Greater Syria in the Seventh Century

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • 7/30/2019 Greater Syria in the Seventh Century

    1/20

    iu

    G s sv cu:

    cx BkguJ h

    T , p uu m pv rmmp m m 7-u ce u mp im

    m g v M ag, b mkg um bk pvu uu p , bk u aqu u v mv . U ab-im qu, rm buk m m egp m pv G s, Mpm ( iq) c( m tuk pv a), ab 640 p, pm, v 10 u. w pv m p 6-u .a m g m bm vb p bxu, umm g v bm m mpx, qu bmg , v m m qu k u v v bm m u. T p b ubj v kg k u bu b , bu -bug m im , bu u u ub, u , gu uu mp bu vm, bu p.

    T g k p g s ug 7 8u u ug p-xg uu m, ub uu,mmu g gu b vu g im ug mv m Me. T mpm b b mmu uu,kp-b p x m p g u , b ub, u p mv, u u b mg, mpu,x um, um pp vu im p uu . y m v

    , u, mbguu, m bvu p b v, p m , bu g m uu v. T pu pp ub

  • 7/30/2019 Greater Syria in the Seventh Century

    2/20

    Money, Power and Politics in Early Islamic Syria2

    g, xmp,1 -m b pu m v u -gg mp ju m pu , bu M uug p g g p-rm

    p b.M pp g u

    G s f gm p ggp g.rgg m ugg u mu lb pp g s p P s , G s z m m-g v. i rm m b, fug b b g- mm ag, n a M, bu p g u m a

    eup v iq, m u Jum, - m m, B h ab pu. i g u app p u em, u p b g bm v , b lb -lb g. t u g d s s G, k b J, v g , p P g h Bq. su gm p g ub vu G s g, p u b b im qu m, mgp -u p, m bu vum .

    T 7 u s u m m p, v m u, vu u , bu ub p g .2T v v p. w ab-im m s, P iq, egp, p-xg up gm, b p p (m g g bu .. x, xmp) v mv uu, v p m v m g mm rm p. T ajnd m- F,-Uu, dmq hm f p-Mum uu, ug x x u u. i pp rmpv k m 6-u u, bu f m u mm g u limitanei m .w f g m mv gm u

    1 K 1985 b, mj g g ug m 6 u; u pu g 6 7 u, b,pg up g. s xmp Mg 2003: 195.; 1999; F 2000.

    2 s, xmp, wm 1988; 2000.

  • 7/30/2019 Greater Syria in the Seventh Century

    3/20

    Introduction: Greater Syria in the Seenth Century: Context and Background 3

    hu m u u.3 Fum, p m ab , v m Gk s u pp pv up b P b bu 614 629. w k g bu m v m u

    s gm, bm m k vb qu, P mv uu b. eg ppv uu m, m mp ppg v u rm p m ug p P up pv (61929) g mu egp b u u P, bu u u Bz mp p v P kg.4 i u b g k m ump m p s pv. a m m, v, v p u mu rm

    egp pm b s b mm Pm mg m. T pp v b p u v u ab qu ( , ug v m p, b ab u am b. -, p bu u ub m qu pv). 5t x m p u P-up s m u,bu v m ugg u ab gm s u m .6 T mp m au P P m mm c P,mk b p marzbn , mm, ; bu u bu m v m. w k pp m u g vu limitanei, xmp bvu qu u mg mk bu u rm -b mp u 628/29. i pb ajndf m s u gm k g,ug g pp egp m k, ug b u. T s u m b pu g, v p u mv.7 w egp ppg v s u ,

    s h 1995. Pm 2007, p. 265; g s u egp, am-s 1992 ( .

