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Green Chemistry University Curriculum Webinar
Amy S. Cannon, Ph.D.
Executive Director
Beyond Benign
@Amy_Cannon
Karolina Mellor, Ph.D
Program Manager
Center for Green Chemistry and Green
Engineering at Yale
M a s s a c h u s e t t s - b a s e d
5 0 1 - c 3 n o n - p r o f i t
D e d i c a t e d t o g r e e n
c h e m i s t r y e d u c a t i o n
K - 1 2 & H i g h e r E d .
D e v e l o p c u r r i c u l u m
r e s o u r c e s c e n t e r e d
a r o u n d t h e p r i n c i p l e s
a n d p r a c t i c e s o f
g r e e n c h e m i s t r y
G r e e n C h e m i s t r y
C o m m i t m e n t
About Us
Natalie O’Neil, Ph.D.Program Manager
Higher Education
Beyond Benign
@natjoneil
C e n t e r a t Ya l e U n i v e r s i t y
C o m m i t t e d t o a d v a n c i n g
s c i e n c e , c a t a l y z i n g
i m p l e m e n t a t i o n ,
p r e p a r i n g t h e n e x t
g e n e r a t i o n , a n d r a i s i n g
a w a r e n e s s .
C e n t e r W e b s i t e
G l o b a l G r e e n C h e m i s t r y
W e b s i t e
M o l e c u l a r D e s i g n
R e s e a r c h N e t w o r k W e b s i t e
Welcome to the Green Chemistry Commitment
Green Chemistry Education Webinar Series
Recording and supporting documents will be available:
https://www.beyondbenign.org/he-webinars/
Submit questions at any time during the webinar in the
Control/Chat box on the Control Panel
Natalie O’Neil, Ph.D.Program Manager
Higher Education
Beyond Benign
@natjoneil
Kimberly Chapman, B.A.Administrative Assistant
Center for Green Chemistry and
Green Engineering at Yale
Join the conversation!
@beyondbenign @YaleGCGE#greenchemistry#GCCwebinars
https://www.facebook.com/beyondbenign/https://www.facebook.com/Center-for-Green-Chemistry-Green-Engineering-at-Yale-293818143965581/
What is the GCC?
The Green Chemistry Commitment (GCC) is a consortium
program that unites the green chemistry community around shared
goals and a common vision to:
o expand the community of green chemists
o grow departmental resources
o share best practices in green chemistry education
o affect systemic and lasting change in chemistry education
https://www.beyondbenign.org/he-green-chemistry-commitment/
Green Chemistry Swag
Green Chemistry University Curriculum Webinar
Amy S. Cannon, Ph.D.
Executive Director
Beyond Benign
@Amy_Cannon
Karolina Mellor, Ph.D
Program Manager
Center for Green Chemistry and Green
Engineering at Yale
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Global market for chemicals exceeded 3.5 trillion EUR in 2018.
While the chemical sales tripled in the last 15 years, OECD share decreased.
BRIICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China, and South Africa) increased from 13% to 28%.
Recent forecasts by American Chemical Council predict significant growth in chemical production in developing countries.
2018 World Chemical Sales -3.5 trillion EUR
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Need for innovative approaches to reduce the use of hazardous chemicals throughout their industrial lifecycle in non-OECD countries
Holistic and wide-ranging action, innovation, and environmentally benign approaches with the goal of “zero waste”.
Leapfrogging to sustainability?
Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
MISSION:To increase the general global awareness and capacities on deployable Green Chemistry approaches for the design of
products and processes that advance global environmental benefits throughout their life cycles.
THE GLOBAL GREEN CHEMISTRY INITIATIVE
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
THE GLOBAL GREEN CHEMISTRY INITIATIVE: Participants
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
UNIDO is the specialized agency of the United Nations that promotes industrial development for
poverty reduction, inclusive globalization and environmental sustainability
As of 1 April 2019, 170 Countries are Members of UNIDO Since the mid- 90s, UNIDO established a network of National Cleaner Production Centers (NCPCs).
