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Green Plans/Strategies
Sustainable Development as IntegrationSustainable Development as Integration
Science &Technology
Politics
Society/NationIntegrating
strategy/plan
Environment Environment
Economy
An International Framework
Creating conventions and protocols to govern the international commons
Establishing principles and practices of sustainable development for implementation at national and local levels
The International Framework: Agenda 21
Preamble Agenda 21 addresses the pressing problems of today and also aims at
preparing the world for the challenges of the next century. It reflects a global consensus and political commitment at the highest level on development and environment cooperation. Its successful implementation is first and foremost the responsibility of Governments. National strategies, plans, policies and processes are crucial in achieving this. International cooperation should support and supplement such national efforts. In this context, the United Nations system has a key role to play. Other international, regional and subregional organizations are also called upon to contribute to this effort. The broadest public participation and the active involvement of the non-governmental organizations and other groups should also be encouraged.
Other Important Agreements for the International Framework for SusDev
Biodiversity: Convention on Biological Diversity 1992 Climate Change: Convention on Climate Change 1992; Kyoto
Protocol 1997 Desertification: UN Convention to Combat Desertification in those
Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly Africa 1994
Endangered Species: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) 1973
Hazardous Waste: Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal 1989
Heritage: Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage 1927
Others: Ozone (Montreal Protocol 1987); Oceans (Law of the Sea 1982); Wetlands (Ramsar 1973);
International Development Goals (OECD 1997) Millenium Development Goals (UN 2000)
Agenda 21 - Table of Contents
Preamble
Section 1: Social and Economic DimensionsSection 2 : Conservation and Management of Resources for
DevelopmentSection 3 : Strengthening the Role of Major GroupsSection 4: Means of Implementation
Agenda 21 - Table of ContentsChapter Paragraphs1. Preamble
SECTION I. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS
2. International cooperation to accelerate sustainable development in developing countries and related domestic policies3. Combating poverty4. Changing consumption patterns5. Demographic dynamics and sustainability6. Protecting and promoting human health conditions7. Promoting sustainable human settlement development8. Integrating environment and development in decision-making
SECTION II. CONSERVATION AND MGT OF RESOURCES FOR DEVELOPMENT
9. Protection of the atmosphere10. Integrated approach to the planning and management of land resources11. Combating deforestation12. Managing fragile ecosystems: combating desertification and drought13. Managing fragile ecosystems: sustainable mountain development14. Promoting sustainable agriculture and rural development15. Conservation of biological diversity16. Environmentally sound management of biotechnology17. Protection of the oceans, all kinds of seas, including enclosed and semi-enclosed seas, and coastal areas and the protection, rational use and development of their living resources18. Protection of the quality and supply of freshwater resources: application of integrated approaches to the development, management and use of water resources19. Environmentally sound management of toxic chemicals, including prevention of illegal international traffic in toxic and dangerous products20. Environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes, in hazardous wastes21. Environmentally sound management of solid wastes and sewage-related issues22. Safe and environmentally sound management of radioactive wastes
SECTION III. STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF MAJOR GROUPS
23. Preamble24. Global action for women towards sustainable and equitable development25. Children and youth in sustainable development26. Recognizing and strengthening the role of indigenous people and their communities27. Strengthening the role of non-governmental organizations: partners for sustainable development28. Local authorities' initiatives in support of Agenda 2129. Strengthening the role of workers and their trade unions30. Strengthening the role of business and industry31. Scientific and technological community32. Strengthening the role of farmers
SECTION IV. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION
33. Financial resources and mechanisms34. Transfer of environmentally sound technology, cooperation and capacity-building35. Science for sustainable development36. Promoting education, public awareness and training37. National mechanisms and international cooperation for capacity-building in developing countries38. International institutional arrangements39. International legal instruments and mechanisms40. Information for decision-making
Agenda 21: National Plans 8.7. Governments, in cooperation, where appropriate, with international
organizations, should adopt a national strategy for sustainable development based on, inter alia, the implementation of decisions taken at the Conference, particularly in respect of Agenda 21. This strategy should build upon and harmonize the various sectoral economic, social and environmental policies and plans that are operating in the country. The experience gained through existing planning exercises such as national reports for the Conference, national conservation strategies and environment action plans should be fully used and incorporated into a country-driven sustainable development strategy. Its goals should be to ensure socially responsible economic development while protecting the resource base and the environment for the benefit of future generations. It should be developed through the widest possible participation. It should be based on a thorough assessment of the current situation and initiatives.
Local Strategies (Local Agenda 21)
Agenda 21: Chapter 28
LOCAL AUTHORITIES' INITIATIVES IN SUPPORT OF AGENDA 21
PROGRAMME AREA
Basis for action
28.1. Because so many of the problems and solutions being addressed by Agenda 21 have their roots in local activities, the participation and cooperation of local authorities will be a determining factor in fulfilling its objectives. Local authorities construct, operate and maintain economic, social and environmental infrastructure, oversee planning processes, establish local environmental policies and regulations, and assist in implementing national and subnational environmental policies. As the level of governance closest to the people, they play a vital role in educating, mobilizing and responding to the public to promote sustainable development.
