Please use your textbook pages 229-233 to Please use your textbook pages 229-233 to locate these words. When you have located the locate these words. When you have located the words, please:words, please:

1. Write the sentence where the word is 1. Write the sentence where the word is used. used.2. Write your own working definition of 2. Write your own working definition of the word. the word.

Words:Words:

PeninsulaPeninsula

CoastCoast

River ValleysRiver Valleys

InfluencedInfluenced

FortressesFortresses

TradedTraded

Dark AgeDark Age

Geography and the Geography and the Settlement of GreeceSettlement of Greece

• Ancient Greece flourished between Ancient Greece flourished between 750 and 338 B.C.E750 and 338 B.C.E

• Ancient Greek art, ideas and writings Ancient Greek art, ideas and writings continue to influence us todaycontinue to influence us today

• Greece is a small country in southern Greece is a small country in southern EuropeEurope

• It is shaped like a little handIt is shaped like a little hand

Greece Geography Greece Geography ContinuedContinued

• The mainland of Greece is a peninsula, The mainland of Greece is a peninsula, meaning it is surrounded by water on 3 sidesmeaning it is surrounded by water on 3 sides

• Greece also includes many islands throughout Greece also includes many islands throughout the Mediterranean and Aegean Seasthe Mediterranean and Aegean Seas

• The mainland of Greece is steep and rockyThe mainland of Greece is steep and rocky• The ancient Greeks lived on small farms or in The ancient Greeks lived on small farms or in

small villages scattered throughout the countrysmall villages scattered throughout the country• The farms and villages were isolated from one The farms and villages were isolated from one

another because of the mountainsanother because of the mountains

GreeceGreece

Isolated Communities and the Isolated Communities and the Difficulties of TravelDifficulties of Travel

• In ancient Greece, people were isolated from one In ancient Greece, people were isolated from one another because of the mountainsanother because of the mountains

• It was difficult to travel over the mountains, so there It was difficult to travel over the mountains, so there was little communication between settlementswas little communication between settlements

• Travel by land was especially difficultTravel by land was especially difficult• People traveled by foot or carts pulled by oxen or People traveled by foot or carts pulled by oxen or

mulesmules• Roads were unpavedRoads were unpaved• Sharp rocks would break wooden wheels and Sharp rocks would break wooden wheels and

wagons would get stuck in the mudwagons would get stuck in the mud• Only wealthy people could afford to ride horsesOnly wealthy people could afford to ride horses

Isolation Problems Isolation Problems ContinuedContinued

• Travelers could stop by inns along main roads, Travelers could stop by inns along main roads, but many inns provided only shelterbut many inns provided only shelter

• People had to bring food, water and another People had to bring food, water and another supplies to last throughout their journeyssupplies to last throughout their journeys

• Slaves or pack animals would carry bedding and Slaves or pack animals would carry bedding and other necessitiesother necessities

• With all of these necessities, people would have With all of these necessities, people would have to travel in groups and it would take long periods to travel in groups and it would take long periods of timeof time

• There was always the danger of being attacked There was always the danger of being attacked by robbersby robbers

Travel made EasierTravel made Easier

• Traveling by boat was easier, but it was Traveling by boat was easier, but it was still uncomfortable and could be still uncomfortable and could be dangerousdangerous

• Travelers could be attacked by piratesTravelers could be attacked by pirates

• The greatest danger was the sea itselfThe greatest danger was the sea itself

• Sudden storms could drive ships off Sudden storms could drive ships off course, sometimes sending them into the course, sometimes sending them into the rocky shorelinerocky shoreline

• Even in open waters, ships could sinkEven in open waters, ships could sink

Travel by SeaTravel by Sea

• The Greeks treated the sea with great The Greeks treated the sea with great respectrespect

• Whenever possible, sailors kept their Whenever possible, sailors kept their boats close to shoreboats close to shore

• They sailed only during daylight hours They sailed only during daylight hours and stopped each night to anchorand stopped each night to anchor

• A wise captain always made a sacrifice A wise captain always made a sacrifice to the sea god Poseidon before sailingto the sea god Poseidon before sailing

Farming in Ancient GreeceFarming in Ancient Greece

• Most people in Ancient Greece Most people in Ancient Greece survived by farmingsurvived by farming

• Farming was not easy in the Farming was not easy in the mountainous landmountainous land

• Even in the plains and valleys, the Even in the plains and valleys, the land was rocky and water was scarceland was rocky and water was scarce

• No major rivers are located in Greece No major rivers are located in Greece and it usually only rains in the winterand it usually only rains in the winter