+70 countries help businesses and governments to:
• Improve productive use of natural resources
• Minimize impact on nature
• Support communities & reduce risk (improve well-being of workers and communities)
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
THE GLOBAL GREEN CHEMISTRY INITIATIVE
National Cleaner Production Center Network
Center for Green Chemistry & Green Engineering + Partners
Training, Awareness, Capacity, and Guidance
Target Audience
Government Industry NGOs Academia
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
14Participating
Countries
750+ Participants
11International senior
green chemistry experts
Brazil*Colombia*Egypt*Serbia*South Africa*Sri Lanka*PeruUgandaGhanaRwanda EthiopiaFYR Macedonia Jordan Kenia
*Host Countries
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Yale
George Washington
McGill Queens University
WBI
Philip Jessop
Green ChemisTreeFoundation
Nitesh Mehta
Nottingham University
Pete LicenceJohn WarnerAdelina Voutchova-Kostal
Audrey Moores C-J Li Tomislav Friscic
Paul Anastas
Philip Coish
Julie Zimmerman
Karolina Mellor
Amy Cannon
Beyond Benign
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
1-Day Awareness Raising Workshops
5-Day Train-the-Facilitators Workshops
To strengthen national and regional Green Chemistry initiatives in partnering countries and to enable partners to become hubs for education and training in Green Chemistry
University CurriculumTo educate the new generation of chemists in Green Chemistry
Technology CompendiumA systematic review of current Green Chemistry technologies
Guidance DocumentA roadmap to Green Chemistry implementation for different stakeholders
PROJECT ACTIVITIES
https://www.global-green-chemistry-initiative.com
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
• Introductory course for undergraduates.
• Collaborative effort with Beyond Benign.
• Released in the summer 2019 after revision from UNIDO, partnering countries universities, and green chemistry experts.
• Course is now implemented in 7 South African universities.
Yale-UNIDO University Curriculum
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Yale-UNIDO University Curriculum- Overview
• It is still a chemistry course – There are atoms, molecules, chemical reactions, and long unpronounceable names!
• It is an environmental sustainability course focused on applying chemistry principles. There is a wide range of environmental and energy issues that are discussed.
• The course will place chemicals in the context of daily life and society.
• It is an analysis course. Students will learn how to use the tools of analysis to better understand and make science-based judgments about chemicals, materials, and products.
After this course students will be able to (i) analyze whether or not a chemical/chemical product is “green” and sustainable, and (ii) make recommendations on how chemicals and chemicals products can be improved to be greener.
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
• Intended for faculty who are looking to include more green chemistry in their curriculum by changing:
Their entire course
Semester long course (27 lectures) with PowerPoint slides, readings, class exercises, homework assignments, 2 midterms, final exam, and answer keys.
Sections of their course
Bridging topics to energy, innovation, analytical chemistry, recycling, and biodegradation.
Or to include individual topics and examples or exercises
Can be used with organic, inorganic, and general chemistry curriculum.
• Diverse multimedia content that encourages team work and hands-on learning.
• Copyright free.
Yale-UNIDO University Curriculum-Structure
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
How to use the course materials?
Intro to GC course
Supplement with a
Module
HW’s and Exams
Supplemental Resources
Introduce a Case Study
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Topics
• Introduction and Principles [Lectures 1-3]
• Chemistry Intro [Lectures 4-7]• Molecules, drawing, nomenclature, stoichiometry and reactions, metrics
• Sustainability and Life Cycle assessment [Lectures 9-10]
• Renewable feedstocks [Lecture 12]
• Designing for recycling & degradation [Lecture 14]
• Catalysis, Solvents [Lectures 15-17]
• Energy [Lecture 19]
• Green Analytical Chemistry [Lecture 20]
• Intro to toxicology, chemical exposure and dose, molecular toxicology [Lectures 21-23]
• Designing future products with reduced toxicity [Lectures 24-26]
• Real-world case studies [Lecture 13]
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
DescriptionOverview of lecture contents
Prior to Lecture
Readings
Topics to Cover in LectureDetailed topic list within lecture materials
Lesson Plan Contents
Videos
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Class ExercisesListing of optional class exercises, including in-class discussions, hands-on activities or supplemental laboratory based exercises.
