1 Greece | Country reports

GreeceEnergy efficiency report

Objectives:

– 16.5 TWh of end-user energy savings for 2016

Overview 2009 2000-2009 (% / year)

Primary intensity (EU=100)1 78 ++ -2.6% +CO2 intensity (EU=100) 126 - -1.8% -CO2 emissions per capita (in tCO2 / cap) 8.8 - 1.2% --Power generation 2009 2000-2009 (% / year)Efficiency of thermal power plants (in %) 36 - -0.1% -Rate of electricity T&D losses (in %) 8 - -1.0% -CO2 emissions per kWh generated (in gCO2 / kWh) 761 -- -0.7% -Industry 2009* 2000-2009* (% / year)Energy intensity (EU=100) 78 ++ -4.7% ++Share of industrial CHP in industry consumption (in %) 8 -- 0.5% -Energy intensity (EU=100) 78 ++ -7.9% ++

1 The European Union, as the best-performing region, is used as the benchmark.

Latest update: January 2011

++ Among best countries + Better than the EU average - Below the EU average -- Among countries with lowest performances

*2008 and 2000-2008 for steel

Source: Enerdata

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1. Overview1.1. Policies: 16.5 TWh energy savings target for 2016 (NEEAP)Greece has adopted a 16.5 TWh (1.4 Mtoe) energy savings target for 2016 in its National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP), as requested by the Energy Service Directive of the European Commission.

Greece launched a program for Energy Efficiency and the Promotion of Renewable Energies with the aim of encourages energy savings in industry and buildings, and of improving energy efficiency in the transport sector.

Established within the framework of the 2nd Community Sup-port Framework, the Operational Program for Energy (OPE) provided capital cost grants for the promotion of renewable energy and energy conservation. In completing OPE, the Greek Government expected to save 4.3 percent and 2.2 percent in the industrial and service sectors, respectively. 1.2. Energy consumption trends: strong increase in non-industrial sectorsTotal energy consumption per capita stands at 2.5 toe/cap, ie, 24 percent below the EU average.

Total energy consumption has been increasing since 2008 (2 percent/year on average). In 2009, it decreased by 9.5 percent due to the deep economic crisis that struck the coun-try. Final consumption followed roughly the same trend as total energy consumption.

Oil plays an important role in meeting the country’s energy demand, accounting for 53 percent of total energy consump-tion in 2009, but its share is decreasing slightly (57 percent in 1990); the share of gas has grown rapidly (currently 13 percent of energy needs compared with 1 percent in 1990). Lignite covers 26 percent of the country’s needs, while the contribu-tion of biomass is low (3 percent).

Figure 1: Total and final energy consumption trends

The share of industry in energy consumption is decreasing. In 2009, industry (including non-energy uses) accounted for 24 percent of final energy consumption, the households and services sector for 40 percent and the transport sector for 36 percent.

Electricity consumption per capita is about 20 percent below the European average (4,700 kWh in 2009). Electricity repre-sents 21 percent of final energy consumption, with a steadily increasing market share. Electricity consumption grew strongly until 2008 (4 percent/year on average since 1990) but dropped by 9 percent in 2009 due to the economic crisis. Industry’s share in electricity consumption has been decreasing since 1990, from 45 percent to 30 percent in 2009.

Source: Enerdata

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Country reports | Greece 2

Figure 2: Distribution of final energy consumption by sector

1.3. Energy efficiency and CO2 trends: slow improvements Total energy consumption per unit of GDP (primary energy intensity), measured at purchasing power parity, is 21 percent lower than the EU average.

Total energy intensity has decreased more slowly than in the EU as a whole, at 1.1 percent/year compared with 1.7 percent/year for the EU between 1990 and 2009, although between 2000 and 2009 the decline was sharper than the EU average (2.6 percent/year compared with 1.7 percent/year). Total energy intensity decreased faster than final energy consump-tion per unit of GDP (final intensity) over the period 1990-2009 thanks to a reduction in conversion losses (mainly from power generation).

CO2 emissions per unit of GDP (CO2 intensity) did not decrease as fast as total energy intensity over the period 1990-2009.

Source: Enerdata

*Including biomass, geothermal and solar

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2. Power generation2.1. Policies: implementation of feed-in tariffs to promote renewable energyA 10-year investment plan for renewables, drafted in 2010, set a renewable electricity production target of 40 percent for 2020. The plan includes €16bn (US$22bn) in state investments and aims to attract €32bn (US$44bn) in private investments for 10,500 MW worth of new capacities, 75 percent of which would be wind and 25 percent solar, along with small quantities of biomass, geothermal and hydro.

The country provides very advantageous feed-in tariffs to boost the development of photovoltaic electricity production (between €0.4-€0.5/kWh, or US$0.55-US$0.7/kWh, guaran-teed for 20 years). A 40 percent grant is available in addition to the feed-in tariffs for most renewables. In January 2009, amendments were made to the law, fixing feed-in tariffs until 2012 (and allowing projects of over 800 MW). A separate program for small rooftop PV systems of up to 10 kWh was introduced in 2009, establishing a feed-in tariff of €0.55/kWh (US$0.75/kWh) guaranteed for 25 years and a tax deduction system of 20 percent of the retail price.

