GREEN CARPET IN MY HOME TOWN

GREEN CARPET IN JUNAGADH

The purpose of this report is to identify the potential of using

renewable energy (solar, biomass) and the concept of

distributed power supply to give energy independence and

green tomorrow to Junagadh, a small town of India.

BY K. C. PATOLIA (1057047)

ENGY 710-W01

FEASIBILITY

STUDY

REPORT

SPRING-2015

1057047, K. C. PATOLIA Page 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my professor, Mr. Stanley Greenwald who

gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful study report on the subject “Distributed

Generation Power Plant system”, which helped me in doing a lot Research and I came to know

about so many new things. In this way, I have increased my knowledge. I am really thankful to

him.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my family and friends who helped me a lot in finishing this

study report within the limited time.

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & COMPUTING SCIENCE

M. S. ENERGY MANAGEMENT (SPRING 2015)

ENGY-710 – POWER PLANT SYSTEM

KINJAL C. PATOLIA (1057047)


TABLE OF CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION 3

2. JUANGADH AT GLANCE 4 3. CURRENT LOAD ANALYSIS OF JUNAGADH 6

3.1 Electric load requirement 6 3.2 Sources of electricity in Junagadh 7 3.3 Why current scenario needs transformation? 8

4. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC TO AVAIL ABUNDABT ENERGY OF THE SUN 10 4.1 Introduction 10 4.2 Technical analysis 11 4.3 Plant economics and emission generation 13 4.4 Opportunities 13 4.5 Barriers 14

5. BIOMASS POWER PLANT (AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES AND MSW) 16 5.1 Introduction 16 5.2 Technical analysis 17 5.3 Plant economics and emission generation 19 5.4 Opportunities 19 5.5 Barriers 20

6. CONCLUSION 21 7. REFERENCES 22


1. INTRODUCTION

As we move into a smarter and faster world, full of innovations and technology, we also face

perils of rapidly depleting sources of energy and pernicious ramifications on the environment.

Today, the entire world has been working hard to reduce the use of conventional sources of

energy and adopt cleaner and greener sources. But the success of these efforts depends on the

ideal combination of different factors like, geographical location, availability of natural

resources, government’s supportive policies, technical and economic efficiencies and carbon

footprint. In this feasibility study report ideal combination of different factors are used to avail

the natural sources of energy. Because the ultimate fact is that, “Nature is dying day by day, but

nature is the only answer to this challenge”.


2. JUNAGADH AT GLANCE

FIGURE 1 [JUNAGADH ON WORLD MAP]

FIGURE 2 [GEOGRAPHY OF JUNAGADH]


TABLE 1 [JUNAGADH ON WORLD ATLAS]

FIGURE 3 [SITE OF POWER PLANT]

Junagadh is located in the Gujarat, mid-western state of India. It is located at the foot of the

Girnar hills, 355km south west of state capital Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad. Junagadh is

connected to National Highway NH8d. It also comes under Western Railway zone of Indian

Railway. It has no air-port facility due to mountainous terrain. The nearest air-port is Rajkot air-

port. Junagadh has a tropical wet and dry climate with three distinct seasons observed, a mild

winter from November to February, a hot summer from March to June, and a monsoon from

July to October. Due to mountainous region and forest reserves, Junagadh lacks major

industries or plants. The economy of Junagadh is mainly based on agriculture. Junagadh is

developing rapidly in the North and in the South. There are various utility services in the city

like, water supply, waste collection facility, drainage facility, electricity and telecom services.

Coordinates 21.52°N 70.47°E

Country India State Gujarat Government Body Junagadh Municipal Corporation Area 59 km2(23 mile2) Elevation 107 meter(351 feet) Population 3,20,250 Density 5400/ km2 (14,000/ mile2) Time Zone IST (UTC+5:30)

SITE


3. CURRENT ELECTRIC LOAD ANALYSIS OF JUNAGADH

3.1 ELECTRIC LOAD REQUIREMENT

Average area of the house (ft2) 2,200 square feet

Lighting (3W/ft2) 6,600 W 2 Small appliances (1500 W) 3,000 W 1 Dishwasher (1200 W) 1,200 W 1 Refrigerator 800 W Total 13,100 W First 10 kW of all other load has 100% demand factor (A)

10,000 W

Remainder of other load has 40% demand factor (B)

1240 W

AC @ 100 % @ 1500 W (C) 1500 W Total (A+B+C) 12,740 W No. of houses 64,000 units Total residential load 187.532 MW

TABLE 2 [RESIDENTIAL LOAD ANALYSIS]