Farming continuedFarming continued

• Some farmers built large steps from the Some farmers built large steps from the earth so they would have more flat land for earth so they would have more flat land for farmingfarming

• Some farmers grew wheat and barley but Some farmers grew wheat and barley but most grew crops that needed less landmost grew crops that needed less land

• Crops that need less land are grapes and Crops that need less land are grapes and olivesolives

• Greeks made olive oil from the olives, which Greeks made olive oil from the olives, which was used for cooking and lighting lampswas used for cooking and lighting lamps

Farming ContinuedFarming Continued

• Ancient Greek farmers grew food for Ancient Greek farmers grew food for their own familiestheir own families

• They had small vegetable gardensThey had small vegetable gardens• They also planted fruit and nut treesThey also planted fruit and nut trees• Some Greek farmers kept bees to Some Greek farmers kept bees to

make honeymake honey• Honey was the best known Honey was the best known

sweetener in the ancient worldsweetener in the ancient world

Farming continuedFarming continued

• Greek farmers also raised animalsGreek farmers also raised animals

• Instead of cattle, which need lots of flat land Instead of cattle, which need lots of flat land to graze, they raised sheep and goatsto graze, they raised sheep and goats

• Sheep were used for their wool to make Sheep were used for their wool to make clothes, while goats provided milk and cheeseclothes, while goats provided milk and cheese

• Farmers kept a few oxen, donkeys and mules Farmers kept a few oxen, donkeys and mules for plowing and transportationfor plowing and transportation

• Some Greek families also kept chickens and Some Greek families also kept chickens and pigspigs

Farming and FightingFarming and Fighting

• The shortage of good farmland The shortage of good farmland sometimes led to wars between sometimes led to wars between Greek settlementsGreek settlements

• Some settlements were forced to Some settlements were forced to look beyond the mainland to find look beyond the mainland to find new sources of goods and foodnew sources of goods and food

Starting ColoniesStarting Colonies

• As populations in Greece grew some As populations in Greece grew some settlements did not have enough food to settlements did not have enough food to feed all their peoplefeed all their people

• One solution to this problem was to start a One solution to this problem was to start a new colonynew colony

• Colonies are settlements in distant placesColonies are settlements in distant places• Many Greek communities sent people over Many Greek communities sent people over

the sea to see if they could find food or the sea to see if they could find food or places to grow foodplaces to grow food

• These people were called colonistsThese people were called colonists

ColonistsColonists

• Colonists had many preparations to Colonists had many preparations to make before starting their journeymake before starting their journey

• Often they began by consulting the Often they began by consulting the Greek godsGreek gods

• An oracle was a holy person whom An oracle was a holy person whom they believed could communicate they believed could communicate with the godswith the gods

Partner ActivityPartner ActivityPart 1Part 1

Pretend you have been chosen by your Pretend you have been chosen by your

community to become a colonist. Write one community to become a colonist. Write one

paragraph describing what type of land you paragraph describing what type of land you

hope to find (what resources will it have, hope to find (what resources will it have,

what will it look like?).what will it look like?).

Write a second paragraph praising the Write a second paragraph praising the

Greek gods and asking them if you will be Greek gods and asking them if you will be

successful.successful.

Example LetterExample Letter

Dear Oracle,Dear Oracle,I am about to embark on a journey to a I am about to embark on a journey to a new colony. I am ________ and I was new colony. I am ________ and I was chosen for this journey because chosen for this journey because _____________._____________.When I arrive to the new colony I hope to When I arrive to the new colony I hope to find __________, _____________, __________. find __________, _____________, __________. Could you please ask the gods to help me.Could you please ask the gods to help me.

-Future Colonist-Future Colonist

Partner ActivityPartner ActivityPart 2Part 2

Pretend you are a Greek oracle who Pretend you are a Greek oracle who will will

need to respond to the colonist. Write need to respond to the colonist. Write one one

paragraph telling him/her what land paragraph telling him/her what land they they

will find and if they will be successful.will find and if they will be successful.

Letter ResponseLetter Response

Dear Future Colonist,Dear Future Colonist,I have spoken to the gods about your trip I have spoken to the gods about your trip and I have learned a few things. Poseidon, and I have learned a few things. Poseidon, god of the sea, says you will god of the sea, says you will ________________________________.________________________________.Zeus, god of the sky, says when you arrive Zeus, god of the sky, says when you arrive you will find ______________________.you will find ______________________.Good Luck with your journey!Good Luck with your journey!