28.3. Each local authority should enter into a dialogue with its citizens, local organizations and private enterprises and adopt "a local Agenda 21". Through consultation and consensus-building, local authorities would learn from citizens and from local, civic, community, business and industrial organizations and acquire the information needed for formulating the best strategies. The process of consultation would increase household awareness of sustainable development issues. Local authority programmes, policies, laws and regulations to achieve Agenda 21 objectives would be assessed and modified, based on local programmes adopted. Strategies could also be used in supporting proposals for local, national, regional and international funding.
28.4. Partnerships should be fostered among relevant organs and organizations such as UNDP, the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) and UNEP, the World Bank, regional banks, the International Union of Local Authorities, the World Association of the Major Metropolises, Summit of Great Cities of the World, the United Towns Organization and other relevant partners, with a view to mobilizing increased international support for local authority programmes. An important goal would be to support, extend and improve existing institutions working in the field of local authority capacity-building and local environment management.
Accepted Principles More Important than Framework
Specifics public trust doctrine precautionary principle inter-generational equity intra-generational equity subsidiarity principle polluter pays principle (PPP) user pays principle (UPP)
Problems with Early SusDev National Plans
Many were not integrated into mainstream strategic planning; Many were “wish lists” lacking clear objectives and achievable
targets; Narrow base of participation and without key stakeholders; Did not support existing processes, strategies, and capacities and tried
to build parallel structure; Many (developing countries) were not led by the country, but by
external agencies; In some developing countries different external agencies pushed
competing strategies
Key Principles based on Experience
People centred Consensus on long term
vision Comprehensive and
integrated Targeted with clear budgetary
priorities Based on comprehensive and
reliable analysis Incorporate monitoring,
learning, and improvement
Country-led and nationally owned
High-level government commitment and influential leading institutions
Building on existing mechanisms and strategies
Effective participation Link national and local levels Develop and build on existing
capacity
Linear Process of Strategy Making
Set of Objectives Social, Economic,
Environmental Set of Processes Participation,
Communications, Analysis, Debate,
Investment, Capacity-building, Monitoring
Coordination System
Strategy for Sustainable Development
Requires balance
Requires co-ordination
Cyclical Process of Strategy Making
Communication Participation Coordination Information
Learning
Plans and investment
Empowerment & capacity building
Mainstreaming SD, controls and incentives
Monitor strategy mechanisms
Monitor SD outcomes
Assessment of issues and debate priorities
Consensus on vision and priority goals
The Netherlands Approach From 1989 National Environmental Policy Plan revised every 4 years Dialogue between government, industry, civil society, public Cabinet established interdepartmental body led by Prime Minister to
develop strategy All policies embedded in susdev concepts (2001) Experiments in integration of economic, socio-cultural, environmental
aspects of government investments Each ministry must overview its contribution to susdev annually in
annual budget Inventory made of susdev initiatives of municipalities, provinces,
business, citizens. Visions, baseline analysis, targets and timelines, triggers, action plans,
institutional plans, indicators set Covenant approach with industrial sectors
Sectors and Community
Sustainable Development as IntegrationSustainable Development as Integration
Science &Technology
Politics
Sector/CommunityIntegrating
plan/strategy
Environment Environment
Economy
Sector and Community Comparison Community focuses on interrelations of people and
institutions within an area Sector focuses on the interrelations of people within an
interdependent set of activities In both stakeholders share responsibilities and participation Both require building of social capital and other capacities Need to integrate technology, economy and politics Strategy Framework: Vision, participation, issue analysis,
targets, implementation plans, indicators and evaluation External linkages and interdependencies
SusDev by Sectors
Sector: Definition
Within a larger system (society, economy, industry), a sector is a distinct subsystem of related components
Why Sectors?
Allows you to deal with the integrated complexity of the susdev challenge at a reasonable level.
‘$50,000 lure’ for minibus LPG switch
1. What physical infrastructure is under development?
2. What land-use considerations are required?
3. What kind of social decisions are being made?
4. Who is involved?5. Are the decisions being made in a
atmosphere of cooperation or conflict?