Type of occupancy School Library Church

Lighting 3 watt 3.5 watt 2.25 watt Misc.power 1.5 watt 0.5 watt 0.5 watt Air Conditioning 4 watt 6 watt 6 watt Total 8.5 watt 10 watt 8.75 watt Area 60,000 square feet 60,000 square feet 20,000 square feet Power/unit 510 kilowatt/unit 600 kilowatt/unit 175 kilowatt/unit Number of units 30 units 3 units 10 units Growth rate 70% 35% 20% Power of units 26,010kilowatts 2,430 kilowatts 2,100 kilowatts Total institutional load

30.53 MW

TABLE 3 [INSTITUTIONAL LOAD ANALYSIS]


Hospitals Stores Shops Restaurants Offices Govt. Building

Industrial

Lighting (W/ft2) 2.5 w 3.5 w 4 w 2 w 3.25 w 3.25 w 2 w

Misc.(W/ft2) 1.0 w 1 w 1 w 0.25 w 2 w 2w 1 w

A. C.(W/ft2) 6.0 w 6 w 7 w 8 w 5.5 w 5.5 w 0 w

Total(W/ft2) 9.5 w 10.5 w 12 w 10.25 w 10.75 w

10.75 w 3 w

Area(ft2) 60,000 20,000 1,000 3,000 8,000 10,000 25,000

No. of units 10 5 150 12 150 5 5

Growth rate 60 % 75% 60% 30% 60% 60% 75%

Total load (MW) 9.120 1.84 2.9 0.48 20.64 0.86 0.65

Total commercial load (MW)

36.49 MW

TABLE 4 [COMMERCIAL LOAD ANALYSIS]

TABLE 5 [TOTAL LOAD REQUIREMENT]

3.2 SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY IN JUNAGADH

In Junagadh, electricity is provided and distributed by P.G.V.C.L. which is a state run company.

The erstwhile Gujarat electricity board has been restructured into seven companies, One

generation (GSEC), one transmission (GETCO), four distribution companies and GUVNL. The

PGVCL is one of the distribution companies and area under it includes Saurashtra and Kutch

regions.

Type of unit No. of units Load requirement (megawatts)

House holds 64, 000 187.532 MW

Institutions(schools, library, church)

43 30.53 MW

Commercial 337 36.49 MW

Total 64,380 254.552 MW = 255 MW


CHART 1 [DISTRIBUTION OF FOSSIL AND CLEAN SOURCES]

CHART 2 [GENERATION & REQUIREMENT OF ELECTRICITY]

3.3 WHY CURRENT SCENARIO NEEDS TRANFORMATION?

The energy policy of India is largely defined by the country’s burgeoning energy deficit and

increased focus on developing alternative sources of energy, particularly nuclear, solar and

wind energy. The growth of electricity generation has been hindered by domestic coal

shortages and as consequences, India’s coal imports for electricity generation increased by 18%

in 2010. India is largely dependent on fossil fuel imports to meet its energy demand. By 2030

India’s dependence on energy imports is expected to exceed 53% of the country’s total energy

consumption. The fact is that, cost of power generated from imported coal and domestically

produced is increasing with time.


CHART 3 [WORLD CARBON EMISSIONS]

The second threat is the emission of greenhouse gases. According to experts, a booming

economy coupled with rising population is adding to GHG emissions. India emitted 2,094

million tons of CO2, according to the 2006 guidelines of IPCC. Of this carbon dioxide accounted

for 72%, methane 22% and nitrous oxide 6%. The study revealed that an average Indian was

guilty of emitting 1.89 tons of CO2. Gujarat accounts for the fourth highest emission of

greenhouse gases in the country. The state, known for its chemical, pharma, and textile

industry, emitted 154.62 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalents last year.


4. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC TO AVAIL ABUNDANT ENERGY OF THE SUN

4.1 INTRODUCTION

India is densely populated and has high solar insolation, an ideal combination for using solar

power in India. Moreover its other resources are relatively scarce. According to a 2011 report

by BRIDGE TO INDIA and GTM research, India is facing a perfect storm of factors that will drive

solar photovoltaic adoption at a furious pace over the next five years and beyond. Government

support and ample solar resources have also helped to increase solar adoption, but perhaps the

biggest factor has been need. Particularly, Gujarat state has got both vision and advantage in

the form of topography to emerge as a world leader.

