Green Strategies For Historic Buildings Jean Carroon FAIA LEED Principal for Preservation Goody Clancy [email protected]

Green Strategies For

Historic Buildings

Jean Carroon FAIA LEEDPrincipal for Preservation

Goody [email protected]

1. Green Buildings – Terms and Tools2. Sustainable Development- Tools

Ecosystems – Water and Waste

3. Energy & Buildings 4. Changing Priorities Ahead

– Process– Product (Case Studies)– Resources

Four Master Lectures

June 4, 2009 Green Strategies - Carroon 2

Energy, Buildings and Us

• Problem• Current Solutions – do they work?• Existing Buildings – essential solutions

– Houses– Main Street

• The Bigger Picture

Green Strategies - Carroon 3June 4, 2009

Green Strategies - Carroon Portland, Maine 4June 4, 2009

CO2 Emissions Comparison

Green Strategies - Carroon Portland, Maine 5June 4, 2009

Source: World Resources Institute (Climate Analysis Indicators Tool; online at http://cait.wri.org/figures.php)

http://cait.wri.org/figures.php

http://cait.wri.org/figures.php?page=USToIntlGHGMap-Regions&view=100

AIABuildings are the major source of

demand for energy and materials that produce by-product greenhouse gases (GHG). Slowing the growth rate of GHG emissions and then reversing it over the next ten years is the key to keeping global warming under one degree centigrade (°C) above today's level. It will require immediate action and a concerted global effort.

"The road to energy independence, economic recovery and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions runs through the Building Sector."-Edward Mazria

June 4, 2009 6Slide by Stephen Tilly

AIA 2030 Challenge

The 2030 Challenge asks the global architecture and building community to adopt the following targets:

• All new buildings, developments and major renovations shall be designed to meet a fossil fuel, GHG-emitting, energy consumption performance standard of 50% of the regional (or country) average for that building type.

• At a minimum, an equal amount of existing building area shall be renovated annually to meet a fossil fuel, GHG-emitting, energy consumption performance standard of 50% of the regional (or country) average for that building type.



AIA 2030 Challenge

• The fossil fuel reduction standard for all new buildings and major renovations shall be increased to:

60% in 201070% in 201580% in 202090% in 2025 Carbon-neutral in 2030 (using no fossil fuel GHG emitting energy to operate).

These targets may be accomplished by implementing innovative sustainable design strategies, generating on-site renewable power and/or purchasing (20% maximum) renewable energy and/or certified renewable energy credits.



Solution - New Buildings – LEED

Oregon Health & Science University Center for Health & Healing LEED Platinum – 16 stories 412,000 SF

9June 4, 2009 Green Strategies - Carroon

Solution - Energy Codes

www.brianbellconstruction.com/custom.htm 4350 SF Energy Efficient HomeA small house built to only moderate energy-performance standards uses substantially less energy for heating and cooling than a large house built to very high energy-performance standards.

Alex Wilson and Jessica Boehland, “Small is Beautiful US House Size, Resource Use and the Environment”, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2005


http://www.brianbellconstruction.com/custom.htm

Photos by Rob Powers (www/builtstlouis.net)Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri

Prince Hall (1904–2006)

By 2030 , we will have demolished and replaced 82 billion square feet of existing buildings. Brookings Institute

The energy required for this could power the entire state of California, the 10th largest economy in the world with 36 million people, for 10 years.

Rehabilitating even 10 % would save enough energy to power the state of New York for well over 1 year.www.preservationnation.org

Solution – Rebuild America

Slide: Jean Carroon, Goody Clancy 11June 4, 2009 Green Strategies - Carroon

Moving Houses in Seattle, WA 1906 during regrade

A Better Solution - Reuse BuildingsEnergy required to make a new energy efficient house is the equivalent of 25 years of end-use energy consumption.www.homeenergy.org – 1997

New energy-efficient homes recover the carbon expended in construction only after 35-50 years of energy efficient operations.New Tricks with Old Brickswww.emptyhomes.com


http://www.homeenergy.org/

http://www.emptyhomes.com/

300 Billion Square Feet of Existing Buildings in the USAoutnumbering new construction 99:1

Source: US Dept of Energy Commercial Building Inventory, 2003

“Energy efficiency options for new and existing buildings could considerably reduce CO2 emisions with net economic benefit .”– IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

300 Billion Square Feet


Clinton Climate Initiative

Clinton Climate Initiative (CCI)• CCI is taking a macro-level approach to addressing climate

change by working with some of the world’s largest cities – and biggest contributors of greenhouse gases – to reduce their carbon emissions through programs that will also encourage economic development.

• By bringing local governments together with financial and technical experts, CCI is helping to develop and implement large scale projects that result in improved energy efficiency and reduced emissions in urban areas around the world.


Buildings are responsible for more than half of harmful greenhouse gas emissions in most cities. CCI’s Energy Efficiency Building Retrofit Program brings together banks, energy services companies, cities, and building owners to perform energy efficiency retrofits that guarantee energy and cost-savings.


