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Greek Tragedy

Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

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Page 1: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

Greek Tragedy

Page 2: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

The LandLocated in Europe in the Aegean

Sea

Page 3: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

The Land

•Greece has thousands of

inhabited islands and dramatic mountain

ranges

Page 4: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

The Land

Page 5: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

The Land

Page 6: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

The History

•Democracy was founded in Greece

• It had a patriarchal (male dominated) society

Page 7: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

The Philosophy

•Philosophy, the art of thinking, began

in Greece (Socrates, Plato,

Aristotle)

Page 8: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

Aristotle (342-322 BC)author of Poetics, which defined

Greek tragedy

Tragedy is a drama that recounts an important and unhappy event in the life of a significant person

A tragic hero must be a person capable of great suffering

Tragedy explores humankind’s questions of the ways of god or fate

Tragedy shows how a person is brought to disaster by a single character flaw

Tragedy arouses the emotions of pity, fear, wonder, awe, and ends with a catharsis of emotions.

Page 9: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

Aristotle’s Tragic Hero

Must come from nobilityMust have a tragic flawUndergoes a reversal of fortune(fall from high place)

Finally recognizes his/her mistakes

Page 10: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

The Unities

• A. Unity of Time (play is limited to a 24 hour period)

• B. Unity of Place (scenes/locations did not change)

• C. Unity of Action (one storyline without subplots or diversions

Page 11: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

Purpose of the Plays

• Everyone was expected to attend based on civic duty

• Plays were a form of religious worship• They taught moral lessons such as

moderation, duty, etc.• Violent acts were not permitted on stage

but were simply reported to the audience by a character

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Dramatic Structure

Page 13: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

Terms to Know

• Catharsis- the release of pent up emotions or tension, sometimes through art or music and sometimes through behavior

• Hubris- having excessive pride or arrogance

Page 14: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

The Myths– a key factor in Greek Tragedy

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The Myths – Why they were written

1. Explained the unexplainable

2. Justified religious practices

3. Gave credibility to leaders

4. Gave hope

5. Polytheistic (more than one god)

6. Centered around the twelve Olympians (primary Greek gods)

Page 16: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

To give credibility to leaders

The Greeks used myths to create family trees

for their leaders, enforcing the made-

up idea that the emperors were

related to the gods and were, then,

demigods.

Page 17: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

Mount Olympus

…Where the

Olympians lived.

Who are the Olympians?

Page 18: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

The Olympians Are the 12 Main Gods

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Tem

pera

men

ts o

f th

e O

lym

pia

ns

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Zeus

• King of gods• Heaven• Storms• Thunder• Lightning

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Poseidon

• Zeus’s brother• King of the sea• Earthquakes• Horses

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Hades

• Brother to Zeus and Poseidon

• King of the Underworld (Tartarus)

• Husband of Persephone

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Ares

• God of war

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Hephaestus

• God of fire• Craftspeople• Metalworkers• Artisans

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Apollo

• God of the sun• Music• Poetry• Fine arts• Medicine

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Hermes

• Messenger to the gods

• Trade• Commerce• Travelers• Thieves & scoundrels

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Hera

• Queen of gods• Married to Zeus• Women• Marriage• Childbirth

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Demeter

• Goddess of Harvest• Agriculture• Fertility• Fruitfulness• Mom to Persephone

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Hestia

• Goddess of Hearth• Home• Community

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Athena

• Goddess of wisdom• Practical arts• War

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Aphrodite

• Goddess of love and beauty

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Artemis

• Goddess of hunting and the moon.

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Dionysus- a minor god

•God of Wine and

Partying (Revelry)Dionysus

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Dionysian Festival

• Greek plays were performed during religious ceremonies held in honor of Dionysus and sacrifices were made

(generally on stage )

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The Theater

• Business would shut down for days, people would

travel from all around to see the drama competitions—

even prisoners were temporarily released to see

the plays

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The Theater

•Tragedy means “goat song” (related to

Dionysian rituals)

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The Theater

Page 38: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

The TheaterSix Main Portions of

Greek Theater:

Theatron – Seating

for audience

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The TheaterSix Main Portions of Greek Theater:

Orchestra – “Dancing

Place” where

chorus sang to the

audience

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The TheaterSix Main Portions of Greek Theater:

Thymele – altar to

Dionysus in center of orchestra

where sacrifices were made

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The TheaterSix Main Portions of Greek Theater:

Skene – wooden scene

building used as a dressing room.

