GREENHOUSE ENVIRONMENT CONTROLLING ROBOT

e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )

Volume:03/Issue:09/September-2021 Impact Factor- 6.752 www.irjmets.com

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

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GREENHOUSE ENVIRONMENT CONTROLLING ROBOT

Vinaya Pandurang Chandanshiv*1, Prof. S.K. Kapde*2

*1P.G. Student, Dept Of Electronics And Telecommunication Engineering, Deogiri College Of

Engineering And Management, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.

*2Assistant Professor, Dept Of Electronics And Telecommunication Engineering, Deogiri College Of

Engineering And Management, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.

ABSTRACT

In this project an automated greenhouse robot was built with the purpose of controlling the greenhouse

environment Parameters such as tempreture and humidity. The microcontroller used to create the automated

greenhouse robot was an AT89s51. This project utilizes three different sensors, a humidity sensor, a Light

sensor and a temperature sensor. The 2sensors are controlling the two Relays which are a fan (for cooling) and

a bulb (for heating). The fan is used to change the temperature and the bulb is used to heat the plants. The

humidity control system and the temperature control system were tested both separately and together. The

result showed that the tempreture and humidity could be maintained in the desired range.

Keywords: Light Sensor, Temperature Sensor, Humidity Sensor, Monitoring, Controlling, PIC Microcontroller.

I. INTRODUCTION

Greenhouses plays a major role in today's agriculture since farmers can grow plants under controlled climatic

conditions and can optimize production. The greenhouses are usually built-in areas where the climatic

condition for the growth of plants are not optimal so requires some artificial setups to bring about productivity.

Automating process of a greenhouse requires monitoring and controlling of the climatic parameters. With the

increasing population and the need of the human being for more space has led to reduction of forests, farm etc.

This in turn results in global heating which has adverse effects on our life. The importance of plants, trees is

thus increasing with time. This led us to do a project on the greenhouse, a place we can grow plants of different

varieties under one roof. Using machine tools and robotics new harvesting systems are starting to emerge for

high value crops. Here in this project, we are monitoring and controlling the different parameters through

microcontroller. The applications of instrumental robotics are spreading everyday to cover further domains as

the opportunity of replacing humans’ operators provides effective solutions with return on investment. This is

especially important when duties, that need to be performed, are potentially harmful for the society or the

health of the worker, or when more conservative issues are granted by robotics. Heavy chemicals or drug

dispenser, manure or fertilizers spreaders, etc. are activities more and more concerned by the deployment of

unmanned options greenhouses are translucent glass or plastic constructions for hastening the growth of the

plants. The distribution of plants inside greenhouses usually consists of an alteration of double rows of plants

and narrow corridors for human operation and walkway. This kind of agricultural technique is massively used

for intensive production of horticultural products in region with adverse natural climatic conditions, since it

allows a more effective use of water and daylight.

1.1 Project specification

This project deals with the monitoring and controlling of the greenhouse parameters such as humidity,

temperature and light. Here we have designed a microcontroller-based prototype model where we are

controlling the above-mentioned parameters through the microcontroller. Here we are monitoring parameters

like temperature, light and humidity. For measurement of these parameters, we need sensors which respond to

the changes in the parameters appropriately. Hence, we have used LM35 as temperature sensors, SY-HS-220 as

the humidity sensor and LDR as the light sensor. As the signals measured are of very low value therefore their

amplification is very necessary. Hence LM324 has been used as a non-inverting amplifier. As LM324 contains 4

op-amps per IC hence it has been used. For the purpose of analog to digital conversion we have used ADC0808.

We are using it as 3:1 multiplexer. IC 555 has been used as a timer IC to provide a clock signal to the ADC0808.

It is used as astable multivibrator with 50% duty cycle for 220 KHz frequency. The heart of the project i.e., the

microcontroller is AT89S51. It is used because of its larger memory. The display is done through 16×2-line LCD.

