Great Composers Through Great Composers Through HistoryHistory

1685 - 20001685 - 2000

Index

IndexIndex

1685 - 17501685 - 1750

1750 - 18251825 - 1900

1900 - 2000

The Baroque EraThe Baroque Era1685-17501685-1750

Like most other historical titles, the Baroque era was given its name by posterity. The name Baroque is probably derived from a word meaning "irregular pearl", in other words, something that was very elaborate but badly misshapen. The name was not

given out of affection, but out of contempt for the style that the next generation found badly out of date.

While certain pieces and certain composers have always been popular, the Baroque period in general had to wait until the mid 1800s before general listening audiences became interested in it. This first appreciation of "golden oldies" continues through

today, as Baroque music remains very popular with modern audiences. The Baroque musical style is very ornate, theatrical, elaborate, grandiose, and occasionally pompous. This also is a description often applied to Baroque art, painting, literature, and architecture. This should suggest some kind of a link

between all of these and the era. Who had the gold and the power in the Baroque era? It was concentrated in two areas--the Church and the monarchy. Don't forget that the period ended several decades before the American and French revolutions, so the concept of "by the

people and for the people" was only a faint glimmer on the horizon. Imagine you were a musician (or other artist) wishing to make a living at your craft. You would probably gravitate toward the sources that could pay you a living wage.

Composing for the popular audience and musical freelancing were two things unknown to Baroque musicians. They operated under what is known as the

"patronage system". Wealthy and powerful patrons (the Church being one of them) often retain a group of musicians to perform at their beck and call--a trade off of

flexibility for job security. Most musicians of the era worked for patrons.

continue

Think about this next idea for a few seconds--if you were to write music to please an important, powerful, and very rich boss, how would you go about it? What style would your work take on? While you're thinking about your answer, take a look at the ornamented and grandiose work produced by Baroque painters, architects, craftsmen, etc. and you'll probably come to the same conclusion as they did. Music with a powerful social message, one that appealed

to the masses would not be conducive to keeping one's job very long. Is it any wonder that later eras, whose music was written to appeal to the common man,

find Baroque art to be excessively ornate, pompous, and grand? Baroque performing ensembles were generally small and extensively used the harpsichord,

recorder, and organ. The music is lavishly composed with a great complexity in each musical line. Music in general was far more polyphonic during this time than in later eras.

Melody was less important than we are used to. Common types of instrumental music found in the Baroque era include the fugue, the suite,

the concerto, and sonatas. Common types of vocal music included the opera and the oratorio, which was basically an opera with no action or staging--the singers stood still. The cantata, a smaller scale vocal piece, was very common to those who worked for the church.

A great deal of modern musical theory is based on J. S. Bach's music. This means that musically, many of the things we do today are based on the way he chose to work with

them almost 300 years ago. The modern form of the orchestra began to take shape in the Baroque era. Musical notation

evolved to the point where it became very similar to what we use today. In Cremona, Italy, the violins being made by the Stradivari, Amati, and Guarneri families

reached a quality that has never been topped--some would say has never even been matched.

The Baroque era represents an age of exploration and discovery and what we would call the beginning of modern music. Similarly, many other non-musical disciplines find the Baroque

era to be the beginning of their own modern thought, among them painting, philosophy, and the mathematical theory of probability.

Among the most important Baroque composers were Handel, J.S. Bach, Buxtehude, Lully, Monteverdi, Purcell, A. Scarlatti, D. Scarlatti, Corelli, Telemann, and Vivaldi. Bach's music

and influence were so strong that his death date is considered to be the end of the Baroque era.

Index Timeline

Baroque Era TimelineBaroque Era Timeline

MusiciansMusicians Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643) Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643)

Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632-1687) Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632-1687)

Arcangelo Corelli (1653-1713)Arcangelo Corelli (1653-1713) Henry Purcell (c. 1659-1695) Henry Purcell (c. 1659-1695)

Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) J.S. Bach (1685-1750)J.S. Bach (1685-1750)

G.F. Handel (1685-1759)G.F. Handel (1685-1759)

Historical EventsHistorical Events King James Version of the King James Version of the

BibleBible Jamestown founded Jamestown founded

(1607)(1607) Reign of Peter the GreatReign of Peter the Great Pompeii rediscoveredPompeii rediscovered Louis XIV reigns in Louis XIV reigns in

France (1643-1715)France (1643-1715) Louis XV reigns in France Louis XV reigns in France

(1715-1774)(1715-1774)

