Greece and Iran-Persia

7/21/2019 Greece and Iran-Persia

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Greece and Iran



Ancient Iran (Persia)1000-500 BCE



Land of the Aryans• Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan

• Link between western Asia and centrals!uthernAsia

•

"a#!rit$ !f sur%i%ing hist!rical acc!unts are &reek



Persian Empire• "edes

o 'estern (!rti!n

o )irst gr!u( t! achie%e c!m(le* (!litical !rgani+ati!n in the area

• Persianso !utheastern (!rti!no Achaemenids

• The tw! gr!u(s intermarried t! create theem(ire



Cyrus• Persian father, "edian

m!ther• nited Persian tribes

and !%erthrew "edian

m!narch• Placed b!th races in

(!siti!ns !f auth!rit$• .e(t "edian

traditi!nsg!%ernment

structure• /efeated L$dia, Anat!lia,

s!me &reek cit$-states,e!-Bab$l!nian d$nast$



Darius I• /iminished the !cial

r!le !f the "edes

• ec!nd f!under !f thePersian Em(ireo tretched em(ire fr!m

eastern Eur!(e t! Lib$a and2ussia

o ew !rgani+ati!nal structurethat w!uld c!ntinue until theend !f the em(ire



New Organiationa! "tructure• /i%ided em(ire

• 30 (r!%inces

• atra(4 Persian g!%ern!r6 in charge !f a

(r!%inceo C!llect ta*eso L!cal c!urt s$stemo 7ereditar$ 8e%entuall$9



Persian #oya! #oad• 1:00 miles

• P!stal s$stemo 2!$al messengers c!uld tra%el acr!ss em(ire fr!m m!dern Turke$ t!

;ran within r!ughl$ a week

• 111 rest st!(so Cara%anseraio &uards at each st!(



Persian #oya! #oad



"ociety• Patriarchal

• 'arri!rso .ingo Land!wning arist!crac$o

'!men had (!litical in<uence, c!uld !wn (r!(ert$• Priests

o A.A magi

• Peasantso Lab!r units di%ided b$ men, w!men, children, etco =cials distributed f!!d and !ther necessitieso Pregnant w!menw!men with babies recei%ed e*trao killed lab!rers recei%ed m!re than unskilled



Dec!ine of the Achaemenid Empire

$ Po!icy of to!eration under Cyrus% Darius❑ #e&ui!ding of temp!e in 'erusa!em

$ eres (*+,-*,. /0C0E0) harsh!y represses

re&e!!ions in 1esopotamia and Egypt

$ Increasing pu&!ic discontent

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Capita!(s)usa (erse(!lis

• Administrati%e center!f em(ire

• ;n ge!gra(hical center• Elam"es!(!tamia

• ear m!dern ;ran;ra>b!rder

• L!cati!n !f the t!mb!f the (r!(het /aniel8?9

• Cerem!nial ca(ital

• Persian h!meland

• $mb!l !f(!werwealth

• "arriages,c!r!nati!ns, burials

• Pr!(aganda reliefscul(tureso ;mages !f all classes all

willingl$ c!!(erating t!gether



"usa





:oroastrianism• The Gathas4 ancient ;ranian h$mn b$ @!r!aster

• Ahurama+da 8like the car 9 chief g!do Created the w!rld

• '!rld damaged b$ Angra "ain$u 8h!stile s(irit9

• truggle between g!!d and e%il

• Afterlife reward(unishment de(ending !n lifeli%ed

• /arius tied his reign t! religi!n b$ claiming t! bea((!inted b$ Ahurama+da



:oroastrianism• Pr!mised sal%ati!n

• ;n<uenced Dudaism 8?9

• Belief in !ne su(remedeit$

• 7igh ethicalm!ralstandard f!r humans



Ancient Greece1000-500 BCE



C!assica! Greece% +55-;.5 /0C0E0

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Geography<#esources• Limited fertilearable

lando 2!ck$, m!untain!us

landsca(eo &rains, !li%e trees,

shee(g!ats

• /e(endence !n thesea and tradeo &e!gra(h$ made land

trans(!rtati!n diculto C!uld tra%el fr!m &reece t!

