmissionaries,rollinga1anda2.Oneofthemissionariesdies.Duringyouractions,yourthreeBishopelderseachexpendanenergyandeachusesthesurvivingmissionaryforaproselytizeattempt.YourHandSizeisone,soyourollonediceineachattempt. I7.BAPTISM(VoluntaryConversion,polytheism) 31

YourElderCardisdoublesided.Itstartsonthepolytheismside,butduringyourElderActionsPhasewhereyouhavenoEldersofyourcolor,youhavetheoptiontopermanentlyswitchittothemonotheismside,fornoresourcecost.ThischangesyourVictoryConditions(PartJ).

J.GAMEEND&VICTORYThegameendsattheendofthelastturnoftheEventDeck,orattheendofaturnwherenowarmorcoldcardsremainineitherRow.CountupthefollowingVictoryPoints(VP):

TrophyVP(polytheismonly).Eachcardwithatrophyicon(G5)inyourtableauliststheVPitisworth.Notethatifyouendthegamemonotheist,yourtrophiesremain(trappedaspaganvestigesinyourtribesmonotheisticsect)butarenotworthanyVP.

ResourceVP(monotheismonly).Eachivoryisworth1VP,andeachironisworth2VP.YoumayconvertcardsinyourtableauwithanironorivoryvalueperB3towardsyourVP.Notethatifyouendthegamepolytheist,thesearenotworthanyVP.

PopulationVP.EachofyourcubesnotinValhallacountas1VP.IfaNewWorldCardendsthegameonthecoldside,eachcolonistcubeonitcountsas2VP. 32

31Whatdifferencedoesitmakeifaculturebelievesinonegodormany?Accordingtothebicameraltheory,whenhumansacquiredconsciousness,theyinterpretedtherunningstreamofthoughtsandvoicesintheirhead,includingthehallucinatedadmonishmentsofdeadauthoritativefigures,asapanoplyofgods.Thiswasnatural,sincethiswasthewaytheyunconsciouslycametodecisionsbeforetheadventofselfreflectiveconsciousness.Thesegodswerepersonalandsubjectiveauthorityfigures.However,tobuildasocietyrequiresadherencetoobjectivevaluesandauthorityfigures,includinganultimatecentralauthority,extinctiontheoneandtrueGod.Acentralauthorityleadstoobjectivemorality,suchasthe10commandments,andmissionariestospreadtruthtoaliencultures,conceptsincompatiblewithasystemofsubjectivevalues.ThusJudeoChristianityspreadwithastonishingrapiditythroughouttheworld.32ThisrulereflectsthepossibilitythattheGreenlanderscouldhavecolonizedtheAmericanheartlandhadtheLittleIceAgeturnedintoanotherglacialperiodofourpresentIceAge,withanicesheetcoveringmostofthepresentUSAandCanada.

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DemocraticVP.Anyplayerwithoneormorerepresentativecubes(I5)onanopponentsElderCardreceives4VPperElderCardattheendofthegame(forbeingamemberofthespecialGreenlandParliamentcalledTheThing). 33

Ties.IftiedinVP,theplayerwiththemostironwins.Otherwiseitremainsatie.Example:Attheendofthegame,SouthGreenlandisentirelyonthecoldside.ThepolytheisticNorsebaggedashark,so5TrophyVP.Theyhavefourunassignedhunters,oneelder,andthreeVinlandcolonists,so11populationVPsincethecolonistscountdouble.Theirtotalscoreis16VP.ThemonotheisticThulehave2ironand2ivory=6ResourceVP.Theyalsohave11unassignedhuntersand5elders,includingaRepresentativeCubeontheTunitElderCardwhichgrants4extraVP.Thisis26VPaltogether.ThemonotheisticTunithave5iron,2ivory,and12cubesnotinValhalla=24VP.