Back to Baroque

Classical EraClassical Era1750-18251750-1825

Although the Classical Era lasted for only 75 years, there was a substantial Although the Classical Era lasted for only 75 years, there was a substantial change in the music that was being produced. Classical music placed a change in the music that was being produced. Classical music placed a

greater stress on clarity with regard to melodic expression and greater stress on clarity with regard to melodic expression and instrumental color. Although opera and vocal music (both sacred and instrumental color. Although opera and vocal music (both sacred and

secular) were still being written, orchestral literature was performed on a secular) were still being written, orchestral literature was performed on a much broader basis. The orchestra gained more color and flexibility as much broader basis. The orchestra gained more color and flexibility as

clarinets, flutes, oboes, and bassoons became permanent members of the clarinets, flutes, oboes, and bassoons became permanent members of the orchestra. orchestra.

The classical style was dominated by homophony , which consisted of a The classical style was dominated by homophony , which consisted of a single melodic line and an accompaniment. New forms of composition were single melodic line and an accompaniment. New forms of composition were

developed to adapt to this style. The most important of these forms was developed to adapt to this style. The most important of these forms was the sonata. This form continued to change and evolve throughout the the sonata. This form continued to change and evolve throughout the

classical period, and it is important to note that the classical sonata was classical period, and it is important to note that the classical sonata was very different from the sonatas written by Baroque composers. very different from the sonatas written by Baroque composers.

The melodies of the Classical era were more compact and diatonic. The melodies of the Classical era were more compact and diatonic. Harmony was less structured. It used the tonic, dominant, and subdominant Harmony was less structured. It used the tonic, dominant, and subdominant chords. In addition, during this period, diatonic harmony was more common chords. In addition, during this period, diatonic harmony was more common

then chromatic. Composers mainly used chords in triadic form and then chromatic. Composers mainly used chords in triadic form and occasionally used seventh chords in their compositions. occasionally used seventh chords in their compositions.

The four major composers of the Classical era were Haydn, Mozart, The four major composers of the Classical era were Haydn, Mozart, Gluck, and Beethoven. These composers wrote extensively for vocal and Gluck, and Beethoven. These composers wrote extensively for vocal and

instrumental mediums.instrumental mediums.

Index Timeline

Classical Era TimelineClassical Era TimelineMusiciansMusicians

C.P.E. Bach (1714 - 1788)C.P.E. Bach (1714 - 1788) Franz Joseph Haydn (1732 - 1809)Franz Joseph Haydn (1732 - 1809)

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756 - 1791) - 1791)

Ludwig van Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 - 1827)(1770 - 1827)

Franz SchubertFranz Schubert

Historical EventsHistorical Events Declaration of Independence (1776)Declaration of Independence (1776) Eli Whitney invents the Cotton Gin (1793)Eli Whitney invents the Cotton Gin (1793) Ed Jenner introduces smallpox vaccination Ed Jenner introduces smallpox vaccination

(1796)(1796) Napoleonic Wars (1796-1815)Napoleonic Wars (1796-1815) A. Volta builds first battery (1800)A. Volta builds first battery (1800) Robert Fulton produces first submarine Robert Fulton produces first submarine

(1801)(1801) Thomas Jefferson becomes president Thomas Jefferson becomes president

(1801)(1801) Child labor restricted to 12 hoursChild labor restricted to 12 hours Louisiana Purchase (1803)Louisiana Purchase (1803) Gay-Lussac ascends in a hydrogen-filled Gay-Lussac ascends in a hydrogen-filled

balloon to 7000 metersballoon to 7000 meters Apert develops technique for canning food Apert develops technique for canning food

(1809)(1809) US declares war on Britain (1812)US declares war on Britain (1812) Brothers Grimm's "Fairy Tales" (1812)Brothers Grimm's "Fairy Tales" (1812) Stephenson builds his first steam Stephenson builds his first steam

locomotive (1814)locomotive (1814) First gas street lights (1814)First gas street lights (1814) Laennac invents the stethoscope (1816)Laennac invents the stethoscope (1816) "Missouri Compromise" (1820)"Missouri Compromise" (1820) Accordian invented (1822)Accordian invented (1822) Portland Cement developed (1824)Portland Cement developed (1824) First railroad opened (1825)First railroad opened (1825)

Back to classical

The Romantic EraThe Romantic Era1825-19001825-1900

The Romantic era was a period of great change and emancipation. While the Classical era had The Romantic era was a period of great change and emancipation. While the Classical era had strict laws of balance and restraint, the Romantic era moved away from that by allowing strict laws of balance and restraint, the Romantic era moved away from that by allowing artistic freedom, experimentation, and creativity. The music of this time period was very artistic freedom, experimentation, and creativity. The music of this time period was very

expressive, andexpressive, andmelody became the dominant feature. Composers even used this expressive means to display melody became the dominant feature. Composers even used this expressive means to display

nationalism . This became a driving force in the late Romantic period, as composers used nationalism . This became a driving force in the late Romantic period, as composers used elements of folk music to express their cultural identity.elements of folk music to express their cultural identity.