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We can also use 4 lines LCD. MAX232 has been used for the interfacing purpose. With the help of this IC, we can

display the data on the computer also. For storing the data for the future use we used EEPROM IC 24C16. The

power module consists of IC7805 for 5V supply and IC7812 for 12V supply.

1.2 Inputs defined in project & their purpose

The input signal in our project is generated through the sensors which are used for sensing the light,

temperature and humidity. The sensors used are:

1. LDR

2. LM35

3. SY-HS-220

1. LDR: The LDR is used for the purpose of light detection. It is a light dependent resistor. The LDR is the

simplest light detector.

2. LM35: The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is

linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear

temperature sensors calibrated in ºKelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage

from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling.

3. SY-HS-220: Humidity transmitter provides a high accuracy of 4 to 20mA humidity measurement Accuracies

of 2% RH is available.

1.3 Outputs defined in project & their purpose

The outputs used in the project are

1. Fan

2. Exhaust

3. Heater

1. Fan: The fan is used at the time of increase in the humidity. The fans are used to bring down the moisture

content in the air and thus bring it back within the required range which is set previously.

2. Exhaust: The exhaust fans are used to bring back the temperature within the required level i.e. the higher

range and the lower range which is set previously using the keypad.

3. Heaters: The heaters are used to increase the temperature if the temperature falls below the required

the heater gets switched off when the temperature comes back within the range.

II. BLOCK DIAGRAM

The block diagram consists of six main parts. These are:

1. The sensors

2. ADC

3. Keypad

4. EEPROM

5. Microcontroller

6. The controllers and display

There are 3 sensors blocks i.e., the temperature sensor and amplifier block, the light sensor and amplifier block

and the humidity sensor and amplifier block. The function of this block is to sense the changes in the light,

temperature and humidity respectively and give the output, which is then amplified by the amplifier. The

sensor block basically consists of the sensors and the op-amps. The amplified output is then given to the ADC

for analog to digital conversion. The ADC also provides the control signals to the microcontroller. There is a

keypad which is used to set the temperature ranges, light and humidity, so that the output values can be

compared with these reference values. It also serves the purpose of displaying the various options. The ADC

and the keypad are interfaced with the microcontroller. The microcontroller controls all the output action. The

input from the ADC is used to provide display to the LCD. The microcontroller also provides the data to the

EEPROM where the readings are stored after every certain specified time. This stored data can be checked by

the user, whenever required. The output from the microcontroller is then given to the controller blocks i.e., the






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temperature controller, the humidity controller and the motor. The output from the microcontroller is also

given to the PC interface block, which allows data which is being displayed on the LCD to be displayed on the

computer for further calculations, manipulations.

Block diagram

Temperature sensor and amplifier: Temperature sensor is the sensor that measures the amount of heat that

it observes. There are contact and non-contact type of temperature sensors.

Light sensor: Light sensor is the sensor that measures the amount of the light that it sees. Light sensors are

devices convert light energy or affect some electrical parameters. The output of the LDR light sensor is in the

form of resistance.

Humidity sensor: Humidity sensor is the sensor that measures the percentage of moisture content i.e., the

humidity in the air.

ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC): -ADC is used as a signal conditioner, which is given as an input to

the micro controller. Most of the information carrying signals such as voltage, current, temperature, pressure

and time are available in analog form.

Block diagram of Power Supply Module

MICRO-CONTROLLER (8051): It is the major part of the system. It maintains the temperature, humidity and

light intensity to the desired value. The 8051 has one serial port that receives and transmits data. Transmission

and reception can take place simultaneously.

Temperature

Sensor &

Amplifier

ADC

Micro-

controller

LCD Display

Relay 1

Motor

Driver

Humidity

Sensor

Relay 2

Buzzer

Light Sensor

Moto

r

1

Motor 2

Filter

Capacitor

Transformer Rectifier

(Bridge)

Voltage

Regulator

5VDC






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Photograph of an 89s51 microcontroller

LCD DISPLAY: It is used to display the current values of the measuring quantities. It can be used to display the

various options and all the readings that have been stored in the EEPROM. LCD or 7 segment LED display can be

used. Here the LCD used is the 16×2-line LCD.