    1991). s Pm, 2007, p. 265 . 97; sjpj 2007b; am M 1964:

    336. F v p-im (bu m u ) u qu p g, Bj, , pp. 165179.

    s K, cp 9 b; mmb s Bz mp 640, h 2007. F s p Bz up

    , c 1990; 1992: 322., 386. F P c: Fu 1992: a 18.(pp. 59.). Kg 1992: 272 ab m Bz j

  • 7/30/2019 Greater Syria in the Seventh Century

    4/20

  • 7/30/2019 Greater Syria in the Seventh Century

    5/20

    Introduction: Greater Syria in the Seenth Century: Context and Background 5

    upp Mp c, p h g, gmpp v b k bk; bu gup mu rm gvm e, b u.13G p p v b b mm p-qu

    J g 9-u ; G p u sm v 529. a G p mv g m u P ii ab; mp ab upp rmm mm pb. dug p P mp up Bu m v , ug G p m u. a p b g J d s 630; ug v mbguu, ab u gv mp

    , b m mp v v Mum Mu, w ab, m b a Z, 629, G g b gup m upp rmbm g.14 Mmb ug Bz ug b; -k Mum g m p g u gup m Bz g, b pm, v .15

    T s up s P v p m 613/14 628 mu v rm m. T kg x u ; xmp egp g g b, p pbb mm m pp

    1 s J ep (Bk 1952): 132, G v fb -Mu dux Arabiae B 581, u mp

    ub . o G Mpm, s, . G; d 1981: 43.; s 1982: 189. i g rm-ab , s 1984, 1988 1995.

    1

    Kg 1992: 53. o p v-p bb Ju, s 1959: 339.; 1955; Gu 1981: 314. c. Ppu,De Bello Persico, 19.813; , 3.41; M, 446 (J, J s 1986: 261) p P upp v 529. M 1964: 189, 109, bv p u v mp , ug um ugg m mm p, p p m mp. ag Bu 223, 224, x mp u p( m) Q app p-qu p; s 1984:401., b Kg 1992: 55, 912 m mpm , xmp.T mm v mv ju, v , s gu,

    p g, m pp ( v j b M, u, pv m. s M 1991). F gup J, d 1981: 105; b Mu, b. 101, 103, 105 (Kg 1992: 71.); G, d 1981: 107.

    1 K 1986: 60; h 1978: 5962.

  • 7/30/2019 Greater Syria in the Seventh Century

    6/20

    Money, Power and Politics in Early Islamic Syria6

    xp upp g .16 o , u rm up p-uu ppu mu v b . M d v , b m rm -up, v x g

    v xp mm mm rm u.T G p m v x; Bz um v m - g P iii, ugpv rm p g b u a (e), M P. i , -g m pb m v m v u, m b f ug ab ajnd. a pg Tp icarius m T, g ab , g Mum Mu, ugg rm m u u b x

    g (v p mv ab );bu v p v gm P iii ub pu -x, g m p m dux c, m ( pb P), Bu p, um b qu. T rm pp v um u v u upp ppu u a, gu bk P u Gz m ab pu; u p Mum vp, u, u 630, g mpm. a m v b pp u g b b 570 580.17

    T p m f ug ab ajndf vpm. w bm g umb m (b , p--u m x) m 680 u p mp p-xggm u mg m u qum mu mu.18 T jund J (-Uu), xmp, p xp

    1 s bv, 46. T gg u s m mg, c 1944 : 11316, 1226, 13240; luk 1983; G 1989 2002 (p ggp v mv uu); w 1996:18691. s Bv 1969, Gb 1976, u, mk h-J 1995: 21618; G 2001; Ggux 2004; 1984.

    1 F rm p a, d 1981: 109 90, 91; M1964: 175.; Bu: 923. s Gu 1981: 13740, 339; a 1936. F s up, -bm Bz u, d 1981: 99101; M 1964: 174.; a Gz u M 1964: 1624; 16977;

    192., 1979 hu pb g 628, Kg mk, 1992: 93 21. s pu sm 2001.1 F m, F 2008: 813; b g g

    s 7 u, p. - ab-Bz , b., 340, u u.