Tip:Ifyouropponenthasanoverwhelmingleadintrophies,considerbecomingmonotheisticandsendingmissionariestobaptizehim.Iftheotherlosingplayerbecomesmonotheistic,youbothcangain4VPwithrepresentativesoneachothersElderCard.

J1.EXTINCTION

IfyourcubesareallsenttoValhallayouscorenopointsandareoutofthegame,leavingonlyculturalartifactstobediscoveredduringthenextglobalthaw.Yourmarrieddaughtersremaininplace,however.

K.SOLITAIREORCOOPERATIVEGAME

Inthisvariant,eitheroneplayerplaysasallthreecultures,orthreeplayersplaythethreeculturesasusual.Ineithercase,theplayersareequallyvictoriousonlyifallthreeculturessurvivewithunassignedhuntersorcolonistsattheendofthegame. 34

SetupandGameLength.SetupisperPartC,except12EventCardsareused.Thegameendsattheendofthe12thturnorwhenbothrowsareempty.

Survivalist.Usingthechallengingsurvivalistvariant(C3)isrecommended.

SunspotIcon.IgnoreaGlobalCoolingEvent(D4)onthefirstturn.Thereafter,thiseventcausesall

33No,TheThingisnotanarcticHollywoodchimeramixingsleddogswithyourmotherinlaw.NorseGreenlandwasorganizedasaloosefederationofchiefdomsoperatingunderfeudalconditions,withamarketeconomybasedonbarterandawalrustuskcurrency.Toreducetheenormoussocialtollexactedbyclanfeuding,alegislativeandjudicialassemblycalledTheThingwasestablished.TheThingdiedwiththeNorseinGreenland,butinIcelanditsurvivedandistodaytheoldestrepresentativeparliamentextant.34AfterthestarvingWesternSettlementwasoverrunaround1350(cuttingoffaccesstoivory),andthelastroyaltradeshipsankin1369,theKingofNorwaylostinterestinGreenland.TherearerecordsofprivateshipsaccidentallylandingintheEasternSettlementin1381,1382,1385,and1406.Thecaptainsclaimedtohavebeenblownoffcourse,toavoidprosecutionforgoingaroundtheRoyalMonopoly.The1406privateerbroughtbackthelastwrittenNorserecordofa1408weddinginHvalseyChurch.In1607aDanishNorwegianrescueoperationwaslaunched.Besidesbeingatleastacenturytoolate,theymadethereasonableassumptionthattheEasternSettlementlayontheGreenlandseastcoast,andthuslookedinthewrongplace.TheInuittheymetwereassumedtobedescendantsoftheNorse.TheactualfateofthelastGreenlandNorseisunknown,butitisconceivabletheycouldhavemadeadesperateattempttosettleinVinland.

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threeculturestosufferadecimation(D2)inadditiontoitsnormaleffects.IftwoCoolingEventsoccurinaturn,treatitasifonlyonehasoccurred.

Negotiation.EachturnduringtheNegotiationPhase,onediskorICardfromoneculturecanbeswappedwithonediskorICardfromanotherculture.NoswappingofpopulationorDCards.Huntersmaybeassignedashusbandswithautomaticsuccess.Alltribessharesledandboatcapacities.

Blackandwhitediskscanbeexpendedasiftheywereorange.

Tip:All3cultureslikelyneeddomesticanimalstowinthisgame!

L.THESEASMIEXPANSION,A4PLAYERVARIANTToplaythisgame,youneedtheSeaSmiexpansion.

INTRODUCTION:ThisexpansiontoGreenland(2ndedition)addstheSeaSmiasafourth(blue)player.TheSmiareFinnoUgricspeakingtribeswhohavelonginhabitedthearcticregionsofEurope,andhavedomesticatedthereindeersinceatleast800CE.OldNorserecordslabeltheSeaSmiasexpertshipbuilders,anddocumentbothtaxesandtradeforfur,skin,feathers,whalebonesandropesmadeofsealandwhalehide.Smilegendsspeakofancientwhalingexploitstothefarwest.