Anat!lia alm!st with!ut l!singsight !f land



Dar= Age Archaic Period

• 150-00 BCE

• /e(!(ulati!n, (!%ert$,disa((earance fr!mhist!rical rec!rd

• )!ll!wing thedestructi!n !f"$cenaean ci%ili+ati!n

• ;s!lati!n fr!m !uterw!rld

• 00-F0 BCE

• /ark Age ends witharri%al !f Ph!enicianshi(s t! the Aegeano 'riting s$stem

o &reeks added %!wel s!undsGthe Hrst true al(habet

o )ewer s$mb!ls thancuneif!rmhier!gl$(hicsGeasier f!r c!mm!n (e!(le t!learn

• P!(ulati!n e*(l!si!no hift t! farming and diet

changeo Caused urban centers and

s(eciali+ati!n t! de%el!(



Po!is• Cit$-state6

• &reece made u( !fhundreds !f (!lis duet! ge!gra(h$o 7ard t! be uniHed

• Acr!(!lis4 hillt!(f!rtiHcati!n

• Ag!ra4 Large, !(en

area market(lace



8op!ites and Co!oniation• E*cess (!(ulati!n

sent t! c!l!nieso Black ea, !rth Africa, ;tal$

• &reek culture s(read

with c!l!nists• 7ellenes6 described

the &reek

• Barbar!i6 described

barbarians6• ;n%enti!nuse !f

c!inage

• 7!(lite4 hea%il$arm!red infantr$men

• Arm$ !f (ri%ateciti+ens

• suall$ farmers during!I seas!n6



Po!itics• /ark Ages4 rule !f kings

o E%entuall$ c!uncils t!!k the (lace !f kingso Arist!crac$

• T$ranto

Jth

and :th

centuries BCEo ei+ure !f (!wer and %i!lati!n !f traditi!nal (!liticso suall$ arist!crats su((!rted b$ middle classo E%entuall$ !%erthr!wn f!r either an !ligarch$ !r dem!crac$

• =ligarch$o 2ule b$ a few wealth$ families

• /em!crac$o P!litical (!wer b$ all free adult males



Cu!ture• 2eligi!n

o @eus, P!seid!n4 g!ds that re(resented natureo "a#!rit$ !f g!ds were maleo E(ic (!ems 8eKgK the Iliad and the Odyssey b$ 7!mer9ga%e the g!ds

anthr!(!m!r(hic characteristicso

acriHceo =racles4 A(!ll! at /el(hi

• ;ntellecto Em(hasis !n the indi%idualo L$ric (!etr$ f!cusing !n (ers!nal e*(erience

em!ti!n

o 2e#ecti!n !f traditi!nal religi!us beliefso 7er!d!tus

• )irst t! write (r!se• )ather !f 7ist!r$



Athens 9s0 "parta



7his0 Is0 "parta>>>



"parta (No% rea!!y)

• Jth centur$ BCEo h!rtage !f farm lando P!(ulati!n increase

• ;n%asi!n !f "essenia 8neighb!r9 ;TEA/ !fc!l!ni+ati!no ati%e (!(ulati!n became hel!ts 8state-!wned serfs9o (artans feared hel!t u(rising

• "ilitar$ stateo Permanentl$ (re(ared f!r waro Best arm$ in &reeceo B!$s sent t! militar$ sch!!l at J

• Pel!(!nnesian Leagueo $stem !f alliances between (arta

and !ther neighb!rso "aintained (eace in the regi!n

8f!r a while9



Athens• Pisistratus

o T$rant that created anAthenian identit$6

o "!numental building(r!#ects, festi%als

• Pericleso F:0F50 BCEo All (!wer t! b!d$ !f

g!%ernmento The Assembl$o

The C!uncil !f 500o The Pe!(les C!urts

• Larger in si+e and(!(ulati!n than !ther(!lis

• )ertile land, !li%e trees

• !l!no A%erted ci%il war in Athenso /i%ided Athens int! F classeso T!( M classes can h!ld !ceo L!west class can still