Photograph of A typical 16 by 2 alphanumeric LCD display

Relay: Relay is used to control the on/off operation of device. Relays are driven by the transistors. We are using

single pole double throw (SPDT) relay.

Temperature Controller: The error between the reference and present value is given to the temperature

controller, which responds correspondingly to the error and gives the feedback to the sensors.

Humidity Controller: The error between the reference and present value is given to the humidity controller,

which responds correspondingly to the error and gives the feedback to the sensors.

DC Motor: A DC motor is a mechanically commutated electric motor powered from direct current (DC). In DC

motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism.

III. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.1 Circuit Design Procedure

The circuit designing has been divided into three parts. The first part comprises of the op-amps and sensors,

the second part comprises of the processing and displaying part i.e., the microcontroller, ADC, and the LCD. The

third part comprise of the output i.e., the relays through which the controlling action is taken. The first board

consists of one operational amplifier and three sensors. The operational amplifier used is LM358. It is a 8 pin IC

and which consists of 2 op-amps. The op-amp is used as an amplifier. The sensors used for measurement of

temperature, light and humidity are LDR, LM35, SY-HS-220(R).

LDR is the simplest type of light sensor. It is most sensitive to visible light in red. There other sensors also

available like infrared reflectance sensor, infrared slotted optical switch, modulated infrared light detector etc.

But as the name suggests they are sensitive to both visible and infrared light. Our requirement is limited till

visible light only hence LDR is used. Also, LDR is cost effective and readily available in the market.

LM35 is the temperature sensor. This is the simplest type of temperature sensor. We are using the plastic

package LM35DP. The operating temperature range is from -55 to 150ºC. The humidity sensor used is SY-HS-

220. These are available in three types, outside air, duct and room humidity sensor. Since our requirement is of

room humidity hence, we have used SY-HS-220(R). The operating temperature range is from 0 to 70ºC. Also,

the output range is from 4-20 mA. The sensor is readily available in the market. The only drawback is that it is

quite costly.

There are 3 pots used of 10k each, 3 resistors of 2.2k each and 6 resistors of 1k each. The resistors are used for

the gain purpose. The 1k resistor which is connected through pin no. 6 and 13 to the ground act as

compensating resistors. The 20k pot is adjusted to give a voltage of 5V at 60º. From here on the temperature is






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calibrated in steps of 5º reducing and each step corresponds to a certain voltage. This is done by plotting a

graph. The second part is the processing and the display circuit. It also consists of the power supply module.

Power supply is a vital part of all electronic systems. This circuit is required to drive the various components

on the board. It is a normal Voltage Regulator built with ubiquitous Transformer-Bridge Rectifier-Filter-

Regulator assembly. We require a 5 V supply for digital IC’s.A 230-12 V step down transformer is used, the

output of which is 12V AC. This is applied to the bridge rectifier formed by diodes 1N 4007. The output of the

bridge rectifier is DC, which contains a lot of ripples. To remove this ripple, a capacitor filter (C-filter) is used.

The output of this filter is unregulated DC voltage. To regulate this, a 3-pin regulator IC-7805 is used. The 100

The unregulated input applied to the relay driver ULN 2003 is unregulated DC voltage which is obtained from

the filter output. IC 7805 and 7812 is used for the 12V and 5V supply. These are the standard ICs available for

the required power supply. The supply to other 2 boards is given from this board through 2 and 3 pin

connectors. The value of the capacitors is calculated according to the requirement Here the requirement is of

12V hence we need a 2200µF capacitor. The other capacitor i.e., the 100µF is also selected according to it.