CCI• CCI has partnered with Microsoft, ICLEI – Local Governments for

Sustainability, The Center for Neighborhood Technology, and Ascentium to develop Project 2°, a website containing the Emissions Tracker software tool.

• Users input data on emissions producing activities such as fuel and electricity consumption, vehicle numbers, waste production, industrial processes and plane and ship fuel use.

• The software then converts the data into tons of CO2 equivalent, taking into consideration the source and type of energy and fuel used in each area.

• Once cities have a concrete understanding of the amount of greenhouse gas each sector emits, policymakers can then put into place realistic reduction strategies.


100 Million Households

www.lodging4vacations.com/cape-elizabeth accessed 5/21/2009

The average house is 33 years old. www.nahb.com

57 % of households live in single family detached homes and consume 73 % of all residential energy.

“Towards a Climate-Friendly Built Environment” – www.pewclimate.org

Slide: Jean Carroon, Goody Clancy 17June 4, 2009 Green Strategies - Carroon

http://www.lodging4vacations.com/cape-elizabeth

http://www.nahb.com/

Current Residential Energy Use The largest opportunities for improving energy efficiency lie in the residential sector. By 2020, the sector’s energy demand could be 30% lower than today’s levels.

McKinsey Global Institute Wasted Energy: How the US Can Reach Its Energy Productivity PotentialJune 2007

www.eia.doe.com 18June 4,2009 Green Strategies - Carroon

Start with an Energy Audit

energystar.gov http://hes.lbl.gov/19Green Strategies - Carroon

http://www.energystar.gov/

http://hes.lbl.gov/

Change a Light Bulb

20Green Strategies - Carroon

Rebates& Simple Installation

Install a Programmable Thermostat


www.chilliwack.com City of Chilliwack, B.C.

Unplug Electronics When Not in UseEven though your TV, DVD player and computer are turned off, they’re still using electricity. In fact, the Department of Energy estimates that 40 percent of all electricity used to power home electronics is consumed while the products are turned off. www.nstar.com


http://www.chilliwack.com/

Thoughtful Actions Save Resources

• Maintain your boilers and steam traps• Use cold water when you wash • Use a clothes rack (or a clothesline) for drying• Keep refrigerator coils clean • Use a lap top – it’s more energy efficient• Wrap your water heater (better yet –go solar)• Make sure the dishwasher is full• Turn of lights when you leave a room• Don’t heat unused rooms


www.preservationnation.org

• Energy audit• Plant trees • Block air infiltration• Restore porches • Restore awnings• Insulate attic,

basement & crawl space

• Keep doors tight• Use fans, cross

ventilate• Reuse materials


Cost-Effective Green Retrofits 1. Retrocommissioning2. Lighting improvements3. Mechanical system controls4. Mechanical system equipment5. Sealing holes in the envelope6. Green cleaning7. Water savings

Recession-Proof Green Agenda

Green Strategies - CarroonJune 4, 2009 26

Donald FournierSEDAC Program Manager Chair, Building Research Council

School of Architecture University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Saving Energy on Main Street

27

Clients assisted (as of December 31, 2008): Level 1 – 1,318 Level 2 – 342 Level 3 – 157 Level 4 – 164

Completed studies of over 20 million square feet with

over 43,000 employees. An additional 9 million sf underway. Recommended energy savings > $11,800,000. Energy impact of 719,755 million Btu (4,258,234 therms

& 86,147 MWh) and a demand reduction of 19.8 MW.

SEDAC Program Results


Energy Efficiency Examples

Office Buildings: $2.50 to $3.75 in incremental asset value for $1 invested.

Hospitals: Each $1 saved in energy costs equivalent to generating new revenues of $20.

Supermarkets: 10% reduction in energy use is equivalent to increasing net profit margins by 15%.

Hotels: 10% reduction in energy costs is equivalent to increasing Average Daily Rate by 2.6% and increasing Occupancy Rate by 4.3%.

June 4, 2009 29Green Strategies - Carroon

Providing tools by 2020 to enable the building community to produce market-viable NZEBs by 2030.

NZEB means the building produces as much energy as it uses when measured at the site.

ASHRAE Vision 2020

30

Standard 90.1-2007 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Bldgs – 5 to 7% below 2004.

Standard 90.1-2010 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Bldgs: Keeping abreast of technology and increased

efficiency requirements (30 percent reduction from 90.1-2004).

Performance or prescriptive based. Prescriptive paths per weather zone and building

type.

ASHRAE Actions/Initiatives


Advanced Energy Design Guides: 30%, 50%, 75%, then Net Zero Energy Small Buildings (<20,000sf) Office, Retail, K-12 Schools, Warehouses,

Highway Lodging, High-rise Residential, and Existing Buildings.

Schedule: Complete all 30% guides by 2008. Complete all 50% guides by 2011. Complete “net-zero” guidance 2017 (70/30).