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
12 Principles of Green Chemistry
Lecture #3
Date:
Course #
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
1. Waste Prevention2. Atom Economy3. Less Hazardous Chemical Synthesis. 4. Designing Safer Chemicals. 5. Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries. 6. Design for Energy Efficiency. 7. Use of Renewable Feedstocks. 8. Reduce Derivatives. 9. Catalysis. 10. Design for Degradation. 11. Real-time Analysis for Pollution Prevention. 12. Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention.
Anastas, P. T.; Warner, J.C. Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, Oxford University Press,1998
Outline: 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries
The use of auxiliary substances (solvents, separation agents, etc.) should be made unnecessary whenever possible and, when used, innocuous.
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Solvents account for the vast majority of mass wasted in syntheses and processes. Moreover, many conventional solvents are toxic, flammable, and/or corrosive.
Solvents volatility and solubility have contributed to air, water and land pollution, have increased the risk of worker exposure, and have led to serious accidents.
Recovery and reuse, when possible, is often associated with energy-intensive distillation and sometimes cross contamination. In an effort to address all those shortcomings, chemists have started to search for safer solutions.
Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries
Image: Adobe Stock
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Problematic organic solvents
No Solvent Supercritical fluids
Water solvent Ionic liquids
Avoidance
Environmentally
benign and safe
Easily separable, safe
Zero
Volatility
Greener alternatives
Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Case study: Coffee decaffeination
Conventional method of coffee decaffeination:
• Coffee decaffeination was performed in a chlorinated organic solvent, dichloromethane (DCM), exposure to which can lead to headaches, mental confusion, nausea, vomiting, dizziness andfatigue.
• Coffee beans were heated with steam and then exposed to DCM for decaffeination.
Image: Wikimedia Commons, Coffee Mechanical Separator, Aquapulp
Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
• Soaking green coffee beans in water doubles their size, allowing the caffeine to dissolve into water inside the bean.
• Caffeine removal occurs in an extraction vessel (70 feet high,10 feet in diameter), suffused with carbon dioxide at roughly 90 °C and 250 atm. Caffeine diffuses into this scCO2. The beans enter at the top of the chamber and move toward the bottom over 5 hours.
• Decaffeinated beans at the bottom of the vessel are removed, dried and roasted.
• Recovery of dissolved caffeine occurs in an absorption chamber. A shower of water droplets leaches the caffeine out of the supercritical carbon dioxide. The caffeine in this aqueous extract is then often sold to soft-drink manufacturers and drug companies. The purified carbon dioxide is recirculated for further use.
Alternative method for coffee decaffeination:
Zosel, K. Practical Applications of Material Separation with Supercritical Gases. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1978, 17, 702-709
Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries
Case study: Coffee decaffeination
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
• Delicate biomedical materials such as vaccines and tissues are conventionally sterilized with ethylene oxide - a carcinogenic, mutagenic, toxic, and flammable gas - or with gamma radiation, which is lethal to all cells.
• Both methods damage the materials they are sterilizing.
• Ethylene oxide persists in tissue.
Case study: Medical sterilization
Conventional medical sterilization:
Image: Svetlana Pohovey, 359th Medical Group, U.S. Air Force photo/Staff Sgt. Kevin Iinuma
Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
• Development of a supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) based method for sterilization of biological material.
• NovaSterilis sterilization uses scCO2, peracetic acid, and small amounts of water at low temperatures and modest pressure to achieve rapid sterilization of sensitive biomaterials.
NovaSterilis Inc.
Alternative medical sterilization:
Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries
Case study: Medical sterilization
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Case study: Replacing dichloromethane (DCM) in chromatography
Amgen’s Green Solvents for Chromatography in practice. If a compound suitably elutes in 5% DCM–MeOH, the bar chart predicts that 60% 3 : 1 EtOAc : EtOH in heptanes or 40% i-PrOH in heptanes would be a suitable starting point to evaluate greener solvent alternatives.
Amgen developed a guide to replace DCM with greener alternatives. DCM is known to be associated with respiratory and cardiovascular toxicity in humans, carcinogenicity, and genotoxicity.
The guide on the right compares the eluting power of different greener solvent mixtures with reference to DCM-Methanol.
Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Zoloft® is an anti-depressant and was once one of the best selling pharmaceuticals on the market.