Sectors as Systems Network and interrelations Upstream and downstream interrelations Horizontal interrelations Interrelations with citizens, government, businesses,
NGOs, certifying authorities Regulatory and cultural frameworkEnvironmental impacts Direct and indirect impacts: local/global, temporal Life-cycle impacts Interactions with rest of system: cumulative and
synergistic effects
Sector Examples Agriculture Forestry Mining Fisheries Materials (metals,
plastics, cement, chemicals, nanotechnologies)
Energy
Transportation (air, land, water)
Construction/Building mgt Water/sewage Tourism Education Finance/Banking/
Insurance Retail and wholesale Health Governance/participation Elderly, youth, gender
Life cycle approach
Your Sector Includes
ResourceExtraction
MaterialsProcessing
PartsManufacture
ProductAssembly
Distribution
Consumption
MaterialsCollection
Recycling
Physical Infrastructure, Landuse,
Social Infrastructure
Material & Energy Inputs
Pollution Outputs
Minimize
Sector Initiatives Most incremental and build on existing practices,
organizations and cultures Introducing systems based approach with life cycle
assessment Leadership of individuals, particular firms, government
departments, and NGOs important Experimentation with pilot projects Need to overcome technological, economic and cultural
barriers
The Netherlands Sector Approach
•Themes (issues)•Target groups (sectors)•Indicators•Covenants of stakeholders•Market and technology•Product Life-cycle Policy•Program Monitoring and Evaluation
Netherlands: Target groups, themes and indicators
The government targets an industry or group of industries that have problems in common that have to be solved. The most important target groups are agriculture, traffic and transportation, manufacturing industry, energy, refineries, building trades, and consumer and retail trade. The major common problems that they have to solve are identified and called themes. Agriculture, for example, has the themes of acidification, eutrophication, and toxic substance dispersion. Indicators are chosen to allow the severity of the problem (theme) and advances in solving it to be measured accurately and concisely. The indicators for agriculture are, respectively, ammonia emissions for acidification, phosphate emissions for eutrophication, and pesticide use for toxic substance dispersion.
Netherlands: Covenants The national government brings together provincial and
municipal governments, business representatives, industry association representatives, environmentalists and occasionally labor to discuss the severity of the problem and what needs to be done to solve it. Improvement targets and timetables are established. These targets and timetables are set for short, medium and long-term efforts because the changing the system requires incentives and deadlines that allow firms to realistically achieve the improvement goals. Companies are expected to put action plans into effect, monitor the results and make the information open to the public.
Netherlands: Market and technology The covenant approach works so well because it allows the
market to motivate companies to improve their environmental performance and to innovate in the design or use of environmental technologies.
The targets allow the companies to plan for the future in their own way and are not forced to adopt existing technologies.
Therefore, companies do not have to change technologies and practices all the time as regulation become tougher, but can devise technologies and practices that actually give them an advantage over the competition.
Thus a company is motivated to find both the most advantageous environmental technology and to do it in the most efficient manner for their business.
Netherlands: Product Life-cycle Policy Covenants are encouraged to provide information
about each product as it moves through the lifecycle.
Thus companies at each stage of the product cycle gain improved information about how to design and use products received from downstream.
The Netherlands balances this policy with the fact that are a small trade dependent country selling and buying goods from many countries that have less strict regulations than them, and also selling and buying goods to countries like Germany and Sweden which in some sectors will have tougher environmental regulations.
Netherlands: Program Evaluation
The programs are evaluated on an ongoing basis by the national government, paid consultants and environmentalists. The program is also more thoroughly reviewed on 5 and 10-year intervals to point out significant problems.
Target Group Performance Indicators
Target Group Theme Indicator
Agriculture Acidification
Eutrophication
Toxic substance dispersion
Ammonia emissions
Phosphate emissions
Pesticides
Traffic and Transportation
Climate change
Acidification
Disturbance of local environment
CO2 emissions
Nitrogen emissions
Noise and odor
Industry Climate Change
Acidification
Solid Waste
CO2 emissions
SO2 emissions
NOX emissions
Industrial and chemical waste
Target Group Performance Indicators
Target Group Theme Indicator
Energy Climate Change
Acidification
Solid Waste
CO2 emissions
SO2 emissions
NOX emissions
Fly ash and slag
Radioactive waste
Refineries Climate change
Acidification
Toxic substance dispersion
CO2 emissions
SO2 emissions
Hazardous substances emissions
Target Group Performance Indicators
Target Group Theme Indicator
Building trade Climate change
Toxic substances dispersion
Solid waste
CO2 emissions
CFC emissions
Creosote and hazardous substances
C&D waste
Consumer and retail Climate change
Acidification
Solid Waste
CO2 emissions
NO2 emissions
Household and white good waste
Covenant ProcessKnowledge Base
Preparation
Implementing plan at branch level
Detailed Development Detailed
DevelopmentDeclaration of intent
(integrated environmental target plan)
Implementing plans
Drafting company environmental plans
Phased plan & guidelines
Monitoring and enforcement
Implementation
Homogenous Sectors
Heterogeneous Sectors
HK’s Transportation Sector
Comparatively high level of sustainability because: Low private car ownership (5.2 %) Relatively few roads 89% of all passenger trips by public transport High level of access, convenience, affordable Modal competition and railway self financing
HK’s Transportation SectorProblems: Roadside pollution high, particularly NOX and RSPs from diesel Traffic noise Pressure on land and habitat from expanding road and rail networks High latent demand for cars Roads planned with little regard for interrelations with other aspects