ADC0808 is the analog to digital converter. The data from the sensors through the op-amp is given to this IC. It

uses the successive approximation technique. We can use ADC0809, ADC0404 etc. the difference between 0808

and 0809 is of total unadjusted error (±1/2 or ±1 lbs.). Though we can also use ADC0404 but from

programming point of view we use ADC0808. It converts the analog signals into digital signals. It has easy

interface with the microcontrollers.

The microcontroller AT89S51 is used for the processing purpose. It is a 40 pin IC. We have not used AT89S51

because of the memory requirement. The crystal used is 11.059MHz and the capacitors should have value

between 1o to 40Pf. Here the capacitors used are the 33pF standard capacitor. A resistor of 10K and a capacitor

of 10µf are used for the reset. It takes input from the ADC and display the data on the LCD.

IC555 is used as a timer IC. It provides clock signal to the ADC0808. It is an 8 pin IC. The IC is used at 220 KHz

with 50% duty cycle. Hence the value of the resistor and the capacitor is calculated from this value. Here we

have used 2 resistors of 2.2K, a capacitor of .1µF and a capacitor of 1Pf. This is a standard timer IC. It is used as

an astable multivibrator. IN4007 diode is used to bypass the positive spikes.

Circuit Design of The Main Board






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Circuit Diagram of The Project

MAX232 is used for the interfacing purpose. The data can be sent to the computer through a RS232 and dB9

connector. It is a 16 pin IC. It is a dual driver receiver. Other ICs that can be used for interfacing purpose are

MAX200 series, but this is the most easily available IC hence used. It has 5 capacitors of 1µF each. These are the

standard values.

The EEPROM IC used is 24C16. It used for the purpose of storing the data for future requirement. It is an 8 pin

IC. It uses 2 resistors of 4.7K each used as pull up resistors. The LCD is used for the display purpose. It is a

16char × 2-line LCD. It has a Viewing Area of 66 x 16mm, Character Size of 2.96 x 5.56mm, Character Pitch of

3.55 x 5.94mm, Character Font of 5x7 dots and Dot Size of 0.56 x 0.66mm. It has 96 inbuilt ASCII characters, 92






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special characters and 8 custom characters. We can also use 16char × 4-line LCD, but since our requirement is

of 2 lines only hence, we have used this LCD. Here an array of resistor is used with 8 resistors of 4.7K each used

as pull up resistors. These are standard values of the pull-up resistor. A pot of 4.7K is also used for contrast

adjustment. We can also use any other value pot. Power supply is a vital part of all electronic systems. This

circuit is required to drive the various components on the board. It is a normal Voltage Regulator built with

ubiquitous Transformer-Bridge Rectifier-Filter-Regulator assembly. We require a 5 V supply for digital IC’s. A

230-12 V step down transformer is used, the output of which is 12V AC. This is applied to the bridge rectifier

formed by diodes 1N 4007. The output of the bridge rectifier is DC, which contains a lot of ripples. To remove

this ripple, a capacitor filter (C-filter) is used. The output of this filter is unregulated DC voltage. To regulate

this, a 3-pin regulator IC-7805 is used. The 100 The unregulated input applied to the relay driver ULN 2003 is

unregulated DC voltage which is obtained from the filter output.

IC 7805 and 7812 is used for the 12V and 5V supply. These are the standard ICs available for the required

power supply. The supply to other 2 boards is given from this board through 2 and 3 pin connectors. The value

of the capacitors is calculated according to the requirement Here the requirement is of 12V hence we need a

2200µF capacitor. The other capacitor i.e., the 100µF is also selected according to it. ADC0808 is the analog to

digital converter. The data from the sensors through the op-amp is given to this IC. It uses the successive

approximation technique. We can use ADC0809, ADC0404 etc. the difference between 0808 and 0809 is of total

unadjusted error (±1/2 or ±1 lbs.). Though we can also use ADC0404 but from programming point of view we

use ADC0808. It converts the analog signals into digital signals. It has easy interface with the microcontrollers.