  • 7/30/2019 Greater Syria in the Seventh Century

    7/20

    Introduction: Greater Syria in the Seenth Century: Context and Background 7

    pv P ii, mu P xg p g u v l (l), m ab p - P i. i f m rm pb h mv -gm, p

    g, f s mv v, m u m. T u ubj. Bu u jum bu uuu rm pv m. iu g pp v b k g G quv g pp m v p .i g, pp, -Uu u sm G, b g -rm m. T ppu upp m P ug g hu; b vu ab p,

    tb, pu ( m, ) u ugg.19sm u mv gm, , m g k. T

    gm ug b p qug m m g k m f g, b p g umb m b qu, m g- mp s guBz u 650 ( x m u). Bum bu 658 mp pp v u pu bz g gm p, mv b pbb uug x-g mm.20 i m upp qu pv s g u,bu u m qu.21

    a p u up p g v ubm p b u. i s, m g vpm g mp, bu u 630. a m u v , b p m p rm ub v u pg b P ab-im qu.ag k m vv u m 5 6 u, mp b ub vm pub pv bug mum ; p m ub m u m m uu, pv , m b g,

    1 Bu: 179; u g ju rm, h 1995.

    20

    s Pp G 1997: 75. ; h 1985: 641; p v p, g B 2002: 281368, 41826 (ug mj m m m 668, h v ug g c ii, m 658).

    21 s p b wm F, infa.

  • 7/30/2019 Greater Syria in the Seventh Century

    8/20

    Money, Power and Politics in Early Islamic Syria8

    m p m mp . i, p m 4 7 u g pub p bg u k p b v gvm.22 i umb , , mj pub bug p, m -upp

    b (uggg p ppu), ubb ump bbug, mj ug bu . Bu b m uvpm, m xmp, m upb b g uu, mj ug, ppg kp p gu u.23 w Um p bg u,24 v u mm b v k p p m 5 7 u. 25 ev ub m pub p u, u g m v vv ub u m xg v,

    pp pv mpg m p . T u v u m ug 5 6 u g b p kg up m , bu m v b , f uu pp bu mb vu v uu.26 Tu, umb g g p m pub uu m m mj, h-rm b, quu, , -u, v ugg mj v p ub vg m. w p v g Ju pgu 540 mk p, p b b v b p vm u bug ( uu) k. a vu m mpx ubm m u bg b m 4 u bm , , u m v m xg pu .27

    T g v u up g g v, pu vg b a eup pv mp, , s-P egp, . c u fu 7 u b, mu a Bk u m m , ub mgp , m g b m-6 u. n s m vxp g, bgg m , mp

    22 s xmp B lpp 2007; s 2006: 27194.2 a sg, xmp: lv 2008.2

    w-Pk 1995; lv 2006.2 s, xmp, Pg 1977: 5961, 233.; ru 1989: 230.2 Vvbk . 2004: 253 (sg); Gg 1982 (c Gk

    ); n 2008, Mu.2 du 1998; 2004; M s 2002: 17981.

  • 7/30/2019 Greater Syria in the Seventh Century

    9/20

    Introduction: Greater Syria in the Seenth Century: Context and Background 9

    u.28 i p vb v p, mp mp g im p vpm m qu . a mm , u ubm b u b x p m

    uu m k m, k . rk mv , Bz im n e g bgu pp u ub u mgp, p m -u m ppv.29 T p vg mmu rm k v m g g, bu g v mj ub v p u mk uug , u ub g u ug m 7 u m u mp a Bk, u mmu. Vg m m p

    pp v b b xp u u b rm m 4 pu m 5 u, b v-p m, , m umb v b , , j p vg.30 a bg u v g a, p u u h, dp J p, uJ,31 .32 T u m 5 7u b fuu p p b ppu ub u g m .

    a qu g u m pbm x m pgu p m 6 8 u, p m g g v v ub.33 Gv mu v mbv g u v g pb v u bu p pm.34 B pkg, b um

    2 s M 2004: 17880, u, g w-Pk 2002: 35461, M s 2002: 19093, v u u umm; wm 2000. F ug pp xp m u s P b m 7 u, Mg 2003.