Other ASHRAE Actions

32

ASHRAE AEDGsDownload free: http://www.ashrae.org/aedg

33

Energy Efficiency

The cost of saving energy is going down while the price of energy is going up.

Efficiency is the cleanest, cheapest, safest, and most secure source energy we have.

These savings from energy efficiency to date have not yet come close to tapping the full potential for savings.

Incentives/financing: EPAct 2005/EISA 2008 tax deductions and credits. EEPS rebates will encourage efficiency. Cultivate Illinois – low interest loans. 34

Performance Assessment

Accounting of Energy Use and Costs Comparison with Similar Facilities Goals

Tools: Energy Star Target Finder

(>5ksf) Business Energy Analyzer

www.energyguide.com


Investment HorizonsECRM Typical Payback

Motion Sensors 0.5 yr

Tune Up 1 yr

Programmable T-Stat 1 yr

Lighting 1-5yrs

Sealing 2 yrs

Window Films 3 yrs

Insulation 7 yrs

HVAC replacement 12 yrs

Renewable Energy 20 yrs

Windows 25 yrs36

Recommended ECRMs - Store Upgrade Lighting

Zone Lighting Change to more efficient sources (from

incandescent and old fluorescent to Super T8, CFL, LED, CMH, HIR – display only)

Add Lighting Controls (Occupancy, photo, dimmer, timers)

Improve Operation and Control of HVAC Boiler/Furnace tune-up Programmable Thermostat Radiator valves Zoned HVAC

Upgrade Envelope (sealing, insulate, window treatments)

Upgrade HVAC and Appliances37

Recommended ECRMs-Restaurant

Kitchen Energy Management Reduce Idle

Refrigeration Plastic strip doors High efficiency fan motors Floating heat pressure

Modulated Kitchen Ventilation -- Demand Control

Low Flow Pre-Rinse SprayerJune 4, 2009 38Green Strategies - Carroon

Lighting & Controls

Occupancy Photo Dimming Timers


Improved Operation and Control -HVAC Heater tune-up, Programmable T-stat, Radiator valves, Zoned HVAC Free cooling


Equipment Replacement

Heating, Ventilating, & Air-Conditioning: Sealed combustion high efficiency

boilers and furnaces 92%+. High SEER/EER Air-Conditioning

units, SEER15+, EER11.5+. Geothermal heat pumps. Ventilation heat recovery systems. Demand control ventilation, or

scheduled ventilation.


Upgrade Equipment

Replace inefficient appliances can save a lot of energy with a favorable return on investment.

Replacing refrigerators with ENERGY STAR® rated units can sometimes save over $100 per year.

New washers can save both energy and water—how much depends on patterns of use and the characteristics of the old versus new unit.June 4, 2009 42Green Strategies - Carroon

Setting Priorities

Needs Technically Appropriate Biggest Energy Users Biggest Energy Costs Work from End Use Back to Central Plant Capital for Down Payment Rolling Quick Savings into Long Term

InvestmentsJune 4, 2009 43Green Strategies - Carroon

Upgrade Envelope

Building Envelopes (beyond code): Increased insulation levels. Infiltration air sealing and duct

sealing. Better windows (Double Pane,

Low-E, U-values 0.4 or less).


Replacing Windows?

Conventional wisdom may say yes. Generally, you can find a number of other

energy efficiency measures that are more important and cost effective to deal with first.

Sometimes windows need to be replaced: Repair current windows Add an interior pane Use appropriate storms Interior treatments for efficiency (blinds, shades,

and curtains)June 4, 2009 45Green Strategies - Carroon

Window Treatments


New TechnologiesWindow Treatments


Barker Center For the HumanitiesHarvard University, Cambridge, MA

Before

After

Slide: Jean Carroon, Goody Clancy

Daylight & Density


Data - Historic Federal Buildings - 1999

The utility costs for historic federal buildings were 27% less than non-historic.

Overall, the operating costs per rentable square foot for historic buildings were 10 percent less than non-historic buildings. The cleaning costs were 9 percent less. The maintenance costs were 10 percent less.

Financing Historic Federal Buildings;An Analysis of Current PracticeGSA Draft Report May 1999

49

Learning from the PastMinimum Energy Performance:

Building constructedwith high ceilings

operable windows & awnings

Awnings deteriorate & are

removed

Building heats up in warm months

A/C Installed withlowered ceilings & new fixed windows

Poor lighting & ventilation due to

lowered ceilings and lost transoms.

Additional lighting adds heat to the building -stressing A/C system

POOR energy performer

Slide by: Elaine Gallagher Adams, AIA, LEED Rocky Mountain Institute 50

Limited Use License from www.cartoonstock.com NOT FOR REPRODUCTION OR REUSE

http://www.cartoonstock.com/

Resources• www.dsireusa.org• www.preserveamerica.org • www.buildinggreen.com• www.energystar.gov


http://www.buildinggreen.com/



http://www.energystar.gov/

Documents

Green Strategies For Historic Buildings Jean Carroon FAIA LEED Principal for Preservation Goody Clancy [email protected]