FIGURE 4 [SOLAR INSOLATION IN INDIA]


FIGURE 5 [PROPOSED SOLAR PV FARM IN JUNAGADH]

4.2 TECHNICAL ANALYSIS

FIGURE 6 [SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF SOLAR PV PLANT]


TABLE 6 [TECHNICAL DETAILS OF THE PLANT]

A photovoltaic power station, also known as a solar park, is a large-scale photovoltaic system

designed for the supply of merchant power into the electricity grid. They are differentiated

from most building-mounted and other decentralized solar power applications because they

supply power at the utility level, rather than to a local user or users. They are sometimes

referred to as solar farms or solar ranches, especially when sited in agricultural areas. The

generic expression utility-scale solar is sometimes used to describe this type of project.

Most solar parks are ground mounted PV systems, also known as free-field solar power plants.

The solar arrays are the subsystems which convert incoming light into electrical energy. They

comprise a multitude of solar modules, mounted on support structures and interconnected to

deliver a power output to electronic power conditioning subsystems. Many projects use

mounting structures where the solar modules are mounted at a fixed inclination calculated to

provide the optimum annual output profile. The modules are normally oriented towards the

equator, at a tilt angle slightly less than the latitude of the site. In some cases, depending on

local climatic, topographical or electricity pricing regimes, different tilt angles can be used, or

the arrays might be offset from the normal East-West axis to favor morning or evening output.

Solar panels produce direct current (DC) electricity, so solar parks need conversion equipment

to convert this to alternating current (AC), which is the form transmitted by the electricity grid.

The conversion is done by inverters. The system inverters typically provide power output at

voltages of the order of 480 VAC. Electricity grids operate at much higher voltages of the order

of tens or hundreds of thousands of volts, so transformers are incorporated to deliver the

required output to the grid.

TECHNICAL ANALYSIS

Type of module Crystalline silicon(German tech)

Mounting system Fixed mounting, free standing 2 angles

Azimuth/inclination 180°(south)/48°(winter), 17°(summer)

Rating of solar panel 300 Wp

DC voltage 36.72 volts

DC current 8.17 amp

Open circuit voltage 45.50 volts

Short circuit current 8.65 amp

Central inverter’s efficiency 97.5%


4.3 PLANT ECONOMICS & EMISSION GENERATION

TABLE 7 [PLANT ECONOMICS & EMISSION GENERATION]

4.4 OPPORTUNITIES

With about 300 clear, sunny days in a year India’s theoretical solar power reception on

only its land area is about 5,000 trillion kilowatt-hours per year. The daily average solar

energy incident over India varies from 4 to 7 kwh/m2 with about 1500-2000 sunshine

hours per year which is far more than current total energy consumption. Gujarat has

natural advantage of barren land without shifting sand dunes.

The government of India is promoting the use of solar energy through various strategies.

The government has announced the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission and the

establishment of a clean energy fund. 51 solar power radiation resource assessment

stations have been installed across India by the ministry of new and renewable energy

(MNRE) to monitor the availability of solar energy. Data is collected and reported to the

center for wind energy technology in order to create a solar atlas.

PLANT ECONOMICS AND EMISSION GENERATION

Plant capacity 255 MW

Plant cost $1216/kw

Construction cost $310 × 106

Depreciation(straight line depreciation 5 years)

$62 × 106 /year

Interest (bond interest=3.5%) $10.85× 106 /year

Operation & Maintenance(O & M=$35.31/kw)

$9.00 × 106 /year

Fuel cost $0.00

Ash 0

Taxes 0

Carbon tax 0

Total cost $81.85 × 106 /year

Government credits 30%

Availability of source 70%

Total annual out put 1563.66 × 106 kwhr

Generation cost 3.64 ¢ / kwhr


The MNRE provides 70% subsidy on the installation cost of a solar photovoltaic power

plant in north-east states and 30% subsidy on other regions. Government can also

provide subsidies for the production of PV panels in which there will be reduction in the

market price and this can lead to more usage of solar power in India. Government has

also encouraged private solar companies by reducing customs duty on solar

photovoltaic panels.

Additionally, the government has initiated a renewable energy certificate scheme, which

is designed to drive investment in low carbon energy projects. The budget also proposed

a coal tax of $1/ton on domestic and imported coal used for a power generation.

The state government is also taking initiative in providing the common

infrastructure/facilities like site preparation and leveling, power evacuation, availability

of water, access roads, security and services. Gujarat energy transmission will develop

evacuation from the identified interconnection points with solar developers. This

project is supported in part by the Asian Development Bank.

With that other benefits like carbon credits and other subsidies, moreover appreciation

in the land value. The state has signed power purchase agreements with 80 private

players worth $3billion.

