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GREEK CULTURE
GREEK SCIENCE AND MATH
The Greeks made major contributions to math and science:The Earth revolves around the sunThe Earth is roundGeometry (like the value of Pi)
People used to
think that the
Earth was the
center of the
universe
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
GREEK ART The Greeks were big on pottery!
They told stories on their cups and pots
GREEK ART Sculptures = human representations
made of marble or stone
GREEK PHILOSOPHY Philosophy = love of wisdom. The idea that the human mind can understand everything
Be able to say at least one thing about each philosopher:The SophistsSocratesPlatoAristotleEpicurusZeno
THE SOPHISTS Professional teachers in Ancient Greece
Believed “students should use their time to improve themselves”
Taught people how to debate and win an argumentStick with me, kid. I’ll teach you how
to win a fight without throwing a
punch
SOCRATES, PLATO, AND ARISTOTLE
The Big Three
Aristotle
taught
Socrates Plato
taught
SOCRATESSocratic Method = Ask questions. Using reason will
answer those questions
What should we do?
What is the meaning of life?
What is the meaning of happiness?
What constitutes the good life?
What should we do with our lives?
PLATO Big on government
Democracy = … why?
In “The Republic”, he wrote about the ideal government:1. Philosopher-kings2. Warriors3. Everyone else
PLATO Plato is also famous for his “Allegory of the Cave”
ARISTOTLE Taught the “golden mean” = A person should do nothing in excess (balance is good)
Helped advance science
Like Plato, he enjoyed studying governmentDecided that the best form of government was a balance between democracy and oligarchy
Many people A few people
EPICURUS Taught his students that happiness was the goal to life
Pleasure meant = spending time with friendslearning not to worry about thingsStaying out of politics
Why so
serious?
ZENO Stoicism = happiness comes from following reason, not emotions
Today, a stoic is someone who doesn’t show emotion
ZENO Zeno is also famous for “Zeno’s Paradox”, which answers questions about time and space
Zeno was like, the arrow will never hit the target because it keeps going half the distance
ALEXANDER THE GREAT
Ruler of the World
WHY “THE GREAT”?
In ten years, Alexander of Macedonia created the largest empire in the world up to that time Alexander spread Greek culture, ensuring cultural diffusion and the survival of the qualities of classical Greece
ALEXANDER’S EMPIRE
ALEXANDER’S ORIGINS
Born in Pella, Macedonia Tutored by the Greek
philosopher, Aristotle His father, Philip, was king of
Macedonia, and had conquered the Greek city states during his 27 year reign
OlympiaAlexander’s mother
OlympiaAlexander’s mother
PhilipAlexander’s father
PhilipAlexander’s father
ALEXANDER RULES
Philip was murdered in 336 B.C. by an assassin…maybe hired by his wife, Olympia… So Alexander was only 20
when he became king of
Macedonia
SECURING HIS FATHER’S EMPIRE Alexander squelched rebellions in the northern regions to the Danube River In the process of reconquering the Greek city states, his forces destroyed Thebes, massacring all, including women and children
FROM POMPEII MOSAIC
The Gordian Knot: the legend behind the ancient knot was that the man who could untie it was destined to rule the entire world.
Alexander simply slashed the knot with his sword and unraveled it.
The Gordian Knot
DEFEATING DARIUSOF PERSIA
#1: Alexander’s forced dispatched the Persian army, losing only 110 men (legend) #2: Again Alexander was victorious, and Darius was forced to flee, abandoning is mother, wife and children to Alexander
Major cities in Asia Minor and along the Phoenician coast surrendered to Alexander
Alexander proceeded to Egypt, where he established the city of Alexandria and was made pharaoh
#3: Yet again, Alexander’s forces defeated Darius, this time in Mesopotamia…
Alexander was proclaimed king of Persia and Darius’s royal city and palace were burned to the ground…
Again, Darius fled… Alexander pursued…
Persepolis
When Darius was found murdered by his own men, Alexander executed the assassins and gave Darius a royal funeral
Ruins of Persepolis
THE LIMITS OF EXPANSION
In the spring of 327 BC, Alexander and his army marched into India As he conquered regions he allowed rulers to continue to govern in his name
IN INDIA, ALEXANDER’S HORSE WAS KILLED…
'O my son, look thee out a kingdom equal
to and worthy of thyself, for Macedonia
is too little for thee.'Philip to Alexander (Plutarch, Alexander 6.8.)
Alexander on his favorite horse, Bucephalus
He mourned his loss and named a city in his honor
Bucephalus
RETREAT At the Indus, the Macedonians rebelled and refused to go any farther The forces travelled down the Indus and began the arduous journey back to MesopotamiaHis best friend, Hephaestion, died of a fever; to console himself, Alexander led a ferocious military campaign and went on a drinking binge
SECURING A LEGACY Alexander made Babylonia the capital of his Empire He married one of Darius’ daughters and “encouraged” 10,000 of his soldiers to take Persian wives He died the following year at 33 before he could produce an heir and his kingdom was divided among 3 of his generals