As in any time of change, new musical techniques came about to fit in with the As in any time of change, new musical techniques came about to fit in with the current trends. Composers began to experiment with length of compositions, new current trends. Composers began to experiment with length of compositions, new

harmonies, and tonal relationships. Additionally, there was the increased use of dissonance harmonies, and tonal relationships. Additionally, there was the increased use of dissonance and extended use of chromaticism . Another important feature of Romantic music was the and extended use of chromaticism . Another important feature of Romantic music was the

use of color. While new instruments were constantly being added to the orchestra, use of color. While new instruments were constantly being added to the orchestra, composers also tried to get new or different sounds out of the instruments already in use.composers also tried to get new or different sounds out of the instruments already in use.

One of the new forms was the symphonic poem , which was an orchestral work One of the new forms was the symphonic poem , which was an orchestral work that portrayed a story or had some kind of literary or artistic background to it. Another was that portrayed a story or had some kind of literary or artistic background to it. Another was

the art song , which was a vocal musical work with tremendous emphasis placed on the the art song , which was a vocal musical work with tremendous emphasis placed on the text or the symbolical meanings of words within the text. Likewise, opera became text or the symbolical meanings of words within the text. Likewise, opera became

increasingly popular, as it continued to musically tell a story and to express the issues of increasingly popular, as it continued to musically tell a story and to express the issues of the day. Some of the themes that composers wrote about were the escape from political the day. Some of the themes that composers wrote about were the escape from political oppression, the fates of national or religious groups, and the events which were taking oppression, the fates of national or religious groups, and the events which were taking

place in far off settings or exotic climates. This allowed an element of fantasy to be used place in far off settings or exotic climates. This allowed an element of fantasy to be used by composers.by composers.

During the Romantic period, the virtuoso began to be focused. Exceptionally During the Romantic period, the virtuoso began to be focused. Exceptionally gifted performers -pianists, violinists, and singers -- became enormously popular. Liszt, the gifted performers -pianists, violinists, and singers -- became enormously popular. Liszt, the great Hungarian pianist/composer, reportedly played with such passion and intensity that great Hungarian pianist/composer, reportedly played with such passion and intensity that women in the audience would faint. Most composers were also virtuoso performers; it was women in the audience would faint. Most composers were also virtuoso performers; it was

inevitable that the music they wrote would be extremely challenging to play.inevitable that the music they wrote would be extremely challenging to play.

Index Timeline

Romantic TimelineRomantic Timeline

MusiciansMusicians Felix Mendelssohn (1809 - 1847)Felix Mendelssohn (1809 - 1847)

Frederic Chopin (1810 - 1849)Frederic Chopin (1810 - 1849) Robert Schuman (1810 - 1886)Robert Schuman (1810 - 1886) Franz Liszt (1811 - 1886)Franz Liszt (1811 - 1886) Richard Wagner (1813 - 1883)Richard Wagner (1813 - 1883) Johannes Brahms (1833 - 1897)Johannes Brahms (1833 - 1897) Modest Mussorgsky (1839 - 1881)Modest Mussorgsky (1839 - 1881) Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840 - Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840 -

1893)1893) Antonin Dvorak (1841 - 1904)Antonin Dvorak (1841 - 1904) Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakoff (1844 - Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakoff (1844 -

1908)1908) Johann Strauss, Jr. (1825-1899)Johann Strauss, Jr. (1825-1899) Saint-SaensSaint-Saens

Historical EventsHistorical Events Neipce produces photographs on a metal Neipce produces photographs on a metal

plate (1827)plate (1827) Hans Christian Andersen publishes first of Hans Christian Andersen publishes first of

his tales for children (1835)his tales for children (1835) Morse displays his electric telegraph Morse displays his electric telegraph

(1837)(1837) Froebel opens his first kindergarten Froebel opens his first kindergarten