4.5 BARRIERS

Land is a scarce resource in India and per capita land availability is low. Dedication of

land area for exclusive installation of solar arrays might have to compete with other

necessities that require land. The amount of land required for utility scale solar power

plants currently approximately 1 km2 for every 20-60 MW generated could pose a strain

on India’s available land resource.

The architecture more suitable for most of India would be highly distributed set of

individual roof top power generation systems, all connected via a local grid. However,

erecting such an infrastructure which does not enjoy the economies of scale possible in

mass, utility scale, solar panel deployment, needs the market price of solar technology

deployment to substantially decline, so that it attracts the individual and average family

size household consumer.

Solar does not work at night. The biggest disadvantage of solar energy is that it is not

constant. To produce solar electricity there must be sunlight. So energy must be stored


or sourced elsewhere at night. Beyond daily fluctuations, solar production decreases

over winter months when there are less sunlight hours and sun radiation is less intense.

A very common criticism is that solar energy production is relatively inefficient.

Currently, widespread solar panel efficiency- how much of the sun’s energy a solar panel

can convert into electrical energy is at around 22%.Solar electricity storage technology

has not reached its potential yet. While there are many solar drip feed batteries

available, these are currently costly and bulky. Solar panels are bulky. This is particularly

true of higher-efficiency, traditional silicon crystalline wafer solar modules. These are

the large solar panels that are covered in glass. New technology thin-film solar modules

are much less bulky, and have recently been developed as applications such as solar

roof tiles and “amorphous” flexible solar modules. The downfall is that thin-film is

currently less efficient than crystalline wafer solar.

The main hindrance to solar energy going widespread is the cost of installing solar

panels.


5. BIOMASS POWER PLANT (AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES AND MSW)

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Biomass has always been an important energy source for the country considering the benefits it

offers. It is renewable, widely available, carbon-neutral and the potential to provide significant

employment in rural areas. With the new government policy of biotechnology, Junagadh has

been identified as one of the agriculture biotechnology zone. Major crops produced in the

district are wheat, oil seeds, cotton, banana, onion and bringer. Total production of oilseeds in

the Junagadh is 4, 64,400 MT per annum which is the largest producer of groundnut and garlic

in the state contributing 26% and 36% of total production respectively. These agricultural

residues can generate a significant amount of electrical energy. Another considerable source of

energy is the municipal solid waste or garbage of the city. This type of conversion will help not

only for energy production, but it will also support “Clean India” initiative.

FIGURE 7 [CURRENT AGRICULTURAL & POLLUTION SCENARIO IN INDIA]


FIGURE 8 [PROPOSED BIOMASS POWER PLANT IN JUNAGADH]

5.2 TECHNICAL ANALYSIS

FIGURE 9 [SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF BIOMASS POWER PLANT]


TABLE 8 [TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF BIOMASS PLANT]

The project is designed to generate electricity from biomass (surplus residues and municipal

solid waste) that is available in project region. The basic technology is combustion, where direct

combustion of biomass takes place through a multi-fuel fired boiler to generate high-pressure

and high-temperature steam, which in turn drives a turbine coupled to generate the electric

energy of rated. The major items of plant and machinery consist of a travelling grate boiler with

economizer, air pre-heater with electro static precipitator, a steam turbine with synchronous

generator, power evacuation system and fuel handling system. Other plant and equipment

includes air-cooled condenser, fuel conveyor, ash handling system, water treatment plant,

compressor units, etc. Electricity generated from biomass is a renewable source of energy; the

fuels to be used would be a mixture of surplus biomass residues, which form part of regular

carbon cycle and helps in reduction of greenhouse gases leading to sustainable development.

The project would contribute positively to the environment by reducing greenhouse gas

emissions that would have otherwise been generated by using conventional sources of energy

such as coal, lignite, gas and oil. The project utilizes surplus biomass residues, which form part

of the regular carbon cycle and hence do not contribute to additional atmospheric CO2

emission.

TECHNICAL ANALYSIS

Boiler type Travelling grate

Boiler capacity/steam flowrate 15.2 × 103 lb./hr.