    2 s sm 2003: 18990; cv l 2004.0 M s 2002: 1759 pv b umm u.1 s B 2004; Vvbk . 2004; G 2005 ( s); Mam 1994;

    sk 1995: 1748, 4993; 1994: 13354; wm 2005.2 c s m m: K lbuz 1988; F 1995;

    l, iu, c: F 1994; M 1993; M: du 2004; G: ak 1993;avm 1997. Mcmk 2007; c 1996. s m mb b M 2007: 7281; mp , xmp,

    wm 2000 2005; c 1994.

  • 7/30/2019 Greater Syria in the Seventh Century

    10/20

    Money, Power and Politics in Early Islamic Syria10

    g uv ppu rm mp ug p,ug v mk g v, u 7 8 u mp im qu. Bu g s, g v u ugg mk g

    upu ug 5 6 u, Mpm uiq (b ub-g v, pu p ub-u),35 pb u mu , pp u 8 u.36 T mp pgu p u xp m vb .

    M ub u ab u mu ugg. y ug m u fu, um . T bm Mum m, m ju x- . T v v

    m p , pp p up mm xg, mv m, gu m. Bu b ub Bz cp pu cp m ug pp fu, - Bz mp ug m b m p vm. T v bu m up v u pp ugu m mp u im , g umm m vu up p m v b bb 630, v m k bu m 8 u .37 T v m bu pu uppu pu, v ugg g p v mu m. Bu p pu s P g a M ug 7 8 u, uggv b m mm xpg g ug m m mpg .38 a ju g upp pu mpv fug ub

    Bj 2001: 1618, 21419; wk 1990: i, 11728; w-Pk 2000b: 32027(bu mpg g g fuu f); F 1997: 25961; M s 2002: 1746.

    F g xp, ubqu 6 u, K 1985 b. a , u pu g 6 7 u, b, pg up g. s xmp Mg 2003: 195.;1999.

    s G 2005; Mam 1994; t F 1994 g u s, P J. o g: wm 2000: 3329; dm B 2002; F 1999 2008: 1855, 11218; Pp G1997.

    s wm 2000; s 2000; Vm 2004 2007.

  • 7/30/2019 Greater Syria in the Seventh Century

    11/20

    Introduction: Greater Syria in the Seenth Century: Context and Background 11

    g m ub uu u s imqu. T vg b mg pv u , b c Mum, xmp uu 7- 8-u e g m u Jb e,

    mp a s, uv.39su b a s mp u im

    qu m u b a M Bk, bu g-m g v v pgp. T mp g v: umm, m xu v cpu, ug v u ab m 7 u, ugg m mjpu xp b- k- lv u a 8 u.40 G s xp, bu p

    g pb um g bk u Mz uu xg. T u m s iq rm pv, egp, uu g pu. Tg m qu v: g m k Mmp up G s, iq, egp n. a mu .Bu x qu ug , p ump, pu bu u, m. T, , bkgu g g p,g b pu g m pv rm, ug egp, b .

    Acknowledgement

    Mp 0.1 0.2 b J.F. h, Te Palgrae Atlas o Byzantine History(Bgk-n yk 2005)

    F Jb e, Bumk 1922: 24856; b b ck 1981: 14558; Bk 192432.0 amg 2009. s xmp, m v g ugg

    ug mm v -up p m : M 1998 1995.

  • 7/30/2019 Greater Syria in the Seventh Century

    12/20

    Money, Power and Politics in Early Islamic Syria12

    Mp 0.1 G s x . 600 ce

  • 7/30/2019 Greater Syria in the Seventh Century

    13/20

    Mp 0.2 G s xp im . 63260

  • 7/30/2019 Greater Syria in the Seventh Century

    14/20

    Money, Power and Politics in Early Islamic Syria14

    Bibliography

    ak, s. 1993. Graecia capta: Te Landscapes o Roman Greece. cmbga, a. 1936. a u a m pm Gzzm, Zeitschri des

    deutschen Palstina-Vereins 59: 92111am-s, r. 1991. wu ax m Ju 619 . c. u P

    b?, yche 6: 316am-s, r. 1992. T s egp, Bulletin de la Socit dArchologie

    Copte 31: 8796amg, P. 2009. t eg cu e M, Mundell

    Mango 2009: 15778avm, a. 1997. Le Ploponnse du IVe au VIIIe sicle: changements et persistances.