(1837)(1837) Thousands of eastern Native Americans Thousands of eastern Native Americans

are forced West (1838)are forced West (1838) First bicycle built (1839)First bicycle built (1839) Adolphe Sax invents the saxophone Adolphe Sax invents the saxophone

(1841)(1841) Charles Dicken's "A Christmas Carol" Charles Dicken's "A Christmas Carol"

(1843)(1843) Wood pulp paper invented (1844)Wood pulp paper invented (1844) Hunt patents the safety pin (1849)Hunt patents the safety pin (1849) Bunsen invents the gas burner (1850)Bunsen invents the gas burner (1850) Singer devises a continuous stitch sewing Singer devises a continuous stitch sewing

machine (1850)machine (1850) Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of

Species by Natural Selection" (1859)Species by Natural Selection" (1859) Abraham Lincoln becomes President Abraham Lincoln becomes President

(1861)(1861) Civil War (1861 -1865)Civil War (1861 -1865) First oil pipeline (1865)First oil pipeline (1865)

moremore

Romantic Timeline continuedRomantic Timeline continued Alfred Nobel invents dynamite (1866)Alfred Nobel invents dynamite (1866)

US buys Alaska from RussiaUS buys Alaska from Russia Remington begins to make typewriters (1873)Remington begins to make typewriters (1873)

Color photographs invented (1873)Color photographs invented (1873) AG Bell invents the telephone (1876)AG Bell invents the telephone (1876)

Mark Twain's "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" (1876)Mark Twain's "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" (1876) Edison invents phonograph (1877)Edison invents phonograph (1877)

Hughes invents the microphone (1878)Hughes invents the microphone (1878) Edison invents light bulb (1879)Edison invents light bulb (1879)

First skyscraper built (Chicago 1883)First skyscraper built (Chicago 1883) Benz builds gasoline engine for motor car (1885)Benz builds gasoline engine for motor car (1885)

First moving picture shows (New York 1890)First moving picture shows (New York 1890) Zipper invented (1891)Zipper invented (1891)

Rontgen discovers X-rays (1895)Rontgen discovers X-rays (1895) Ramsey discovers helium (1896)Ramsey discovers helium (1896)

First magnetic recording of sound (1899)First magnetic recording of sound (1899) Aspirin first manufactured (1899)Aspirin first manufactured (1899)

Back to Romantic Era

Felix MendohlssohnFelix Mendohlssohn1809-18471809-1847

Felix Bartholdy Mendelssohn was a famous German composer. Felix Bartholdy Mendelssohn was a famous German composer. Born in 1809, Mendelssohn lived a happy life from the start. Born in 1809, Mendelssohn lived a happy life from the start. Like other virtuoso composers, he was a child genius when it Like other virtuoso composers, he was a child genius when it came to music. At age nine he gave his first piano concert, came to music. At age nine he gave his first piano concert,

composed productively from the age of ten, and was ready to composed productively from the age of ten, and was ready to conduct the Sunday morning musicales that were the joy of his conduct the Sunday morning musicales that were the joy of his youth, by age thirteen. At age seventeen, he composed one of youth, by age thirteen. At age seventeen, he composed one of his well known works, The Midsummer Night's Dream. One part his well known works, The Midsummer Night's Dream. One part

of this work was the "Nocturne." of this work was the "Nocturne." Inspired by the music of J.S. Bach, Mendelssohn Inspired by the music of J.S. Bach, Mendelssohn arranged for a performance of Bach's Passion According to St. arranged for a performance of Bach's Passion According to St. Matthew, which had not been performed in the eighty years Matthew, which had not been performed in the eighty years

since Bach's death. Along with his friend Devrient, Mendelssohn since Bach's death. Along with his friend Devrient, Mendelssohn raised money, engaged the soloists, sold tickets, trainedraised money, engaged the soloists, sold tickets, trained

the chorus, and played the organ for what were three sold out the chorus, and played the organ for what were three sold out shows. Mendelssohn continually promoted J.S. Bach throughout shows. Mendelssohn continually promoted J.S. Bach throughout

his lifetime and is party responsible for the formation of the his lifetime and is party responsible for the formation of the Bach Society.Bach Society.