Conventional sertraline synthesis:
• Synthesis was a three step process.
• Used 4 hazardous solvents (methylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, and hexane).
Zoloft®
Case study: Manufacturing process for sertraline, the active ingredient in the popular drug Zoloft®
Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
• The process was streamlined to a single step that is carried out in ethanol, a much less toxic solvent.
• The new process is also catalytic, cutting down on starting materials by 60%, 45%, and 20% for the three components of the reaction.
• The combined steps eliminated 310,000 pounds of titanium tetrachloride, 220,000 pounds of 50% sodium hydroxide, 330,000 pounds of 35% hydrochloric acid waste, and 970,000 pounds of solid titanium dioxide waste per year.
Pfizer, Inc
Alternative sertraline synthesis:
Image: Wikimedia Commons, Author: Ragesoss
Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries
Case study: Manufacturing process for sertraline, the active ingredient in the popular drug Zoloft®
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Topics
• Introduction and Principles [Lectures 1-3]
• Chemistry Intro [Lectures 4-7]• Molecules, drawing, nomenclature, stoichiometry and reactions, metrics
• Sustainability and Life Cycle assessment [Lectures 9-10]
• Renewable feedstocks [Lecture 12]
• Designing for recycling & degradation [Lecture 14]
• Catalysis, Solvents [Lectures 15-17]
• Energy [Lecture 19]
• Green Analytical Chemistry [Lecture 20]
• Intro to toxicology, chemical exposure and dose, molecular toxicology [Lectures 21-23]
• Designing future products with reduced toxicity [Lectures 24-26]
• Real-world case studies [Lecture 13]
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
DescriptionOverview of lecture contents
Prior to Lecture
Readings
Lesson Plan Contents
Videos
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Topics to Cover in LectureDetailed topic list within lecture materials
• Molecular Weight• What is it and how to calculate MW of
molecules/compounds.• Avogadro’s Number
• Why it’s important.• Explain to students its importance for
stoichiometry and other applications.• Molar Mass
• What is it?• Its applications in conversions.• Ensure students are comfortable with
the topic since it will be required for more detailed calculations.
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Topics to Cover in LectureDetailed topic list within lecture materials
• Balancing Equations• Stoichiometry and Calculations• Reactions
• Addition, elimination, replacement, and combustion.
• Examples of organic named reactions.• Lab vs. Nature
• Explain how nature performs chemistry too. Discuss the ways nature performs chemistry and how Green Chemistry is striving to imitate nature.
• Green Chemistry Perspective• Discuss how Green Chemistry is changing
the way reactions are performed.• Solvents, reagents, novel reactors.• Biomimicry.
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Class Exercise (optional)Detailed topic list within lecture materials
• Beyond Benign Reactions Lab• https://www.beyondbenign.org/lessons/reactions
-lab/
• Biomimicry Matching Game• https://www.beyondbenign.org/lessons/introducti
on-green-chemistry-biomimicry/
• Stoichiometry Challenge• https://www.beyondbenign.org/lessons/stoichiom
etry-challenge/
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Class Exercise (optional)Detailed topic list within lecture materials
• Beyond Benign Reactions Lab• https://www.beyondbenign.org/lessons/reactions
-lab/
• Biomimicry Matching Game• https://www.beyondbenign.org/lessons/introducti
on-green-chemistry-biomimicry/
• Stoichiometry Challenge• https://www.beyondbenign.org/lessons/stoichiom
etry-challenge/
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Class Exercise (optional)Detailed topic list within lecture materials
• Beyond Benign Reactions Lab• https://www.beyondbenign.org/lessons/reactions
-lab/
• Biomimicry Matching Game• https://www.beyondbenign.org/lessons/introducti
on-green-chemistry-biomimicry/
• Stoichiometry Challenge• https://www.beyondbenign.org/lessons/stoichiom
etry-challenge/
Supplementary MaterialsLab based activities demonstrating concepts
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Stoichiometry and Reactions
Lecture #6
Date:
Course #
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Outline
• Stoichiometry & Calculations
• Reactions
• Important Named Reactions
• Lab vs. Nature
• Green Chemistry in Perspective• Reagents, solvents, and reactors
• Biomimicry
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Molar Mass
What is the mass in grams of 1 molecule of sucrose?