2.2. Power generation trends by source: domination of thermal energiesThe installed capacity is dominated by thermal power genera-tion (70 percent). In 2009, Greece produced 55 percent of power from lignite, 17 percent from gas, 10 percent from hydro and 4 percent from wind.

Source: Enerdata

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Final energy intensityCO2 intensity

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3 Greece | Country reports

GreeceEnergy efficiency report

Figure 4: Energy and CO2 intensity trends

Figure 5: Power generation by source

Source: Enerdata

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Figure 3: Electricity consumption trends by sector

Source: Enerdata

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2.3. Efficiency of the power sector: diffusion of efficient thermal power plantsThe average efficiency of the power sector has been increasing since 1990 and reached 41 percent in 2008 before decreasing to 39 percent in 2009. That improvement was achieved through the spread of gas combined cycle facilities (26 percent of thermal capacity in 2009) and the increasing use of renew-able energies (wind power). There has been a noticeable improvement in the efficiency of thermal power plants (up to +4 percent between 1990 and 2008).

The Greek grid shows a low rate of T&D losses, at around 6 percent of the distributed volumes, ie, just above the EU aver-age. In the past, those losses varied between 7 percent and 10 percent.

As a result of the widespread use of lignite, the average CO2 emission factor for power generation is high, although it has fallen by about 20 percent since 1990, to just over 700 gCO2/kWh in 2009.

Country reports | Greece 4

Source: Enerdata

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Figure 6: Efficiency of power generation and thermal power plants

Figure 7: Thermal electricity capacity, by technology

Source: Enerdata

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Figure 8: Electric T&D losses

Source: Enerdata

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Figure 9: CO2 emissions factor for power generation

5 Greece | Country reports

GreeceEnergy efficiency report

Source: Enerdata

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Figure 10: Industrial energy consumption

The share of energy-intensive industries in overall industrial energy consumption has fallen slightly since 1990. The non-metallic minerals industry is quite important, although its share decreased from 32 percent in 1990 to 26 percent in 2008. The share of the chemical and steel industries is lower (around 10 percent together); since 1990 they have lost less than 1 per-centage point each in total industrial consumption. The share of the paper industry is marginal, representing just 2 percent of industrial consumption.

3. Industry3.1. Policies: incentives for the mandatory implementation of Energy Management SystemsThe measure entitled “Incentives for the mandatory implemen-tation of Energy Management Systems” is aimed at the imple-mentation of Energy Management Systems (EMS) in industry. The implementation of this measure is expected to lead to industrial energy savings of 1 percent. The Government will subsidize 1,000 industries with €10,000 (US$13,600) per industry.

The “Promotion of voluntary agreements” in industry aims to set up a Voluntary Agreement Program based on existing European Projects. The measure will be implemented in all industries that are not included in the Emission Trading Scheme (ETS). The core of the agreements is the Action Plan, which will include the goals, the approach to the selection of partners, the benefits and the incentives (except subsidies). Through the Action Plan industries commit to the implementa-tion of specific measures aimed at reducing energy consump-tion. Industries wishing to become Partners will receive aid, advice and technical assistance from National Contact Points in formulating and carrying out the “Action Plan”.

3.2. Energy consumption trends: steady energy consumptionIndustrial energy consumption remained relatively steady between 1990 and 2009 (around 4 Mtoe). Oil is the main source of energy in industry (44 percent in 2009) and electricity ranks second with 29 percent in 2009. The use of coal and lignite has decreased significantly, from 25 percent in 1990 to 7 percent of total consumption in 2009. The market share of natural gas has grown substantially, reaching 15 percent of the total in 2009 (0 percent in 1990).

Source: Enerdata

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Figure 11: Energy consumption of industry, by source

Source: Enerdata

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Figure 12: Energy consumption of industry, by branch

3.3. Energy intensity trends: moderate energy intensity reductionOver the period 1990-2008, the energy consumption per unit of value added (energy intensity) decreased by around 2 per-cent/year. The largest energy efficiency improvement took place in the steel industry with a 5 percent/year reduction in the energy consumption per ton of steel. Energy consumption per unit of value added in the chemical industry decreased by 3 percent/year over the period. Compared with the other indus-trial branches, the cement industry posted a moderate reduc-tion in the energy required per ton produced (1.3 percent/year between 1990 and 2008).

Combined heat and power generation was stable, at around 9 percent of industry’s electricity consumption, ie, below the EU average.

Country reports | Greece 6

Source: Enerdata

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Figure 14: Share of Industrial CHP in industrial consumption

Source: Enerdata

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Figure 13: Trends in the energy intensity of industrial branches

The energy intensity of the manufacturing industry (ie, exclud-ing mining and construction) decreased by 7 percent/year over the period 2000-2008. When calculated at constant structure, the decrease is slower, at 4 percent/year: the differ-ence (about 3 percent/year) is caused by changes in the industrial structure, mainly an increase in the share of machin-ery and transport equipment, ie, the branch with the lowest energy intensity, in the industrial value added. That structural effect explains about 40 percent of the total variation. Over the period 1991-2008 the structural effect was negligible.

7 Greece | Country reports

GreeceEnergy efficiency report

Source: Enerdata

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Figure 15: Trend in energy intensity of manufacturing and structural

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