Mendehlssohn went on to complete the Scotch and Mendehlssohn went on to complete the Scotch and Italian Symphonies, and a new piano concerto called the Italian Symphonies, and a new piano concerto called the

Reformation Symphony. One of his most famous works is Elijah, Reformation Symphony. One of his most famous works is Elijah, an oratorio that he composed and conducted. Mendelssohn also an oratorio that he composed and conducted. Mendelssohn also composed two other well known pieces, Fingals Cave Overture composed two other well known pieces, Fingals Cave Overture and the Wedding March. Later in life he became the director of and the Wedding March. Later in life he became the director of

the first German Conservatory of Music in Leipzig, where he also the first German Conservatory of Music in Leipzig, where he also taught. Mendelhssohn's music is marked by a delicacy, sparkle, taught. Mendelhssohn's music is marked by a delicacy, sparkle,

seamless flow, and clarity.seamless flow, and clarity.

Back to Romantic Era

Twentieth CenturyTwentieth Century1900-20001900-2000

The years spanning the end of the nineteenth century and the earliest part of the twentieth The years spanning the end of the nineteenth century and the earliest part of the twentieth were a time of great expansion and development of, as well as a dramatic reaction to, the were a time of great expansion and development of, as well as a dramatic reaction to, the

prevailing late Romanticism of previous years. In music, as in all the arts, expression prevailing late Romanticism of previous years. In music, as in all the arts, expression became either overt (as in the early symphonic poems of Richard Strauss (1864-1949), became either overt (as in the early symphonic poems of Richard Strauss (1864-1949),

the huge symphonies of Gustav Mahler, or the operas of Giacomo Puccini), or was merely the huge symphonies of Gustav Mahler, or the operas of Giacomo Puccini), or was merely suggested (as in the so-called "impressionist" music of Claude Debussy. The previous suggested (as in the so-called "impressionist" music of Claude Debussy. The previous

century's tide of Nationalism found a twentieth century advocate in the Hungarian Béla century's tide of Nationalism found a twentieth century advocate in the Hungarian Béla Bartók.Bartók.

It was a time of deepening psychological awareness, with the works of both It was a time of deepening psychological awareness, with the works of both Nietzsche and Freud in circulation; and the horrors of the First World War brought death Nietzsche and Freud in circulation; and the horrors of the First World War brought death

and destruction to the very doorsteps of many people living in Europe. Possibly in reaction and destruction to the very doorsteps of many people living in Europe. Possibly in reaction to such influences, the expressionistic music of Arnold Schoenberg and his disciples to such influences, the expressionistic music of Arnold Schoenberg and his disciples

germinated and flourished for a time. Experimentation and new systems of writing music germinated and flourished for a time. Experimentation and new systems of writing music were attempted by avantgarde composers like Edgard Varèse and although none gainedwere attempted by avantgarde composers like Edgard Varèse and although none gaineda foothold with the public, these techniques had a profound influence on many of the a foothold with the public, these techniques had a profound influence on many of the

composers who were to follow.composers who were to follow.Twentieth-century music has seen a great coming and going of various Twentieth-century music has seen a great coming and going of various

movements, among them post-romanticism, serialism and neoclassicism in the earlier movements, among them post-romanticism, serialism and neoclassicism in the earlier years of the century, all of which were practiced at one time or another by Russian years of the century, all of which were practiced at one time or another by Russian

composer Igor Stravinsky. More recently, aleatory or "chance" music, neo-romanticism, composer Igor Stravinsky. More recently, aleatory or "chance" music, neo-romanticism, and minimalism have been in vogue by a handful of American composers. With the and minimalism have been in vogue by a handful of American composers. With the commercial dissemination of music through the various media providing music as a commercial dissemination of music through the various media providing music as a

constant background,constant background,the general populace has largely dismissed much of the music produced using bold, new, or the general populace has largely dismissed much of the music produced using bold, new, or

experimental styles, preferring to turn to the forms and genres (and often the composers) experimental styles, preferring to turn to the forms and genres (and often the composers) with which it is most familiar. Many of the greatest and best-known composers of this with which it is most familiar. Many of the greatest and best-known composers of this

century, including Russian composers Sergei Rachmaninoff, Sergei Prokofiev, and Dmitri century, including Russian composers Sergei Rachmaninoff, Sergei Prokofiev, and Dmitri Shostakovich, and British composer Benjamin Britten, have been those who have written Shostakovich, and British composer Benjamin Britten, have been those who have written

music directly descended from the approved models of the past, while investing these music directly descended from the approved models of the past, while investing these forms with a style and modernistic tone of their own.forms with a style and modernistic tone of their own.