of public space (pedestrianization, neighbourhood division, aesthetics) Public participation limited to post conceptualization-engineering
consultations (little real change possible) Railways subsidized by government land grants for development;
roads paid for by government (therefore bus companies, logistics companies subsidized
Transportation Policies
Infrastructure (Highways dept) Comprehensive Transport Study
3 (2000) began to integrate SusDev into transport planning
“Emphasis on rail” but road predominant expansion (5X)
“Predict and provide” approach instead of demand management
Little concern for social well-being, noise, air pollution or other issues of sustainability
Environment, Transport and Works bureau now links environment and transport
Vehicles and Fuels (EPD)
Low sulfur fuels
Euro engines (with replacement of buses)
LPG taxis and minibuses
No control over mainland fuels being used in HK
Tunnel fees but no electronic road pricing
UK Sustainable Transport Policy
Integrate land use and transport policies to minimize transport and increase use of less-damaging modes
Remove air quality threats to human health Improve quality of life by reducing dominance of cars and
trucks and providing other modes Halt loss of land used for conservation, scenic, or amenity
purposes Reduce GHGs Reduce impact on non-renewable resources Reduce noise
Indicators
HONG KONGDirect Average travel distance Average network speed Cost of freight transportIndirect AQ based on air quality
objectives Toxic air pollution based on
acceptable risk Per capita C02 Total C02
ALTERNATIVE Per capita km buses and trains;
footway length; avg. travel speed, disabled facilities; prv. cars; traffic accidents; fatalities; income proportion; roadside API
Access to goods, services, activities, destinations
Impact/kilometre Kilometer/GDP
Indicators
Don’t connect with guiding principles completely (e.g. GP of safety and pedestrian facilities don’t have indicators)
Measures means rather than goals (e.g. network speed rather than ease of access to services)
HK’s Municipal Solid Waste Strategy
The Immediate Problem:
landfills filling up
The Underlying Problem: high consumption and waste habits
Strategic Objective
Targets
Implementation
Indicators?
HK’s SusDev Strategy for Travel and TourismSubsectors Food and Beverage: restaurants, fast food shops, bars, etc. Hotels and hostels Travel and transport: travel agents, tour operators,
airport/airline services and companies specializing in mass transportation
Retailers: clothing, footwear, foodstuff, alcoholic drinks, consumer and durable products
Events and leisure facilities: entertainment facilities, theme parks, museums, art galleries, cultural facilities, other leisure activities.
HK’s SusDev Strategy for Travel and TourismStage 1 Review of Agenda 21 for the travel and tourism industry Stakeholders baseline study International benchmarking Comparative assessment and Analysis
Stage 2 Development of draft integrated strategy for the T&T industry Stakeholder consultation Formulate an environmentally sustainable development strategy
Stage 3 Devise implementation plan Strategy dissemination
HK’s SusDev Strategy for Travel and Tourism
Participation Initial consultation with stakeholder groups Focus groups with stakeholders Roundtable discussions yearly
HK’s SusDev Strategy for Travel and Tourism
Four Priority Areas:1. Environmental management in industry firms
and associations2. Sustainable training, education & awareness3. Facilitating exchange of information and
technology4. Landuse planning and new tourism product
development
HK’s SusDev Strategy for Travel and Tourism
Implementation
Action Plans for government departments, government tourist organizations and representative trade organizations
Guidelines for industry members Charters for signing members to observe
Gothenburg’s “Green” Product Development
2 programs to eliminate toxic chemicals in urban environment, reduce load on sewage system, aquatic environment
Products used in industry and by consumers “Chemical Sweep”: identify hazardous products
and develop, test, and market alternatives “Clean Lubricants: develop, test, and market
alternatives
Gothenburg’s “Green” Product Development Used authority from Swedish National Act on Chemical
Products (users required to switch to alternative to hazardous chemicals when available) to interest users
Municipality brought together manufacturers and users in cooperative effort to stimulate product development
Service approach: offering advice and technical assistance; engaged manufacturers and users
Focused on specific products:cleaners, batteries, pesticides, cutting fluids, diesel fuels
Companies were highly aware and receptive because of fears of regulations and potential for competitive advantage
“Chemical Sweep” Program: switching to available alternatives
Education, information and promotional campaign to spread information about hazardous chemicals and substitution regulation: mass media advertisements, brochures, displays, stickers, exhibitions and trade fairs
Use of specific chemicals in different sectors assessed through survey and list of affected products and users compiled
Users were notified of their hazardous chemical use and of alternatives, and of regulations
Encouraged to switch to alternatives Follow-up visits to see how many had changed
“Chemical Sweep” Program: developing alternatives
Some firms couldn’t switch because alternatives not available Worked with several firms in a sector (and across sectors) on
pilot projects to develop alternatives Functional and ecological assessment of products monitored
and documented Car Wash Detergent:
8 products tested by Chemical Sweep, Env. Protection office, Local gov’ts, Petro Dealers Nat. Assoc., 2 car wash companies
Green products performed better, new class of product created 100% uptake by local car wash companies
Rechargeable Batteries (15% cadmium to .0025%) Tests showed less toxic suitable for mobiles, video cameras, shavers Importers and general public informed New product models with less toxic battery introduced
“Clean Lubricants” Program: developing alternatives
Administered by Municipal Solid Waste Agency; two employees
Focus on hydraulic fluids Manufactures invited to put forward green products (6 chosen) Local users asked to participate in one year blind field test
(excavators, trucks with lifts, garbage trucks) Clean lubricants performed well functionally and ecologically Manufacturers spurred to develop more clean lubricants
Gothenburg Green Products Lessons
Legislation as starting point, but must be followed up with proactive education etc.