PLAYERORDER(A2):Therearenoblueplayerstarticons,sotheSeaSmiarenotnormallythefirstplayer.However,iftheyhaveashaman(polytheisticrank2elder),duringPhase1theymaydeclarethemselvesthefirstplayer,cancelinganyopposingCouncilsofWar.

COMPONENTS(B):2placards(onefordaughters,theotherforelders),and18bluepopulationcubes.

SETUP(C):TheSeaSmi(PlayerBlue)starts,liketheNorse,withtwodaughtersandadomesticanimal.Hestartswith5huntersbutnoalpha.HisdomesticanimalisalwaystheBarrenGroundCaribou.RemovethiscardfromthesouthernGreenlanddeckandplaceitpurplesideupinPlayerBluestableau.

SMIHOMELAND(E1):TheSeaSmihomelandisSouthGreenland,andsharedwiththeNorseplayer.

ALPHA(E7):TheSeaSmidonothaveanyalphasoralphacylinders!

SKIING:Ifyouhave,oraremarriedto,theSmiskiingdaughter,onceperPhase4youmayindicatethreehuntersonabiometoactasonealphainsteadofrollingforthem.

SMIDRUMS:Ifyouhave,oraremarriedto,theSmimysticdrummingdaughter,youareimmunetodecimationsfromvenerealandcrowddiseases(D2).Example:The"10+decimation"eventoccurs.Youhave10unassignedhunters,butyetarenotaffectedbecauseyouaremarriedtoSunnannni.

DESIGNERSNOTES:OnarecenttriptonorthernNorway,ItalkedtobothaSmielderandanancientislanderwhotoldmeofatribeIhadneverheardof,theSeaSmi.Andmypartner(JonMankerofIonGameDesign)showedmesomeofhisgrandfathersbooksabouttheSmi(ErnstMankerwasanotedethnographerwhoperiodicallylivedamongthem).Littleisknownabouttheirboatsandhunting

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technology,ortheirrelationswiththeVikingsandInuit,butitwascleartheywereasignificantmaritimepresenceintheArctic.AlthoughallbuteradicatedbytheBlackPlagueinthe1300s,theirnomadicmountaincousinscarrythetorchtoday.

PhilEklund,August2015

************************TEXTONBACKOFBOX:Greenland1200AD.Astheweathergetscolder,threeradicallydifferentculturesencountereachotherforthefirsttime.Growinganythingbuthayisimpossible,sotosurviveyoumustnegotiateorfightforcontestedhuntinggroundswhilelearningthesurvivaltacticsoftheothercultures. Winbyoutcompetingferociouspredators,domesticatingwildbeasts,developingnewtoolsandweapons,andflourishingagainsttheodds.COVERART:AconfrontationbetweenNorseandThuleintheNordrsetahuntinggrounds.Thiscouldevenbethehistoricfirstencounterofthetwocultures,aftertheThulemigratedthisfarsoutharound1200CE.TheThulearearmedwithtoggleheadharpoonsandreflexcablebackedbows.Theicecrawlerisinsealskinbecausethewalrusarenotalarmedwiththeappearanceofmereseals.TheNorse,armedonlywithkillinglancesandaxes,appeartobeabitlowoniron.

GAMESVS.SIMULATIONS,anessaybyPhilEklundSometimesIamtoldthatmyworksarenotgames,butsimulations.Iusuallycounterthatgamesvs.simulationsisafalsedichotomy,andaskmydetractortodefinewhatagameorsimulationis.Heinvariablydeclines,perhapsassertingthatdefinitionsareunimportantorsubjective.

Letmestatemythesisplain.Althoughnotallsimulationsaregames,allgamesaresimulations,definingsimulationasaselectiverecreationofreality.Further,allgamesareworksofart,definingartastheselectiverecreationofrealityaccordingtoanartistsvaluejudgments,followingtheprinciplesofaesthetics.