    P

    B, J. . 2002.Fustat nds. c-n ykBj, J. 2001. Agrarian Change in Late Antiquity Gold, Labour and Aristocratic

    Dominance. oxB, d. 2004. sm exp K P, a: 5-7 cu

    a.d., B, lv M 2004: 21946Bu a-Bu, Kb u -Bu. Te Origins o the Islamic State, .

    P.K. h. l 1916/Bu 1966B lpp, i. 2007. Pv sp l aqu c: l Bug

    Pu, l. lv, l. zg a. s, ,Housing in Late Antiquity,fom Palaces to Shops. l: 197237

    Bj, J. 2007. Agrarian Change in Late Antiquity: Gold, Labour and AristocraticDominance. 2 . ox

    Bumk, a. 1922. Geschichte der syrischen Literatur. BBk, c.h. 192432. c Pmk u m dgmbug, m,

    Islamstudien. lpzg, i: 432449Bk, K., h, F., K, J. su, P. , 2000.Byzanz als Raum. Zu Methoden

    und Inhalten der historischen Geographie des stlichen Mittelmeerraumes. dk.. . ak. . w., p.. K. 283. V

    Bv, a.d.h. 1969. Catalogue o the Western Asiatic Seals in the British Museum. smp, ii: s . l

    B, w., lv, l. M, c. 2004.Recent Research on the Late AntiqueCountryside. l

    Bk, G.w. 1971. a rp ab Pv,JRS61: 21942Bk, G.w. 1976. lm abu, Harard Studies in Classical Philology 80:

    21929Bk, G.w. 1983.Roman Arabia. cmbg, M.

    B, w. 2002.Finanzerwaltung in Krisenzeiten. Untersuchungen zur byzantinischenAdministration im . Ju. Fku m Mcm, av. c, l.i. 1992. Te Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, I:

    Problems in the Literary Source Material. P

  • 7/30/2019 Greater Syria in the Seventh Century

    15/20

    Introduction: Greater Syria in the Seenth Century: Context and Background 15

    cm, av. c, l.i. 1995. States, Resources and Armies: Papers o theTird Workshop on Late Antiquity and Early Islam. P

    cv, a. l, t. 2004. ag r l rmcu: a Bbgp e, B, lv M 2004 : 351

    c, a. 1944.LIran sous les Sassanides. cpgc, l.i. 1990. Tp ab h t, sm i

    iuu tm,BF15: 144c, l.i. 1992. T cqu a, a su-c su

    hgp e Mv n e, cm c 1992:317401

    c, l.i. 1994. epm d c s l sx cu: smn ig m V h b Tb,BMGS18: 1258

    c, l.i. 1996. d P u z Um m n o

    M,Der Islam 73: 81192ck, M. 1981.Early Muslim Dogma: A Source-Critical Study. cmbgdm, l. B, M. 2002. cpp cg egp sv cu,

    B 2002: 88111d, F. 1981. Te Early Islamic Conquests. Pdu, a.w. 1998. hu ru c sx-cu Bk

    a, a Xiii cgu i ag c.su a c liV. c V/sp: 795806

    du, a.w. 2004. cu cg M cu mGu Ju, B, lv M 2004: 53586

    Fu, B. 1992. Saint Anastase le Perse et lhistoire de la Palestine au dbut du VIIe sicle,I: Les textes. P

    F, r. 2000. cmm, iu exp, og Pg: Muucmpb tm sm B -sm dug Um P,Mediterranean Archaeology 13: 2538

    F, c. 1994. T l c Bz ag,DOP48: 152F, c. 1995 T n-e cu l aqu: a rv a,

    hump 1995: 21334F, c. 1997. s t, a.d. 550750: a ag app,DOP

    51: 189269F, c. 1999. T g s sv cu: ev exv,

    Israel Numismatic Journal13: 11932F, c. 2008.Arab-Byzantine coins. An Introduction, with a Catalogue o the Dumbarton