Municipality can have big influence if programs are designed properly
Enormous amount of concern and competence in sector that can be harnessed cooperatively
Sector/Community Case Study Websites European Academy of the Urban Environment: SURBAN - database
on sustainable urban development in Europe http://www.eaue.de/winuwd/default.htm
International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI): Case Studies
http://www.iclei.org/index.php?id=843 Sustainable communities network
http://www.sustainable.org/casestudies/studiesindex.html Federation of Community Municipalities: Center for Sustainable
Community Development http://www.sustainablecommunities.ca/Search/Search/Search.aspx
?lang=e Sustainable Tourism Net:
http://www.sustainabletourism.net/cs_destination.html
Our Sector Analysis: scope
Focus on environmental sustainability
Or environmental linkage to social, economic or political aspect of sustainability
Or an issue dealt with in a systematic manner
Our Sector Analysis: means
Baseline conditions: descriptive of environmental, social, political, and economic characteristics; and of stakeholder awareness and capacities
Issue and gap analysis Alternatives generation Indicators and monitoring system Stakeholder feedback Integration with community
Scoping a Sector
Branch of society: citizens, government, business, NGOs
Division of branch: industry, service, citizen group,government level/administrative division, type of NGO
Smaller divisions: community/subgroup, government bureau/department, industrial or service grouping, NGOs
Baseline State and Impacts Checklist
EnvironmentalAirLandWaterNoiseBiodiversityLandscape and seascape
EconomicJobsPer capita incomeAsset valuesEntrepreneurialism and opportunities
SocialServices (e.g. health, education, recreation)HousingCultural continuityVolunteerismElderlyEquityEtc.
PoliticalGovernment activities in area (policies, regulations)Political partiesOther interest groupsIssuesConflicts
Baseline Information
Observation Printed materials, government publications Talking to stakeholders
Environmental Sources
Air, land, water, noise quality, and conservation http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd
Biodiversity and Habitats http://www.hkbiodiversity.net; http://www.susdev.gov.hk/html/en/su/consult.htm
Fish http://www.hk-fish.net/eng/index.htm
Area Mapped for Area (ha) %Each Habitat Type Cover Type
High Value Ecological Habitat†
Fung Shui Forest 106.3 0.1Montane Forest 123.4 0.1Lowland Forest 18318.3 16.5Mixed Shrubland 15196.5 13.7Freshwater/ Brackish Wetland 130.1 0.1Natural Watercourse 803.9 0.7Mangrove 343.1 0.3Intertidal Mudflat 656.1 0.6Seagrass Bed 5.4 0.0
Subtotal 35683 32.1
Medium Value Ecological Habitat†
Plantation or Plantation /Mixed Forest 417.0 0.4Shrubby Grassland 24674.8 22.2Fishpond/Gei wai 1031.7 0.9Sandy Shore† 179.6 0.2Rocky Shore 94.2 0.1Cultivation 3838.3 3.5
Subtotal 30236 27.2
Hong Kong Habitats
Area Mapped for Area (ha)%Each Habitat Type Cover Type
Low Value Ecological Habitat†
Bare Rock or Soil 5101.8 4.6Grassland 21572.7 19.4Modified Watercourse 2384.1 2.1Artificial Rocky/Hard Shoreline 315.4 0.3Golf Course/Urban Park 1398.3 1.3Quarry 168.6 0.2
Subtotal 30941 27.8
Negligible Value Ecological Habitat
Rural Industrial Storage/Containers 1379.2 1.3Landfill 404.3 0.4Others 12656.3 11.4
Subtotal 14440 13.0
Hong Kong Habitats
Society Sources City Planning Consultants 1998? Study on South East New Territories Development
Review Strategy Final Report. Hong Kong: HKSAR Planning Department. http://www.info.gov.hk/planning/index_e.htm
Projection of population distribution (2002-2011) and Area of HK by district: Planning Department - http://www.info.gov.hk/planning/index_e.htm--> look for "Information Services", then "Planning Statistics"
Land Usage in different parts of HK: Town Planning Board - http://www.info.gov.hk/tpb/index_e.htm --> go for "e-staturary plans"
Demographic and social characteristics, economic characteristics, labor/employment, household characteristics, housing characteristics, GDP/GNP, etc, by district or the whole territory: Census & Statistics Department http://www.info.gov.hk/censtatd/eng/hkstat/fas/01c/01c_index.html Or, the Government's InvestHK website - http://www.investhk.gov.hk --> look for "Key Statistics"
Property types (residential, office, industrial, shop, large deals) and valuations at http://www.info.gov.hk/landreg/eindex.htm or Estate agents e.g. Centaline at: http://www.centanet.com/
Interest Groups/NGOs: Sources
Good list of links at: http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/links/local/link_greengroups.html
http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/links/local/link_greengroups.html
Sai Kung Association http://www.exploresaikung.com
Politics Sources Environmental Regulations and Guidelines
http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/envir_standards/esg_maincontent.html
Legco Panel on Environment and pending bills http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/news_events/legco/ea_panel.html; http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/news_events/legco/bills.html
Links to relevant government departments http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/links/local/link_govorg.html; http://www.info.gov.hk/orgindex.htm
Sai Kung District Council http://www.districtcouncils.gov.hk/sk/english/welcome.htm
Stakeholders, Awareness and Capacities Checklist
EnvironmentalGroups InterestsSector specific awarenessFinancial and organizational capacitiesInter-group cooperation
EconomicBusinessesBusiness groupsLabor groupsEnvironmental awarenessChange and fiscal capacities
SocialCommunity and external interest groupsEnvironmental awarenessLeadershipOrganizational capacities
PoliticalGovernment levels and DepartmentsEnvironmental awarenessSpending capacitiesParticipation systemsPolicies and enforcement
Community Sustainable Development
Why SusDev at the Community Level?