Agamecanbecomparedtoanothergreatartform,thenovel.Bothhaveaprotagonistwithachallengetoovercome,andaconclusionwherethestruggleisresolved.Inboth,theprotagonistcansucceedorfail.Bothrevealtheartistsvaluejudgementsandultimatelyhisphilosophy.Bothobeyaestheticprinciples:plot,structure,goals,selectivityofsubject,clarityofexpression,andintegrationofgameelements.

Inasolitairegame,thechallengetobeovercomeisinthegameprocesses.Inamultiplayergame,muchofthechallengecomesfromthedecisionsandskillsofyouropponents.Butwinningissecondarytothe

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experienceandstory.

Inmymostrecentgame,Greenland,theemphasisisontheexcitingstorytobetold.Indeed,eventhoughtheturnsareagenerationlong,thesagaunfoldsasifinaroleplayinggame.Supposeyourswordbreaksinbattle.IfthiswereDnD,youwouldcurseandgototheblacksmithtofixit.Butwhatiftheblacksmithstarvedgenerationsagoandhiscraftwaslost?Oriftherewasnotenoughironorfueltospareforacharcoalfurnace?Whatifthedefenseofyourentireculturecenteredaroundonepieceofmetal,handeddownfromgenerationtogeneration?

ForthedesignofGreenland,Iincludedeverythingimportantforsurvivalofaculture,usingvaluejudgementsbasedonmyphilosophytodetermineimportance.Asaboardgameauteur,Iintegratedeveryelementintoanartisticwhole,accordingtomyvision.Avisiondistinctenoughthatmostcanrecognizemyworkwithoutseeingmyname.

Tobeanartist,youneedsomethingtoconvey.Youneedtobelieveinsomething.Youneedcontext,principles,andlongrangedirectionyouneedconnectionamongyourgoals,coherenceamongyourturns,andabroadoverviewunitingyourdisparateexperiences,conclusions,andactionsintoasum.Inshort,everyartistneedsaphilosophy,themeansbywhichhecomestomakevaluejudgements.

Areveryabstractgamesalsorecreationsofreality?Toalesserextent,butyes.Realityrunsbyparticularrules,calledLawsofScience,andfavorsthosewhomasterstherules.Inthisway,therulesofeventhemostabstractgamesmirrorreality.

Thereisapostmodernisttheoryofartthatclaimsitisuptotheviewertointerpretorprovidemeaning.However,randomsplashesofpaintorplotlesswordsaladsarenotart.Andonewhohasnoclearlyexpressedvision,orisconcernedonlywithwhatistrendy,popular,orfadish,isnoartist.

ANOTHERESSAYByPhilEklundThoughtsOnThoughts,WordsOnWords.(AnEssaywithNothingandEverythingtodowithGreenland)

Asecrettheaterofspeechlessmonologueandprevenientcounsel,...Awholekingdomwhereeachofusreignsreclusivelyalone,questioningwhatwewill,commandingwhatwecan.Ahiddenhermitagewherewemaystudyoutthetroubledbookofwhatwehavedoneandyetmaydo.ishowJulianJaynesdescribestherunningdialogofwordsthatformstheconsciousnessofeachofus.Butwhoistalkingtowhom?Itisasifonesideofthebrainisspeakingtotheother.Thisdividedbrainiscalledthebicameralbrain,andthehypothesisisthatthebrainorganizesitselfandcomestodecisionsdifferentlybecauseofthepowerofwords.PrimitivepeoplessuchastheTunithadabrainidenticaltoourselves,andyetlackingourvocabularymaynothavebeenconsciousthewayweare.

Andwhywords?Whynotpictures?Wordsareunappreciatedeconomiesofthought.Theystandforabstractionssuchasjustice,truth,andintegrationssuchasdeciduousorbicameral.Evenprepositionsandarticlesareimportantgrammaticalfeaturesimpossibletoconveywithpictures.Thisisevenmoreimportantwhencommunicatingwithyourselfthanitiswithothers!ThisiswhyIchosetowritethisrulebookinwords,andwhyyourlibrarylikelycontainsamillionwordsforeverypicture.Everywordisworthamillionpictures.