    Oaks Collection. wg dcG, P.-l. 2005. l vg u P-o pbz: uv ppv,

    l, M s 2005: 10119

    G, P. 1898. Itineraria Hierosolymitana saeculi IIIIVIII, in Corpus ScriptorumEcclesiasticorum Latinorum 39. VG, M. 1967. T og lm P Mj P

    dvpm, Studien zu den Militrgrenzen Roms. Vortrge des . InternationalenLimeskongresses in Sddeutschland. K/Gz: 17593

  • 7/30/2019 Greater Syria in the Seventh Century

    16/20

    Money, Power and Politics in Early Islamic Syria16

    Ggux, P. 1984. lg mv : u Mzb,Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 4: 129

    Ggux, P. 2004. ap v mv i u 7m , Gyselen 2004: 748

    Gb, r. 1976. Die onbullen vom acht-e Suleiman: ein Beitrag zu sptsasanidischenSphragistik. B

    G, G. 1985. T qup s mp,East and West35. 115G, d. 1978. T s d ab F, BASOR 229:

    126Gg, t. 1982. F Ub g e Bz G,

    h 1982: 4364Gu, K.c. 1981. Tird Palestine: A Regional Study in Byzantine Urbanization.

    wg d.c.

    G, r. 1989. La gographie administratie de lempire sassanide: les tmoignagessigillographiques. P

    G, r. 2001. Te Four Generals o the Sasanian Empire: Some SigillographicEidence. rm

    G, r. 2002.Noueaux matriaux pour la gographie historique de lempire sassanide:sceaux administratis de la collection Ahmad Saeedi, Studia Iranica 24. P

    G, r. . 2004. Contributions lhistoire et la gographie historique de lempiresassanide, Res OrientalesXVi. Bu-u-yv

    h, J.F. 1993. amv cu suu tm erm M og . 580640, : M. Kzk, .,LArme romaineet les barbares du e au e sicle, Colloque du CNRS. P: 4553 (p. m,1995. State, Army and Society in Byzantium: Approaches to Military, Social andAdministratie History, th12th Centuries. l: V)

    h, J.F. 1995. sv-cu cu tm: T aj Tm M, cm c 1995: 379423

    h, J.F. 2007. cz a lg.? T r sg s Bz sv eg cu, w.J. v Bkkum,J.w. djv a.c. Kugk, , Syriac Polemics. Studies in Honour o Gerrit JanReinink. luv-P-du, Ma: 91102

    h, i.l. wkm, c.J. 2000. Te Long Eighth Century. Production,Distribution and Demand. l, B, K

    h, n. 1978. Te Role o the Arab ribes in the East During the Period o the Umayyads,0/012/. Bg

    h, M.F. 1985. Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy, .3001450.cmbg

    h, r.l. . 1982. City, own and Countryside in the Early Byzantine Era . n

    ykh-J, J.d. 1995. T t G P l aqu: a cmp, cm c 1995: 157226 (p. h-J 2006: i)

    h-J, J.d. 2006. East Rome, Sasanian Persia and the End o Antiquity.a

  • 7/30/2019 Greater Syria in the Seventh Century

    17/20

    Introduction: Greater Syria in the Seenth Century: Context and Background 17

    hump, J.h. . 1995. Te Roman and Byzantine Near Easti. a abhump, J.h. . 1999. Te Roman and Byzantine Near Eastii. Pmu, r

    ii, B. 1990. Te Limits o Empire: Te Roman Army in the East. ox

    J ep.Iohannis Ephesini Historiae Ecclesiasticae pars tertia, . . e.w.Bk, cpu spum cum oum, sp s, v. 54.luv 1952

    Kg, w.e. 1992.Byzantium and the early Islamic conquests. cmbgK, d. 1992. T rm F ab (J s), JRA5: 473

    489K, h.n. 1985. Fm p m,Past and Present106: 327K, h.n. 1985b. T l cu Bz s,BF10: 14183K, h.n. 1986. Te Prophet and the Age o the Caliphates. l