Steam pressure at super heater outlet 67 ata

Steam temperature at super heater outlet 480 ± 5°c

Steam turbine generator type Single cylinder impulse condensing

Capacity 10 MW

Inlet steam parameters 64 ata @ 474 °c

Generator voltage 11 kv

Frequency 50 Hz

RPM 3000

System condensing system Air-cooled

Grid voltage 66 kv


5.3 PLANT ECONOMICS & EMISSION GENERATION

PLANT COST AND GENERATION EMISSION

Plant capacity 10 MW

Ground nut shells 100 tons/day

Municipal solid waste 100 tons/day

Plant cost $62/kw

Construction cost $0.43 × 106

Depreciation(straight line depreciation-15 years)

$0.03 × 106 /year

Interest (bond interest-3.5%) $0.02 × 106 /year

Operation & Maintenance(O&M=$470/kw) $4.7 × 106 /year

Efficiency 30%

HHV 7455 BTU/LB

Fuel cost($20/ton) $1.33 × 106 /year

Ash($2.91/ton) $0.19 × 106 /year

Fuel tax $0.00

Carbon tax $0.20 × 106 /year

Total cost $6.47 × 106 /year

Generation cost 7.3¢/kwh

CO2 / MWH 2949 lb. CO2 / MWH

TABLE 9 [PLANT ECONOMICS & EMISSION GENERATION]

5.4 OPPORTUNITIES

MNRE has promoted the national program for the recovery of energy from industrial

and urban wastes. Since this program seeks to promote setting up of waste to energy

plants, various financial incentives and other eligibility criteria have been proposed by

the MNRE to encourage the participation in waste to energy projects. Financial assistance is provided on the capital cost for demonstration projects that are

innovative in terms of generation of power from municipal/industrial waste. Financial

incentives are given to municipal corporations for supplying garbage free of cost at the

project site and for providing land. Incentives are given to the state nodal agencies for

promotion, co-ordination and monitoring of such projects. Financial assistance is given

for carrying out studies on waste to energy projects, covering full costs of such studies.

Assistance is given in terms of training, courses, workshops and seminars and

awareness.


The project would generate employment opportunity for unemployed youth of the

local area for collection of biomass on the fields and then loading and unloading it to

the project site by transportation, there by contributing towards creation of social

capital in the region in which biomass is produced by the plant. It will create

direct/indirect employment for operating the plant as well as for transportation of

biomass material to the project plant from sources. The generation of ecofriendly power brings socio economic development of the town.

The project will help to alleviate the poverty level of poor people of town. Besides

employment, it will also bring investment in the town that will result in economic well-

being. It will generate additional income for farmers due to creation value for the commercial

value of neglected biomass in and around the region.

5.5 BARRIERS

The major barrier faced by the project is the low return on investment which reinforces

the conclusion that the project is additional and not a business-as-usual scenario.

The estimated decrease in the cost of biomass is deemed unlikely. The farmers or

suppliers may consider residues as business opportunity and increase the price of

biomass material.

Another barrier is technological risk due to use of various types of biomass residues.

The properties of biomass fuels affecting boiler performance are volatile matter,

moisture, alkali content and chlorides. The envisaged biomass fuels have high organic

alkali content, mainly the oxides of sodium and potassium which are more often

associated with sinter formation in the high temperature super-heater zones. Corrosion

due to alkali and chloride results in frequent tube failures. Furthermore the moisture

content of biomass will have an effect on the conversion efficiency and heating value.

The operation and performance of the biomass plant is highly uncertain because of the

poor characteristics of biomass material such as low bulk density, high moisture

content, etc. The project activity uses various types of biomass as fuel. Due to varied

properties of various biomass fuels, it is difficult to maintain operating parameters such

as pressure and temperature, which can be quantified and there by the carbon

revenues can be extending for the same.

Biomass power generation is not a common phenomenon in the state of Gujarat.


6. CONCLUSION

In this way, the study concludes that this type of implementation of renewable energy sources

will be able to provide 70% percent electricity of the Junagadh city. As solar power is not

available 24 hours and biomass plant alone is not capable of supplying the whole demand of

the city, grid power must be available during those dark hours. However, efforts are not in vain,

because during night time the load requirement is very low. Moreover, current researches

support that in next coming decade it would be possible to implement batteries and renewable

energy together. This kind of implementation will give 100% energy independence and green

carpet to my home town, Junagadh.


7. REFERENCES

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/solar-power-in-india

http://m.timesofindia.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-GHG-emissions

www.pgvcl.com

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/biomass

http://www.mnre.gov.in/scheme/grid-connected/bio-mass-power cogen/

http://www.eai.in/ref/ae/intelpol/policies.html

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/junagadh

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/solar-power-in-india

http://m.timesofindia.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-GHG-emissions

http://www.pgvcl.com/

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/biomass

http://www.mnre.gov.in/scheme/grid-connected/bio-mass-power%20cogen/

http://www.eai.in/ref/ae/intelpol/policies.html

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/junagadh

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GREEN CARPET IN MY HOME TOWN