Circuit Design of The Output Board

The microcontroller AT89S51 is used for the processing purpose. It is a 40 pin IC. We have not used AT89S51

because of the memory requirement. The crystal used is 11.059MHz and the capacitors should have value

between 1o to 40Pf. Here the capacitors used are the 33pF standard capacitor. A resistor of 10K and a capacitor

of 10µf are used for the reset. It takes input from the ADC and display the data on the LCD. IC555 is used as a

timer IC. It provides clock signal to the ADC0808. It is an 8 pin IC. The IC is used at 220 KHz with 50% duty

cycle. Hence the value of the resistor and the capacitor is calculated from this value. Here we have used 2

resistors of 2.2K, a capacitor of .1µF and a capacitor of 1Pf. This is a standard timer IC. It is used as an astable

multivibrator. IN4007 diode is used to bypass the positive spikes. MAX232 is used for the interfacing purpose.

The data can be sent to the computer through a RS232 and dB9 connector. It is a 16 pin IC. It is a dual driver

receiver.






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IV. EXPLAINATION OF CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

The AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system

programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory

technology and is compatible with the industry- standard 80C51 instruction set and pin-out. The on-chip Flash

allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory

programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the

Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to

many embedded control applications.

The AT89S51 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines,

Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a

full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S51 is designed with static

logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle

Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue

functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip

functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.

MICROCONTROLLER:

Pin Connections of microcontroller is as given in table below. LCD is connected to complete Port 0 and three

pins of Port 2. Motor Driver IC is connected to four pins of Port 2 of Microcontroller. Keypad is connected to the

complete Port 1. IR receiver is connected to two pins of Port 3. Also, we have to connect some external devices

to microcontroller such as Reset circuit, crystal circuit, and pull-up resistor along with DC power supply of 5

volts. Reset circuit consists of a 10 micro farad capacitor along with 10 K Ohm resistor, Crystal circuit consist of

a 12 MHz crystal along with two capacitors of 33 Pico farad. And pull-up resistor consists eight inbuilt resistors.

Pin no. description Pin no. Description

P0.0 LCD Pin no. 7 P2.0 Keypad pin 1




P0.4 LCD Pin no. 11 P2.4 Not Connected

P0.5 LCD Pin no. 12 P2.5 Not Connected

P0.6 LCD Pin no. 13 P2.6 LCD Pin no. 4

P0.7 LCD Pin no. 14 P2.7 LCD Pin no. 6

P1.0 ADC Data bus 1 P3.0 Not Connected




P1.4 ADC Data bus 5 P3.4 ADC ctrl pin 1








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DC MOTOR

A DC motor is a mechanically commutated electric motor powered from direct current (DC). In DC motor,

operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying conductor generates a magnetic field; when

this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it will experience a force proportional to the current in the

conductor, and to the strength of the external magnetic field. Opposite (North and South) polarities of magnet

attract, while like polarities (North and North, South and South) repel. Internal configuration of a DC motor is

designed to harness the magnetic interaction between a current-carrying conductor and external magnetic field

to generate rotational motion.

Buzzer

A buzzer is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical

uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and confirmation of user input. In simplest terms, a

piezo buzzer is a type of electronic device that’s used to produce a tone, alarm or sound. It’s lightweight with a

simple construction, and it’s typically a low-cost product.

V. PCB LAYOUT

A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components

using conductive pathways, tracks or traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive

substrate. It is also referred to as printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. A PCB populated with

electronic components is a printed circuit assembly (PCA), also known as a printed circuit board assembly

(PCBA).

1. PCBs are necessary for connecting a large number of electronic components in a very small area with

minimum parasitic effects.