    K, h.n. 2007. Ju pgu s ag ev, l 2007: 8795

    K, h.n. lbuz, J.h.w.G. 1988. a vg s 5 7 u: t pbm,Nottingham Medieal Studies32: 6590

    Kg, G.r.d. cm, av. 1994. Te Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East II:Land use and settlement patterns. P

    Kg, e. 1995. Bz Kupmz u sz (79. J.) m Kx,JB 45: 2536

    Kuu-Gk, e. . 2001. Te Dark Centuries o Byzantium. aKm, c.J. 1958.Excaations at Nessana III, Non-Literary Papyri, . h. dumb-

    h, . Plu, a. ., 2002. Te Economic History o Byzantium fom the Seenth through

    the Fieenth Century. wg d.c.lv, l. 2006. s sp l aqu, e. J, ., Proceedings o the

    21st International Congress o Byzantine Studies, l 2126 augu 2006, v.iiAbstracts o Panel Papers. a: 6869

    lv, l. 2008. T s sg l aqu: a ipv su, c. su, .,La rue dans lantiquit. r: 20114

    l, J., M, c. s, J.-P. 2005. Les illages dans lempire byzantin(iVXV ). P

    lm, s. . 2007. Cramiques antiques en Lycie (Vii s. .c.Vii s. p.c.). Lesproduits et les marches. Bux

    l, l K. . 2007.Plague and the End o Antiquity. Te Pandemic o 10.cmbg

    luk, V.G. 1983. P, s amv iu: tx t,

    y 1983: 681777Mam, h. 1994. sm sm P n ctj, . 550750, Kg cm 1994: 4993

  • 7/30/2019 Greater Syria in the Seventh Century

    18/20

    Money, Power and Politics in Early Islamic Syria18

    Mg, J. 1999. rg F e Bqq, Upp Z, o s seJu, imp nu lm P, hump1999: 189206

    Mg, J. 2003. Te Archaeology o the Early Islamic Settlements in Palestine. w

    lk, iM i M cgp, . l. d. cshB, B 1831; eg.

    .: Te Chronicle o John Malalas. A ranslation, b e. J, M. J, r.s .Byzantina Australiensia iV, Mbu 1986

    M, P. 1963. T d su P ag Bz su,Proceedings o the American Philosophical Society 107: 17071

    M, P. 1964. T F Mum ak su P (a.d. 63334),ransactions and Proceedings o the American Philological Society 95: 15599

    M, P. 1984. P v. ab Bz u, ZPE56: 223

    30M, P. 1986. T s lm,BASOR 262: 3547M, P. 1988. a n rm lm, i vu ou, IEJ 38:

    1813M, P. 1989. T Mg w lm (m) Pp, ZPE

    77: 28791M, P. 1989b. s rm, M-M rp,BASOR 274:

    719M, P. 1990. t cmpv su F,IEJ40: 26779M, P. 1991. T U tm P rm-Bz e,

    ZPE88: 2915Mcmk, M. 2007. t Mu h Ju pm,

    l 2007: 290312M, w.G. 1964. T ap M T tm: a h e b

    -yqb,JAOS84: 32944M, s. 1993. Anatolia: Land, Men and Gods in Asia Minor. II: Te Rise o the

    Church. oxM, M.G. 2004. em Bu? l aqu e im, JESHO,

    47: 16694M, M.G. 2007. F wm w ? T F Bub Pgu

    Pm ag s su, l 2007: 5986M, c. 1998. l s bz: u uu bu, Quaderni

    ticinesi di numismatica e antichit classiche 27: 30734M, c. 2001. suvv m m Bz (ViiiX .),

    Kuu-Gk 2001: 37797M, c. s, J.-P. 2002. T sx-cu em, lu . 2002:

    171220Mu Mg, M. . 2009. Byzantine rade, th12th Centuries. Te Archaeology oLocal, Regional and International Exchange. a

    n, P. 2008. s Mu s?, Archologischer Anzeiger2008/1:181201

  • 7/30/2019 Greater Syria in the Seventh Century

    19/20

    Introduction: Greater Syria in the Seenth Century: Context and Background 19

    Pm, B. 2007. T imp P: Gvm am, r. Bg, . 2007.Egypt in the Byzantine World, 0000. cmbg: 24470