-Oracle-Oracle

Colonists Preparations Colonists Preparations ContinuedContinued

• The colonists also gathered food and The colonists also gathered food and suppliessupplies

• They made sure to take the burning They made sure to take the burning flame from their town’s sacred fire so flame from their town’s sacred fire so they could start a sacred fire in the they could start a sacred fire in the new landnew land

Starting a ColonyStarting a Colony

• Starting a colony was hard workStarting a colony was hard work• They first had to survive a long sea voyageThey first had to survive a long sea voyage• After the sea voyage they had to locate a place After the sea voyage they had to locate a place

safe enough to start a colonysafe enough to start a colony• They looked for places that had natural harbors They looked for places that had natural harbors

(close to water) and good farmland(close to water) and good farmland• They also looked for a place that was not They also looked for a place that was not

populated with people who may try and get rid of populated with people who may try and get rid of themthem

• Finally they had to work hard to establish the Finally they had to work hard to establish the farming and communityfarming and community

Making Successful ColoniesMaking Successful Colonies

• The Greeks established colonies over a The Greeks established colonies over a period of 300 years, from 1000 to 650 period of 300 years, from 1000 to 650 B.C.EB.C.E

• The first group of colonies was called Ionia The first group of colonies was called Ionia in present day Turkeyin present day Turkey

• Later they started colonies in Spain, Later they started colonies in Spain, France, Italy, Africa and the coast of the France, Italy, Africa and the coast of the Black SeaBlack Sea

• The colonies helped spread Greek cultureThe colonies helped spread Greek culture

Success of Colonies Success of Colonies ContinuedContinued

• Some of the colonies became Some of the colonies became wealthy through farming and tradewealthy through farming and trade

• Colonists shared the rights and Colonists shared the rights and freedoms of the people in the freedoms of the people in the mainland of Greecemainland of Greece

• Including the right to participate in Including the right to participate in the Greek athletic games.the Greek athletic games.

Trading for Needed GoodsTrading for Needed Goods

• Many settlements on the mainland Many settlements on the mainland traded to get the goods they neededtraded to get the goods they needed

• Some settlements had enough Some settlements had enough farmland to get what they needed farmland to get what they needed but others needed to trade to survivebut others needed to trade to survive

• Olive oil, pottery and wine from the Olive oil, pottery and wine from the mainland were traded with grain, mainland were traded with grain, timber and metals from the coloniestimber and metals from the colonies

How Trading WorkedHow Trading Worked

• Most goods traveled on ships owned by Most goods traveled on ships owned by merchantsmerchants

• Merchant ships were built of wood, with Merchant ships were built of wood, with large rectangular cloth sailslarge rectangular cloth sails

• Merchants built their ships for places to Merchants built their ships for places to store goods rather than for speedstore goods rather than for speed

• The ships traveled about 3 to 5 miles per The ships traveled about 3 to 5 miles per hourhour

• A one way trip to mainland would take A one way trip to mainland would take about 2 monthsabout 2 months

Navigating the ShipsNavigating the Ships

• Navigating the ships was difficultNavigating the ships was difficult• The Greeks had no compasses or chartsThe Greeks had no compasses or charts• They had only the stars to guide themThey had only the stars to guide them• The stars would tell sailors where they The stars would tell sailors where they

were, but they could not tell them about were, but they could not tell them about potential dangerspotential dangers

• No lighthouses warned them of coastline No lighthouses warned them of coastline dangersdangers

• Despite the dangers trade flourished in Despite the dangers trade flourished in Greece and the coloniesGreece and the colonies

ActivityActivity

Create a merchant trade shipCreate a merchant trade ship

1.Fill the boat that is headed to and from the 1.Fill the boat that is headed to and from the mainland of Greece with supplies that would mainland of Greece with supplies that would have been traded. Label the supplies.have been traded. Label the supplies.

2.Write one paragraph describing where your 2.Write one paragraph describing where your ship will be traveling, what goods you will be ship will be traveling, what goods you will be trading and why the colony is trading these trading and why the colony is trading these goods.goods.

Example ParagraphExample Paragraph

I will be traveling to the colony of ________. I will I will be traveling to the colony of ________. I will be taking supplies from the mainland to trade. be taking supplies from the mainland to trade. The items I will be trading are _______, ________, The items I will be trading are _______, ________, ________. I hope the colonists will be willing to ________. I hope the colonists will be willing to trade things like __________, _________, __________. trade things like __________, _________, __________. We will be sailing in the _________ Sea. We will We will be sailing in the _________ Sea. We will only travel during _____________ hours. My sailors only travel during _____________ hours. My sailors and I will make a __________ to the gods before we and I will make a __________ to the gods before we leave and we will take the sacred ________ with us leave and we will take the sacred ________ with us for protection. I hope the god _________ will help for protection. I hope the god _________ will help us have a safe journey.us have a safe journey.