YouwilllikelygetindignantifIsuggestthatyourmemoriesarestoredaswords,andmerelyreconstructedvisuallyina

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mindspace.No,mymemoriesareimages,storedinthebrainpixelbypixel,youmaysputter.Butdoafewsimpleexperiments.Openabook,studyapageforoneminute,thentrytoreconstructitonasheetofpaper.Ifyourmindstoredanimageofthepage,yourreconstructionwouldbebaseduponthatpicture,perhapsblurryiftheeyehadnotimetoprocesseverything.Butinsteadyourreconstructionwillbethephrasesandwordsyourecall,andtheirpositiononthepagewillnotmatchthereality.Youmightrecalltheforksinyourdrawer,butnothowmanytinestheyhave.Youmayrememberyourfirstcar,butnotitslicensenumber.Ortakeareallyvividmemory,andaskyourself:whatistheshapeoftheframeofthisimageIhavereconstructed?Wheredoesthehorizonintersectthebodyofthefigure?Isthisamovingimage,andifsohowmanyframesdoesitmovebeforeitrepeats?Allquestionseasilyansweredifthememoriesarestoredasimages,yettheyarenot.

Naturally,wehadnosuchtorrentofwordsbeforeweasinfantslearnedany.Weareborntabularasa,inthewordsofLocke.Imagineyouareasuperintelligentanimal,abletolearneasily,butwithnovocabulary.Atigerperhaps.OrHelenKelleratage7.Askyourself,whatwouldyourlifebelikewithouttheconstantdialogueofverbalthoughts?Whatwouldyourtechnologybelikeifyoucouldnotvisualizetheproductbeforeyoumakeit?Whatwouldyourvolitionbelikeifyoucouldnotdanceoutthealternativesinthetheaterofyourownmind?Whatwouldyoursexlifebelikeifyoucouldnotfantasizeaboutit?

Allanimalmindsusenonverbalconcepts,sometimescalledpercepts,asunitstohelpthemorganizetheirotherwisechaoticaudioandvisualinputs.Theseperceptsareusedinlearningandinstinctualbehavior.Ifmappedintowords,thestagetheTunitwereat,thencommunicationwithothersispossible.Butitisnotknownatwhatlingualstagethemoderntorrentofselfcommunicationkicksin.Ifthetwohalvesofthebrainorganizedinformationmoredistinctlythantheyareusingthemodernvocabulary,thenperhapsonehalf(thegodside)didthewordprocessingandinstructedverballytheotherhalf(themanside)whattodo(followingearlierdecisionmakingusingperceptsinsteadofwords).AccordingtoJaynes,theseinstructionstravelbetweenthehalvesovertheanteriorcommissure,anervebundleofunknownfunction,andselfcommunicationsareexperiencedasvoices,thestoredadmonitorywisdomofoneslife.