2. PCBs are simulated with mass production with less chance of writing error.

3. Small components are easily mounted.

4. Servicing in simplified.

PCB Layout of the project






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VI. LIST OF COMPONENTS

Integrated circuits

List of integrated circuits

SR. NO. COMPONENT VALUE UNIT QUANTITY

1 AT89C52 - - 1

2 ADC0808 - - 1

3 MAX232 - - 1

4 7805 - - 1

5 7812 - - 1

6 555 - - 1

7 LM324 - - 2

8 BC557 - - 4

Power supply

List of power supply components

SR. NO. COMPONENTS VALUE UNIT QUANTITY

1 TRANSFORMER 0-15V / 1A VOLTS AMPS 1

2 CAPACITOR 2200 µF 1


4 DIODES(1N4007) - - 4

5 CAPACITOR 0.1 µF 1

Other components

SR. NO. COMPONENTS VALUE UNIT QUANTITY

1 RESISTORS 10 KOHMS 12



4 RESISTORS 4.7 KOHMS ARRAY


6 CAPACITOR 0.1 µF 2

7 PAPER CAPACITOR 22 PF 2

8 LCD - - 1

9 LM35 - - 1

10 LDR 10 KOHMS 1

11 SY-HS-220 - - 1

12 CRYSTAL 3.5 MHz 1

13 LED - - 7

14 RELAY - - 6

15 POT 10 KOHMS 2

16 POT 20 KOHMS 3






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17 POT 4.7 KOHMS 1

VII. ACTUAL HARDWARE OF PROJECT

Real project picture

VIII. CONCLUSION

We conclude that the various parameters of the greenhouse such as temperature, light, and humidity play a

great role in the plant growth and should remain within the required range. here in this project, we have

successfully monitored and controlled the parameters through various sensors and controllers.






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This is one of the important projects amongst various agriculture projects for engineering students. This

project consists of temperature, humidity monitoring & controlling and light monitoring. This unit is installed

on a robot which moves through the greenhouse on a predefined track. This High technology farming project

will consist of three basis modules. First is “Parameters Monitoring” second is “Parameters Controlling” and

third is automatic movement of Robot on a predefined path.

IX. REFERENCES [1] Ganesh Kumar and Vasanth Sena, “Novel Artificial Neural Networks and Logistic Approach for

Detecting Credit Card Deceit,” International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, Vol. 15,

issue 9, Sep. 2015, pp. 222-234

[2] Gyusoo Kim and Seulgi Lee, “2014 Payment Research”, Bank of Korea, Vol. 2015, No. 1, Jan. 2015.

[3] Chengwei Liu, Yixiang Chan, Syed Hasnain Alam Kazmi, Hao Fu, “Financial Fraud Detection Model:

Based on Random Forest,” International Journal of Economics and Finance, Vol. 7, Issue. 7, pp. 178-188,

2015.

[4] Hitesh D. Bambhava, Prof. Jayeshkumar Pitroda, Prof. Jaydev J. Bhavsar (2013), “A Comparative Study

on Bamboo Scaffolding and Metal Scaffolding in Construction Industry Using Statistical Methods”,

International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2013,

Pg.2330-2337.

[5] P. Ganesh Prabhu, D. Ambika, “Study on Behaviour of Workers in Construction Industry to Improve

Production Efficiency”, International Journal of Civil, Structural, Environmental and Infrastructure

Engineering Research and Development (IJCSEIERD), Vol. 3, Issue 1, Mar 2013, 59-66

BOOKS:

[6] Kenneth. J. Ayala – The 8051 Micro-Controller.

[7] Douglas Hal

[8] PHILIPS Handbook

[9] Lampex.

[10] N. C. Goyal -R. K. Khaitan – A Monograph on Electronics Design Principles

[11] R. S. Gaonkar.

[12] U.P Bakshi - A.P Godse- Integrated Circuits and Applications

WEBSITES:

[13] www.ATMEL.com

[14] www.nsc.com

[15] www.spj.com


https://www.projectsof8051.com/agricultural-electronics-projects/

http://www.atmel.com/

http://www.nsc.com/

http://www.spj.com/

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GREENHOUSE ENVIRONMENT CONTROLLING ROBOT