    Pk, s.t. 1986. Roman and Saracens. A History o the Arabian Frontier. ams o r, 6. w lk

    Pk, s.t. 1988. T lm abu Pj. T 1987 cmpg, Annual o theDepartment o Antiquities o Jordan 32: 17187

    Pg e. 1977. Pauret conomique et pauret sociale Byzance, ee sicles. PPp, M. G, t. 1997. a sv-cu s h Bz

    imv cpp c,NC157: 6187Ppu,De Bello Persico in: Procopii Caesariensis Opera Omnia, . J. hu (lpzg ,

    190513; v . . . G. w, lpzg 196264)ru, c. 1989.Aphrodisias in Late Antiquity. ls, h.G. 2006. Te Byzantine City in the Sixth Century: Literary Images and

    Historical Reality. as, M. 1982. rois tudes sur lArabie romaine et byzantine. Busk, r. 1994. T sm P su J: T nu

    ev, Kg cm 1994: 13354sk, r. 1995. Te Christian Communities o Palestine fom Byzantine to Islamic

    Rule: A Historical and Archaeological Study. Studies in Late Antiquity and EarlyIslam 2. P

    sm, o. 2001. Uuug zu og u zu m skm h m V o z 628 u 633,BZ94: 21116

    s, i. 1955. a, Jb,JAOS75: 20516s, i. 1959. T P a,BZ52: 32143s, i. 1960. G, Encyclopedia o Islam, . ii. l-ls, i. 1984.Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth century. wg d.c.s, i. 1988.Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fih century. wg d.c.s, i. 1995.Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth century. wg d.c.sjpj, P. 2007. n ru ov o suu: egp a Mum cqu,

    h. c, .,Regime Change in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, fom Sargono Agade to Saddam Hussein. Proceedings o the British Academy 1. l

    sjpj, P. 2007b. T ab qu eg p bgg Mum u, r. Bg, . 2007.Egypt in the Byzantine world, 0000. cmbg: 43759

    sm, a.t. 2003. Te Political Landscape: Constellations o Authority in Early ComplexPolities. Bk

    s, J.-P. 2000. Pu g m pbz (iVVii .): mqu, Bk . 2000: 181208

    t, y. F, G. 1994. Fm sp B gg p

    ubm, Kg cm 1994: 95115Vvbk, h., M, F., wk, M. Pbm, J. 2004. l aqu t sg, B, lv M 2004: 24779

  • 7/30/2019 Greater Syria in the Seventh Century

    20/20

    Money, Power and Politics in Early Islamic Syria20

    Vm, J. 2004. l aqu P, sm t e M:a Pm cmp cm m lm (l) B, B, lv M 2004: 281331

    Vm, J. 2007. lm l: Bz/Um P F m exv

    e P c, lm 2007: 26192wm, a. 1988. P/F a im cqu (ad 635.900): a

    cvg l ag ev,Mediterranean Archaeology1: 14259

    wm, a. 2000. Pu, exg rg t im eM: o suu, n sm?, h wkm 2000:265343

    wm, a. 2005. T Vg a Bz e im J:sem F cuu rp, l, M s

    2005: 51122w-Pk, B. 1995. Ub suvv Ub tm e

    M, G.P. Bg ., Early Medieal owns in the WesternMediterranean (Documenti di Archeologia 10. Pu, 1995): 14353

    w-Pk, B. 2000. sp Pu exg, Cambridge AncientHistory, XiV. cmbg: 34691

    w-Pk, B. 2000b. l, bu m, Cambridge Ancient History,XiV. cmbg: 31545

    w, J. 1996.Ancient Persia fom 0 BC to 0 AD. l n ykwk, t.J. 1990. own and Country in Southeastern Anatolia. cgy, e. . 1983. Te Cambridge History o Iran, vol. : Te Seleucid, Parthian and

    Sasanian periods. cmbg