1 mol sucrose = 342.30 g sucrose
1 mol sucrose = 6.022 x 1023 molecules of sucrose
x1 mol sucrose
6.022 x 1023 molecules of sucrose342.30 g sucrose
1 mol sucrose
= 5.68 x 10-22 g/molecule
Avogadro'sNumber
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
“1 mole of formaldehyde gas reacts with 1 mole of oxygen gas to form 1 mole of liquid water and 1 mole of carbon dioxide gas.”
What is implied…
“30 g H2CO reacts with 32 g O2 to form 18 g H2O and 44 g CO2”
H2CO (g) + O2 (g) H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
Writing and Balancing Equations
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
You can use dimensional analysis…
Just like 1000 g = 1 kg
An amount of 6.48 mole of NH3 reacts with how many moles of O2?
5 mol O2 = 4 mol NH3
6.48 mol NH3 X 5 mol O2
4 mol NH3
= 8.10 mol O2
4 NH3 + 5 O2 4 NO + 6 H2O
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Types of Reactions (Cont’d)
Elimination: Taking part of a molecule out• A ---> B + C or more
• Dehydrogenation
• Dehydroxylation
• Dehalogenation
O2 (not shown) was used as a reagent to abstract the –H’s from methanol, the reactant
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Nature vs. Lab
Image Sources: Wikipedia Commons, Flickr, Pixabay
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Nature vs. Lab
• Chemical transformations happen at ambient temperatures
• Minimal waste• Utilize water as a solvent
and reagent• Complex molecules
seamlessly • Domino and Cascade
reactions• Enzymes• High selectively
• Chemical transformations happen high temperatures and high pressure
• Varying amount of waste produced
• Utilize petroleum-based solvents
• Complex molecules take skills specialized catalysts
• Step-be-step synthesis• Precious metal catalysts• Moderate selectivity
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Designing an Ideal Green Reaction
1. Generate no waste or by-product/Use waste sources• Always addition reaction? No.• Must consider the whole picture.
2. High yield and high rate
3. Earth abundant feedstock and catalyst
4. Energy efficient• Does not require high external energy input.• UV light driven.• Microwave assisted.
5. No solvent or environmentally benign solvent• Water• Recyclable organic solvent• scCO2
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Biomimicry
Biomimicry is the science and art of emulating nature's best biological ideas to solve human problems.
Bios = lifeMimic = to copy or emulate
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
“Pond scum may be a synonym for ‘primitive’, but the tiny organisms that compose it easily beat the human state of the art when it comes to capturing energy from the sun. Some purple bacteria answering to that unflattering description use light energy with almost 95% efficiency – more than four times that of the best man-made solar cells.”
- University of Southern California news release, August 22, 1994
Images: WikiCommons
Still More to Be Learned
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Topics
• Introduction and Principles [Lectures 1-3]
• Chemistry Intro [Lectures 4-7]• Molecules, drawing, nomenclature, stoichiometry and reactions, metrics
• Sustainability and Life Cycle assessment [Lectures 9-10]
• Renewable feedstocks [Lecture 12]
• Designing for recycling & degradation [Lecture 14]
• Catalysis, Solvents [Lectures 15-17]
• Energy [Lecture 19]
• Green Analytical Chemistry [Lecture 20]
• Intro to toxicology, chemical exposure and dose, molecular toxicology [Lectures 21-23]
• Designing future products with reduced toxicity [Lectures 24-26]
• Real-world case studies [Lecture 13]
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
CatalysisDesigning future catalysts to be more benign
Lecture #15
Date:
Course #
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Outline
• What is Catalysis?
• Why its important and improves performance
• Categories of Catalysis
• Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous
• Greener Alternatives for Catalysis
• Current Trends for the Next Generation of Catalysts
• Additional applications for catalysts
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
UNIDO Catalysis Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=3&v=p2_A3EBmawg
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Learning Objectives
Explain why the incorporation of catalysts is key to Green Chemistry
Understand the difference between homogeneous, heterogeneous, and biocatalysis
Describe three examples of greener alternatives which use biphasic systems, biocatalysis, or photocatalysis
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Catalysis Reaction Diagram
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Catalysis-_Reaction_progress.png
In general it’s more effective, safer, and sustainable to use catalysts than not!