Thesevoicesarefactual,concrete,behavioristic,formalistic,commanding,andwithoutgreeting.Theyareautomaticallyandunconsciouslyfollowed.Selfreferentialbehaviorisimpossible,suchaslying,suicide,volitionbyvisualizingalternatives,orquestioningorreflectingonthevoices.AccordingtoMithen,theearlyhumanmindmixedthewordforanimal,withvariouswordsforsocialtransactions.Thismentalchimera,animalsmakingsocialtransactions,inspiredtheTunitbirdwomangods.Mixingthewordoutsidersandwithwordsforthingsinspiredaconceptofpeopleasobjectstobemanipulated,thebasisofTunitracismandtaboos.Andfinallythemostimportantwordsofall,theanalogIandthemetaphorme.Graspingthesecreatesaselfdwellinginanintrospectablementalworld.Thisnoveldecisionmakingagency(i.e.consciousness)partiallysuppressedthepreviousdecisionmakingagency,thegodvoices.Aterrifyingexperience!Robbedofthehallucinatedauthorityhereliedonhisentirelife,thenewlyconsciouspersonattemptedtocoaxthegodstospeakagainbyemployingritual,chants,handheldidolsand/oralcohol.OrheappealedtoaspecializedElder(ashamanororaclewhouseddrugstoremaininthebicameralstate)tomakehisdecisionsforhim.Ifanimportantauthorityfigureinhislifedied,thepersonwouldtreatthedeceasedasstillalive,inordertokeeptherememberedvoicesalive.InNorsefunerals,thedeadwereoutfittedwithfood,drink,horses,weapons,andservants,nottospeedthedeadintotheafterlife,buttoenablethesurvivorstohallucinatetheauthoritativevoicesmoreeasily.

TheTunitneverlearnedthebow,andtheNorseneverlearnedtheharpoon,factorscontributingtotheirdemise.TherichvocabularyandtechnologyoftheThule(althoughitsanurbanmyththattheInuittonguehasmorewordsforsnowthanEnglish)indicatesthattheymadeconsciousdecisionsthemodernwaybymanipulatingverbalconceptsinamindspace.Muchaswedoifwedecidebetweentwoalternativesbyimaginingourselvesactingoutthetwopossibilities.Althoughshamanismstillhadarole,thepolytheisticgodswerealmostobsolete,explainingwhymonotheisticChristianitysoeffortlesslytoppledtheoldInuitandNorsepanoply.

Inthisgame,richnessofvocabularyissimulatedbyyourhandsize(asitisinmygamesOriginsandHighFrontier).ItwouldhavebeeneasiertocallthetwosidesoftheElderCardpaganismandChristianity,butthatwouldhavedetractedfromthefundamentalnatureoftheOrwellianthesisofthisgame:thatwhatyourmindcanholdislimitedbyyourvocabulary.Andthemorecontroversialthesisthatyoursenseofselfisasocialconstruct,andbelowsomelexiconthresholdyourmindisincapableofselfreflectionandyoumustmakedecisionsandformmemoriesinanentirelydifferentway.

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Allthefoundersofmodernreligionsheardthevoicesclearly.AmongthemMosesandtheburningbush,Jesusinthedesert,PaulontheroadtoDamascus,Muhammadinthecave,JoanofArcinthefield,Luthersthunderstormandinkspot,andJosephSmithatCumorah.Christianityaccommodatedthisclassofpersonsbyformingmonasteriesandnunneries,or,lessbenignly,byburningatthestake,iconoclasm(smashingthehandheldidolsusedtoinvokethebicameralmind),andexorcisms.TheChristianangels,devils,andeventheTrinitycanbeinterpretedascompromiseswithpolytheism.AlloftheseelementswerepresentinVikingGreenland(includingmonasteriesandconvents!).Andallarebizarreandinexplicablewithoutsomethinglikethebicameraltheory.

PhilEklund

AlthoughslavesweretakenbytheThuleandNorsecultures,slaverywasnotverysignificantinGreenland.Infact,theslavestakentoGreenlandbytheVikingswerefreedwithinageneration.Myinterpretationisthatslaveryasaninstitutionisanimmoralluxuryandawasteofmanpowerthatcannotbeaffordedonthefrontier.Slaveryasdefinedasonemanunderforcetoservetheinterestsofanother,couldnotexistinthebicameralera,wheneveryonewasaslavetothegodsintheirheads,anddisobediencewasnotyetinvented.Slaverylikelygotitsstartwhenpartsofthepopulationbecameconscious,justimaginehowCortezandPizarroenslavedentirebicameralcivilizations.ForaHollywoodcomedicdepictionofonemanconsciousinabicameralworld,watchTheInventionofLying.

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