Deal with environmental problems in a holistic manner
Deal with contradictions between stakeholder expectations
Avoid top-down planning and colonization Enable people to deal with their own
environmental impacts directly
The subsidiarity principle
The subsidiarity principle seeks to reverse the inefficiencies and environmental damage done by centralized planning and decision-making. It requires that decisions should be made by the communities affected or on their behalf, by the authorities closest to them. As appropriate, decisions should rest either at the national rather than international level or at the local rather than the national level. This has been the basic principle governing the devolution of planning systems worldwide, and it is intended to encourage local ownership of resources and responsibility for environmental problems and their solutions.
Why Participation?
Set priorities based on various stakeholder needs, but with focus on community
Enable the development of long-term, comprehensive solutions
Obtain information and foster support
(Int. Council for Local Environmental Initiatives)ICLEI Elements of Community Planning
Local government and partners: organize for service delivery Partnerships: engagement of residents, key institutional partners,
interest groups or other stakeholders that represent values and needs of community
Community-based issue analysis: involves 1) engaging stakeholders to learn needs, local issues, educate, obtain support, set priorities and 2) technical assessments of ecology, infrastructure etc.
Action Planning: establishing 1) goals; 2) targets and triggers; 3) strategies and commitments
Implementation and Monitoring: 1) changing procedures, reorganizing work tasks, assigning responsibilities and funding; 2) documentation during implementation and recurrent measurement of impacts after
Evaluation and Feedback: assessment of impacts of changes for both internal and external uses
Partnerships Establish an organizational structure for planning
by service providers and users. Establish a shared community vision.
Community-based Issue Analysis Identify issues that must
be addressed to achieve community vision. Assess priority problems and
issues in detail.Action Planning
Agree on goals, targets and triggers, and create strategies and commitments to achieve targets. Formalize into plan.
Implementation and Monitoring Create partnership
structures for implementation and mgt for municipal compliance. Monitor activities,
changesEvaluation and Feedback Periodic performance evaluations
using target-based indicators. Repeat issue analyses; celebrate achievements.
Who are your partners in service delivery?
What services do people want?
What is the capacity of existing service systems? Are they sustainable?
How do service systems impact society, economy, and environment?
When and how can sustainable service systems be established?
Targets
Measurable commitments to be achieved in a specific time.
How will plans be monitored and evaluated?
Triggers
Commitment to a specified action at a future date and/or response to future conditions.
When will further planning be required?
How will partners and users participate in implementation and evaluation?
Elements of Community Planning
Experts’ Role
Functions Technical knowledge Participation promotion
and facilitation Political and administrative
knowledge
Decision-Making Tools Environmental, social,
economic evaluation Indicators Industry knowledge Alternative management &
technologies (environment, industry, services, residences,transportation, etc.)
Trend, risk and options analysis
Stakeholder Participation
Who Citizens Business Government NGOs and other
groups Visitors
Where Sustainability plan
initiation Sustainability plan
design Operation of plan Monitoring and
enforcement Evaluation of plan
Cultivation of Participation
Public forums Scenario generation and envisioning Collective brainstorming Focus groups Networks and partnerships Adaptive management
Influences on ParticipationPositive Specific focus Multi-party comprehension of problem Solutions in context Innovativeness and flexibility Conflict resolution skills Use of facilitator Capacity building Deliberate diversity Financial resources Commitment to communication Sense of ownership Wide participation Trust, transparency, & accountability Leadership and clarity North-south dimension Added value and specific projects Experts ‘on tap’
Negative Hidden agendas Inequality, competitiveness and
intolerance Sectoralism Excessive dependence on external
aid/expertise Inadequate administrative support Problem avoidance Mutual distrust Different jargons Poor methodology Sharp changes to structure Excessive complexity Over-reliance on experimental
approaches
Problems with Community Approach
Planning system and government structure Alienation in society and lack of sense of
place Continued role of experts and management
of expert-stakeholder interface Time and money considerations
Environmental Citizen Responsibilities
Change everyday habits Be responsible consumers Engage in public debate Keep officials accountable Work with others Environmental literacy
Community Planning in Hong Kong
No local government in HK Planning top-down, executive led District councils have limited power, don’t
get involved in planning, involve people Plans satisfy territorial development rather
than local needs
Chief Executive’s instructions
Planning study and drawing up
Plan circulated to gov’t dept.s for comments
Submission to Metro Planning Committee (MPC) OR
…..Rural/New Territories Committee (RNTC)
Presentation to District Council
Resubmission to MPC/RNTPC
Gazzetted for public inspections
TPB Submission and hearing
C.E approves or disapproves.