(artici(ate in meetingso All!wed f!r freed!m !f

citi+ens



?A#







Phi!osophy• !crates

o Put !n trial, c!n%icted !f c!rru(ting6 Athenian $!utho )!rced suicideo !cratic meth!d4 >uesti!ning f!r dee(er understanding

•

Plat!o )!under !f the Academ$6o 2efused t! write d!wn th!ughtstraining

• Arist!tleo tudent at the Academ$o )!under !f the L$ceumo P!litics, (hil!s!(h$, (!etr$, (h$sics, (s$ch!l!g$, etco Tut!r t! Ale*ander the &reat



Athenian @Eua!ityB• '!men

o Athens

• Arranged marriage

• 2elegated t! the h!me

• Bearraise children

8males9o (arta

• E*(ected t! raise str!ngs!ldiers

• Enc!uraged t! e*ercise

•

la%er$ rati!nali+edo "!st families !wned 1 sla%eo )!reigners lacked the abilit$

t! reas!nthink f!r themsel%es

• Triremeo 'arshi( with 1J0 r!wers

• 7!(lites4 n!wmembers !f the

middleu((er class• 2!wers4 l!wer class

o C!uld demand e>ual rightsbc the$ were the backb!ne !fthe (!wer

• =nl$ 10-15Q !f the

(!(ulati!n actuall$had a %!iceo '!men, children, sla%es

e*cluded



Pe!oponnesian ?ar • (arta %sK Athens

• M0 $ears !f Hghting

• F0F BCE4 /efeat !fAthenian na%$

• (arta t!!k !%er theAthenian em(ire6o ame attitude t!ward !thers

that Athens hado ;nternal Hghting between

!ther cit$ states

• All!wed the Persianst! c!n>uer l!st lands



7he 1acedoniansPhili( ;; Ale*ander the &reat

• .ing !f "aced!nia

• Created a militar$

(!wer in the &reekw!rld

• 7!(liteso (earso 7!rsesca%alr$o Cata(ults

• C!rintho C!nfederac$ !f stateso C!ntr!l !f &reece

• /efeated the Persianking, /arius ;;;

•.e(t Persian st$leadministrati!n inc!n>uered landso Placed "aced!nians in (!wero E%entuall$ (laced Persians in

(!wermarried ;ranian w!men

• Ale*andria, Eg$(t

• /ied in M3M BCE



8e!!enistic Age• 7ellenistic Age

o (read and in<uence !f &reek culture s(read b$ Ale*anders em(ire

• ! clear success!r t! Ale*anders em(ireo 50 $ears !f unresto

Em(ire di%ided int! M 7ellenistic kingd!ms• eleucid 8Persia9

• Pt!lemaic 8Eg$(t9

• Antig!nid

8&reece"aced!nia9



Map 5-3, p.



8e!!enistic ingdoms• Pt!lemies

o =ne ethnic gr!u(• Eas$ t! c!ntr!l

o Phara!ho Linked Eg$(t t! the

"editerranean• Enc!uraged &reek

immigrati!no 2ule fr!m Ale*andria

• &reek st$le (!lis

• Ale*andriao

B!d$ !f Ale*anderlegitimi+ed6 the rule !f thePt!lemies

o Lighth!use !f Ale*andriao Librar$ !f Ale*andria

• eleucidso "a#!rit$ !f Ale*anders landso "es!(!tamia, $ria, Anat!liao "an$ ethnic gr!u(s within the

kingd!m

• 7ard t! c!ntr!lo "an$ threats fr!m in%asi!no Persian administrati!n

• Antig!nido =ne main ethnic gr!u(o

"aced!nian h!meland,n!rthern &reece

o Athens was a museum6 t!wn



"yncretism• /iIusi!n

o The s(read !f a culture,religi!n, idea ';T7=Tchanging the culture, religi!n,idea

o

E4 (illed (aint s(reads !utbut d!esnt change c!l!rs

• $ncretismo The s(read !f a culture,

religi!n, idea and thechanging !f that culture,

religi!n, idea int! s!methingnew

o E4 Tw! c!l!rs are s(illed8blue and $ell!w9 and make anew c!l!r 8green9

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Greece and Iran-Persia