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The TheaterSix Main Portions of Greek Theater:

Parados – entrance

to the theater used by

the Chorus

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The Theater

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Where and how were the dramas performed?

…In an amphitheatre

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Where and how were the dramas performed?

…With a chorus who described most of the action.

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Where and how were the dramas performed?

……With masks

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The Stage

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The Playwrights• Thespis was the

first playwright to tell a story. He had one chorus member step away from the others to play the part of a hero or god.

Page 49: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

How were the dramas developed?

Aeschylus added a second individual

actor to the performance, thus

creating the possibility of

conflict.

Page 50: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

How were the dramas developed?

•Sophocles adds a third actor; now

we have full-blown drama.

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Sophocles’ Antigone

•Set in Thebes (a city in ancient

Greece)

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Is based on the myth of Oedipus, which all Greek audiences would

have known well

This allowed the audience to focus on the message being

delivered rather than the events

Page 53: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

The Story of Oedipus

• Oedipus is given away by his parents, Laios and Jocasta

when they learn from an oracle that their son would kill his father and marry his

mother.

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Page 55: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

• The ancient citizens of Greece would sacrifice and

pray to an ORACLE.

• An oracle was a priest or priestess who would send a message from the gods

to mortals who brought their requests.

Page 56: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

The Oracle at Delphi

Most famous oracle in Greek mythology.

Page 57: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

Sophocles’ Antigone

• Oedipus learns of the oracle and believing the king and queen of Corinth are his

parents, he leaves to avoid the oracle.

Page 58: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

Sophocles’ Antigone•Oedipus travels to Thebes, killing Laios on the way. He saves the city

from a terrible monster, the

Sphinx.

Page 59: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

Sophocles’ Antigone

•Thebes rewards him by making him king and giving him the

queen to marry.

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Sophocles’ Antigone

•A plague hits the city and the oracle warns that it won’t go away until the killer of King Laios is

punished.

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Sophocles’ Antigone

•Oedipus investigates and finds out he killed

his father and married his mother.

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Sophocles’ Antigone

•Oedipus blinds

himself and Jocasta kills

herself.

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Sophocles’ Antigone

•Antigone is the daughter of

Oedipus and Jocasta.

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Sophocles’ Antigone

•Antigone’s brothers, Eteokles and

Polyneces, were to rule in alternate years.

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Sophocles’ Antigone

•Eteokles refused to give up the throne for Polyneces at the

end of his year.

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Sophocles’ Antigone

•Polyneces went to Argos and raised an army to gain

the throne.

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Sophocles’ Antigone

•Eteokles and Polyneces killed

each other in battle.

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Sophocles’ Antigone

•Antigone’s uncle, Creon, became king of Thebes.

Page 69: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

Sophocles’ Antigone

•Creon, gives Eteokles, his ally, a hero’s burial and issues a decree

against burying Polyneces.

Page 70: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

Sophocles’ Antigone

•Antigone believes that he is wrong and that both of her brothers

should be buried with honor.

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Ancient Greek Burial Traditions• 1. Bury or burn the body to keep the soul from wandering the earth • 2. Dead are washed and dressed in fine clothing.•  3. The mouth and eyes of the dead are shut to prevent the soul

from leaving the body.•  4. Mourners wear black and/or cut their hair.•  5. The body is followed by a procession.•  6. Wine was poured over the gravesite and there was a sacrifice of

food and drink.•  7. Flowers were laid on the gravesite.•  8. A funeral feast was prepared.• 9. Dead were buried in a special place called a necropolis “city of

the dead”.•  10. A coin was placed inside the dead’s mouth to pay the ferryman

for a ride across the River Styx into the underworld.

• http://video.pbs.org/video/1082075672/

Page 72: Greek Tragedy The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

Sophocles’ Antigone

The play is based on three major conflicts

• Human law vs. God’s law• Civic Duty vs. Family Duty

• Man’s role vs. Woman’s role