Hong Kong’s Planning Process
Public Input
Planning System in HKTerritorial Development Strategy
Sub-regional Plans
Outline Zoning Plans &Development Permission Area Plans
Outline Development Plan
Layout Plan
Plans gazzetted and objections entertained
Western District Development Strategy (WDDS)
Oldest neighborhood, many unique features and problems Opportunity for unique upgrading respecting traditions WDDS focused on land reclamation, MTR station, private
sector led redevelopment for 50,000 Residents left up in air about completion, relocation,
sustainability of businesses and way of life No alternatives provided
The Wanchai Experiment
Goal: foster community engagement in the design of their neighbourhood
Focus: on the social aspects of sustainability and making participation a prerequisite for sustainability
Stakeholder Identification
By: walking around the neighborhood, talking to people, and study of baseline resources
The elderly Housewives Teenagers Business people Visitors and tourists
Engaging People
Photo exhibition workshops Focus groups Talking to key individuals/leaders Face-to-face surveys Proposal workshop
Wanchai Engagement ResultsIssue Proposals
Community space e.g. redevelop Southhorn playground, public square, community centre
Pedestrianisation, market streets and markets
e.g. Pedestrianize market streets and landscape
Traffic congestion Difficult to control, but pedestrianize and rationalize buses
Local character Conserve old bldgs, ‘chinese’ services and features in new bldgs
Tourism appeal Info centre, signage, cultural trail, experiences, appearance upgrading
Elderly and marginalized Housing required for street sleepers
Sensory Qualities Individual and collective action
Santa Monica Small city (80,000) in Los Angeles (on the beach) Started with Agenda 21 plan in 1994 Focused on targets and indicators dealing with 1)
resource conservation; 2) Transportation; 3) Pollution Protection; and Community and Economic Development
Achieved many successes (next slide) Not “there” yet, new “Sustainable City”plan in 2003
Sustainable City Plan:
Partnerships 2001 formation of Sustainable City Working
Group: community stakeholders including elected and appointed officials, City staff, and representatives of neighborhood organizations, business community, and other community groups.
Working Group met numerous times to discuss many issues related to sustainability of community
Previous plan and early drafts were revised based on large amount of public input
Sustainable City Plan: Community Based Issue Analysis
Evaluated long-term sustainability against threats to: Natural resources and natural environment Human and social capital: connectedness among
people in the community and their education, skills and health
Financial and built capital: manufactured goods, buildings, infrastructure, information resources, credit and debt.
Sustainable City Plan: Action Planning
Guiding principles Goal areas with specific goals for community
visions Targets Indicators: systems and programs Goal/Indicator matrix
Guiding Principles The concept of sustainability guides City policy Protection, preservation and restoration of the natural environment is
a high priority of the City Environmental quality, economic health and social equity are
mutually dependent All decisions have implications to the long-term sustainability of
Santa Monica Community awareness, responsibility, participation and education are
key elements of a sustainable community Santa Monica recognizes its linkage with the regional, national, and
global community Those sustainability issues most important to the community will be
addressed first and the most cost effective programs and policies will be selected
The City is committed to procurement decisions which minimize negative environmental and social impacts
Cross-sector partnerships are necessary to achieve sustainable goals
Goal Areas Resource conservation Environmental and public health Transportation Economic Development Open space and land use Housing Community education and civic participation Human dignity
Sustainable City Plan: Implementation and Monitoring
City’s Task Force on Environment lead initiation Sustainable City Steering Committee with broader
stakeholder representation will oversee implementation At City administrative level, a Sustainable City
Implementation Group makes existing and new programs and policies consistent with sustainability goals within respective departments and across departments
Two teams will coordinate with community stakeholder groups
Sustainable City Plan: Evaluation and Feedback
Every two years, the Sustainable City Steering Committee and Sustainable City Implementation Group make and indicator report
Used by City council, City Staff and community members to judge progress of plan
Provide basis for decision-making on changing policies and actions
Goal Indicator Matrix
Huangbaiyu Village Tour: Exploring Sustainable Design
http://www.chinauscenter.org/VillageSlideshow/
Southeast False Creek is envisioned as a community in which people live, work, play and learn
in a neighbourhood designed to balance the highest possible levels of social equity, livability, ecological health and economic prosperity, so as
to support their choices to live in a sustainable manner.