Lowered activation energy!
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous
• Difficult separation
• Difficult to regenerate
• Expensive
• High reaction rates
• Less sensitive
• High selectivity
• Known mechanisms
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
• Easy separation
• Easy regeneration
• Cheap
• Lower rates
• Sensitive to more
• Lower selectivity
• Requires more energy
• Unique mechanisms
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Designing a Green Catalyst
• Low toxicity
• Earth abundance
• Efficiency
- Rate and energy input
• Compatible with green solvent
• Longevity and Recyclability
• Ease of production
- Large volume and consistent in quality
• High selectivity for desired product(s)
http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2011/January/CriticalThinking.asp
Not all catalysts are created equal. Chemists need to consider various factors when deciding on the catalyst.
Many metals which are used as catalysts are depleting
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Topics
• Introduction and Principles [Lectures 1-3]
• Chemistry Intro [Lectures 4-7]• Molecules, drawing, nomenclature, stoichiometry and reactions, metrics
• Sustainability and Life Cycle assessment [Lectures 9-10]
• Renewable feedstocks [Lecture 12]
• Designing for recycling & degradation [Lecture 14]
• Catalysis, Solvents [Lectures 15-17]
• Energy [Lecture 19]
• Green Analytical Chemistry [Lecture 20]
• Intro to toxicology, chemical exposure and dose, molecular toxicology [Lectures 21-23]
• Designing future products with reduced toxicity [Lectures 24-26]
• Real-world case studies [Lecture 13]
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Green Analytical Chemistry
Lecture #20
Date:
Course #
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Outline
• What is Green Analytical Chemistry?
• Analytical Method Assessment
• Tools and Techniques for Assessing Greenness of Analytical Methods
• Sample Preparation
• Analytical Techniques and Methods
• Chromatography
• Spectroscopy
• Mass spectrometry
• Process Analytical Technology (PAT)
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Green Analytical Chemistry
Sample Prep
• Solvent selection/use
• Green media and/or reagents
• Extraction/separation processes
• Reduction of scale
Instrumental Analysis
• Techniques:
• Chromatography
• Spectroscopy
• Etc.
• Method improvement
Real-time Analysis/PAT
• At-line
• On-line
• In-line
iStock photos: Standard license
“Green Analytical Chemistry” by Paul Ferguson and Douglas Raynie, in Green Techniques for Organic Synthesis and Medicinal Chemistry, 2nd Edition, Zhang, W. and Cue, B. W., Eds., Wiley, 2018, pp. 43-66
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Topics
• Introduction and Principles [Lectures 1-3]
• Chemistry Intro [Lectures 4-7]• Molecules, drawing, nomenclature, stoichiometry and reactions, metrics
• Sustainability and Life Cycle assessment [Lectures 9-10]
• Renewable feedstocks [Lecture 12]
• Designing for recycling & degradation [Lecture 14]
• Catalysis, Solvents [Lectures 15-17]
• Energy [Lecture 19]
• Green Analytical Chemistry [Lecture 20]
• Intro to toxicology, chemical exposure and dose, molecular toxicology [Lectures 21-23]
• Designing future products with reduced toxicity [Lectures 24-26]
• Real-world case studies [Lecture 13]
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Real-World Cases in Green Chemistry
Lecture # 13
Date:
Course #
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Outline
• What are the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards?• Award Categories
• PGCCA Case Studies: • 2016: Newlight Technologies, AirCarbon: Greenhouse Gas Transformed into High-
Performance Thermoplastic• 2012: Buckman International, Inc.: Enzymes Reduce the Energy and Wood Fiber Required to
Manufacture High-Quality Paper and Paperboard• 2011: Professor Bruce H. Lipshutz, Towards Ending Our Dependence on Organic Solvents• 2008: SiGNa Chemistry, Inc.: New Stabilized Alkali Metals for Safer, Sustainable Syntheses• 2005: Archer Daniels Midland and Novozymes, NovaLipidTM: Low Trans Fats and Oils
Produced by Enzymatic Interesterification of Vegetable Oils Using Lipozyme®• 2002: Pfizer re-design of Sertraline (ZOLOFT®)• 1996: Dow Chemical Company Designing an Environmentally Safe Marine Antifoulant
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Professor Bruce Lipshutz, University of California, Santa Barbara
Towards Ending our Dependence on Organic Solvents
2011 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Academic Award
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Professor Bruce Lipshutz, University of California Santa Barbara Towards Ending Our Dependence on Organic Solvents
Most chemical manufacturing processes rely on organic solvents, which tend to be volatile, toxic, and flammable. Chemical manufacturers use billions of pounds of organic solvents each year, much of which becomes waste. Water itself cannot replace organic solvents as the medium for chemical reactions because many chemicals do not dissolve and do not react in water.