South East False Creek 32 ha of old industrial land 2,353 units for 4,949 peo
ple in public land, maybe, 8,575 in private lands
range of parks and recreation along the waterfront; shoreline improvements; seaside pedestrian-bicycle route; re-establishment of wildlife habitat; private and community gardens encouraged.
Guiding Principles
1.Implementing Sustainability: SEFC should promote the implementation of sustainable development principles in an urban setting.
2.Stewardship of Ecosystem Health: The SEFC plan should improve the health of the False Creek Basin and encourage resource conservation and waste reduction.
3.Economic Viability and Vitality: SEFC development should ensure viability without subsidy and encourage a vibrant and vital community.
4.Social and Community Health: SEFC should be a livable, complete community supporting social networks and enhances quality of life for all in the neighbourhood.
Urban Agriculture Study
Urban Agriculture Study
Urban Agriculture Study Results
Urban Agriculture Study Results
Urban Agriculture Study Results
South East False Creek
Indicators and Targets
https://www.vancouver.ca/commsvcs/southeast/odp/pdf/sustainabilityindicators
What are the Challenges to creating community in Sai Kung?
Political system
Group differences
Leadership
Resources
Indicators“What gets measured, gets managed”
Why: accountability, monitoring and assessment, targets, participation, commitments
Measured by (who): government, industry, public, NGOs Measured by (what): physical, monetary, policies and other values Measured at (where):national, local, sector levels Applications: environmental, social, economic, political Types: set, combined (index), framework (accounting; pressure, state,
response), decoupling Created by: experts, stakeholders, government, public Requirements: representative, analytically sound, easily understood,
practical, show trends Problems: weightings, valuations, integration, movement
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/7/47/24993546.pdf
Indicators and Monitoring System
Develop a small set of indicators for whole sector
Develop a system for evaluation of progress
HK SusDev 21 Guiding Principles
HK SusDev 21 Guiding Principles
HK SusDev 21 Indicators
HK SusDev 21 Indicators
HK SusDev 21 Indicators
Target Group Performance Indicators
Target Group Theme Indicator
Agriculture Acidification
Eutrophication
Toxic substance dispersion
Ammonia emissions
Phosphate emissions
Pesticides
Traffic and Transportation
Climate change
Acidification
Disturbance of local environment
CO2 emissions
Nitrogen emissions
Noise and odor
Industry Climate Change
Acidification
Solid Waste
CO2 emissions
SO2 emissions
NOX emissions
Industrial and chemical waste
Netherlands Sector Indicators
Target Group Performance Indicators
Target Group Theme Indicator
Energy Climate Change
Acidification
Solid Waste
CO2 emissions
SO2 emissions
NOX emissions
Fly ash and slag
Radioactive waste
Refineries Climate change
Acidification
Toxic substance dispersion
CO2 emissions
SO2 emissions
Hazardous substances emissions
Target Group Performance Indicators
Target Group Theme Indicator
Building trade Climate change
Toxic substances dispersion
Solid waste
CO2 emissions
CFC emissions
Creosote and hazardous substances
C&D waste
Consumer and retail Climate change
Acidification
Solid Waste
CO2 emissions
NO2 emissions
Household and white good waste
OECD Pressure, State, Response Model
Issue and Gap AnalysisDetermination of main environmental issues by
Identifying problems raised in baseline studies (e.g. by issues such as ecosystem health, presence/absence of awareness, pollution levels, regulations and enforcement, participatory systems, activities elsewhere in similar sectors
or Pressure-State-Response). Identifying concerns of stakeholders (concerns about
problems and conflicts with other stakeholders). Benchmarking against other sustainable development
models (comparable sectors, communities, and natural conditions)
Research!!!
Alternatives Generation
Importation of successful models Development of new approaches based on
new technologies, regulations, participation, overcoming conflicts, business approaches etc.
Sector specific and system wide changes
Stakeholder Feedback
Return to stakeholders and ask opinions of your suggestions (feasibility re: stakeholder conflicts, technologies, regulations, awareness, etc; complexity or completeness)
Inquire about willingness to participate, pay, lead
Integration with Community
Consider cumulative and synergistic impacts with environment, society,economy, and politics
Areas of overlap of sector governance/initiatives
Need for mutual support Need for overall policy, regulatory,
infrastructure, cultural changes
Community Indicators
From your sector Others necessary for the community
Long Term and Interim Visions of Sustainability for Sai Kung
Environment: local and global aspects? Society, Economics and Politics? What major changes are needed? What strategies? How does your sector fit into the vision?
Your Final Report Introduction: a vision of Sai Kung and how your sector fits into it Baseline conditions:
Relevant to your sector and its role in SK Reworked to integrate everything learned through semester
Issue and gap analysis With explanation of how you analyzed the issues
Alternatives generation Including modifications based on stakeholder feedback (and
acknowledging this input) Indicators and monitoring system Conclusion:
Integration with community/responsibility to vision References
Footnotes, endnotes or scientific notation