Professor Lipshutz has designed a safe surfactant that forms tiny droplets in water. Organic chemicals dissolve in these droplets and react efficiently, allowing water to replace organic solvents.
reactions take place here
Images curtesy of Professor Bruce Lipshutz
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Professor Bruce Lipshutz, University of California Santa Barbara Towards Ending Our Dependence on Organic Solvents
New Nanomicelles as “Nanoreactors” in Water
Benign by design “designer” surfactants (available from Aldrich)
Images curtesy of Professor Bruce Lipshutz
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Professor Bruce Lipshutz, University of California Santa Barbara Towards Ending Our Dependence on Organic Solvents
Applications of nanomicellar technologychemistry in water at RT
Images curtesy of Professor Bruce Lipshutz
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
What is a micelle?
Micelle
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Topics
• Introduction and Principles [Lectures 1-3]
• Chemistry Intro [Lectures 4-7]• Molecules, drawing, nomenclature, stoichiometry and reactions, metrics
• Sustainability and Life Cycle assessment [Lectures 9-10]
• Renewable feedstocks [Lecture 12]
• Designing for recycling & degradation [Lecture 14]
• Catalysis, Solvents [Lectures 15-17]
• Energy [Lecture 19]
• Green Analytical Chemistry [Lecture 20]
• Intro to toxicology, chemical exposure and dose, molecular toxicology [Lectures 21-23]
• Designing future products with reduced toxicity [Lectures 24-26]
• Real-world case studies [Lecture 13]
Lectures #8 and #18 In-class Exams!
Final Exam!
6 Homeworks!
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
1. Molecules and Nomenclature
2. Stoichiometry and Reactions
3. Estimating Biodegradation of Organic Molecules
4. Solvent Substitution: CHEM21 Solvent Selection Guide
5. Chemical Exposure and Dose
6. Toxicology
Includes answer keys
Homeworks
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Exams
• Exam 1• 41 questions w/answer key
• Exam 2• 54 questions w/answer key
• Final Exam• 95 questions w/answer key
• Note to instructor: Below is a list of questions that are suitable for a exam. You may select any number of question that you may feel is best suited for your class. This serves a mere guide and any additional questions are welcome.
Center For Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
How to use the course materials?
Intro to GC course
Supplement with a
Module
HW’s and Exams
Supplemental Resources
Introduce a Case Study
Welcome to the Green Chemistry Commitment
Green Chemistry Education Webinar Series
Recording and supporting documents will be available:
https://www.beyondbenign.org/he-webinars/
Submit questions at any time during the webinar in the
Control/Chat box on the Control Panel
Natalie O’Neil, Ph.D.Program Manager
Higher Education
Beyond Benign
@natjoneil
Kimberly Chapman, B.A.Administrative Assistant
Center for Green Chemistry and
Green Engineering at Yale
Join us for our next webinar!
Recordings, supporting documents and upcoming webinars (with registration links):
http://www.beyondbenign.org/he-webinars/
Sign-up for Beyond Benign’s quarterly newsletter and webinar announcements on our homepage:
www.beyondbenign.org
Sign-up for CGCGE Yale’s monthly newsletter:
https://mailchi.mp/4d1c7d89c531/greenchemistry
Thank you for joining us!
“ACS GCI Pharmaceutical RoundTable Tools Webinar”
November 20, 2019 @ 2:00 pm - 3:00 pm