Index Timeline

2020thth Century Timeline Century TimelineMusiciansMusicians

Bartok, Bela (1881-1945)Bartok, Bela (1881-1945) Britten, Benjamin (1913-1976)Britten, Benjamin (1913-1976) Bernstein, Leonard (1918-1990)Bernstein, Leonard (1918-1990) Copland, Aaron (1900-1990)Copland, Aaron (1900-1990) Gershwin, George (1898-1937)Gershwin, George (1898-1937)

Ives, Charles (1874-1954)Ives, Charles (1874-1954) Stravinsky, Igor (1882-1971)Stravinsky, Igor (1882-1971) Vaughn Williams, Ralph (1872-Vaughn Williams, Ralph (1872-

1958)1958)

Historical EventsHistorical Events First flight by Wright brothers (1903)First flight by Wright brothers (1903) First Model-T (1908)First Model-T (1908) San Francisco earthquake (1909)San Francisco earthquake (1909) Titantic sinks (1912)Titantic sinks (1912) Panama Canal opened (1914)Panama Canal opened (1914) World War I (1914 -1918)World War I (1914 -1918) Jazz in New Orleans (1915)Jazz in New Orleans (1915) Insulin first given to diabetics (1922)Insulin first given to diabetics (1922) Insecticides used for the first time (1924)Insecticides used for the first time (1924) Charles Lindbergh flies across Atlantic Charles Lindbergh flies across Atlantic

(1927)(1927) First scheduled TV broadcasts (1928)First scheduled TV broadcasts (1928) Fleming discovers Penicillin (1928)Fleming discovers Penicillin (1928) Great Depression begins (1929)Great Depression begins (1929) Empire State Building completed (1931)Empire State Building completed (1931) Urey discovers Hydrogen (1931)Urey discovers Hydrogen (1931) Adolph Hitler appointed Chancellor (1933)Adolph Hitler appointed Chancellor (1933) First Freeways (1934)First Freeways (1934) Radar device built by Watt (1935)Radar device built by Watt (1935) Margaret Mitchells' "Gone With the Wind" Margaret Mitchells' "Gone With the Wind"

(1936)(1936) Focke builds helicopter (1937)Focke builds helicopter (1937) Biro invents ballpoint pen (1938)Biro invents ballpoint pen (1938) World War II (1939-1945)World War II (1939-1945) First atomic bomb detonated (1945)First atomic bomb detonated (1945) Israel comes into existence (1948)Israel comes into existence (1948)

Back to 20th century

George GershwinGeorge Gershwin1898-19371898-1937

American born composer George Gershwin was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1898. He was a composer of both pop and concert music. As a child, Gershwin learned about music by playing the piano. At age sixteen, he received additional piano practice at a job where he played popular song hits all day long. He began to

compose and play some of his original works but was largely ignored.

Eventually, Gershwin took a job as a rehearsal pianist at a Ziegfeld production. At this point in his life, he wrote his first

musical comedy, La La Lucille, which turned out to be a hit. From then on he rapidly turned out Broadway successes. These were

the famous Oh Kay, Strike Up the Band, Girl Crazy, Funny Face, Of Thee I Sing, Lady Be Good, and George White's Scandals. These

scores contained songs that the country would grow to love, full of popular music and touches of early rock and roll.

Soon after, George Gershwin produced another one of his most famous works, Rhapsody in Blue. This was a jazz piece written as a form of art. This whole philosophy was very new to the public, and yet they instantaneously fell in love with this piece. It was

performed in concerts, broadcast on radio stations, and recorded and distributed in high volume, making it a well-known musical

composition throughout the world.

continue

George Gershwin continuedGeorge Gershwin continued

After Rhapsody in Blue, he composed two very famous compositions, American in Paris and the Cuban Overture.

Porgy and Bess was George Gershwin's last important composition. This was a grand opera folk opera written about the African American Southern culture. The all-

African cast was so important that it was hailed as the first completely successful and completely American opera. It

was written so emotionally and dramatically that members of the cast could not believe that the opera's composer

wasn't at least partially African American. Porgy and Bess exemplified the skill and talent that George Gershwin

possessed.Tragically, Gershwin died at the young age of thirty-nine due

to a cancerous brain tumor. His legacy continued on and Gershwin's music is still influential today, making him one of the most important composers of the twentieth century.

Back to 20th century timeline

J.S. BachJ.S. Bach1685-17501685-1750

He was the youngest son of Johann Ambrosius Bach, a town musician, from He was the youngest son of Johann Ambrosius Bach, a town musician, from whom he probably learnt the violin and the rudiments of musical theory. whom he probably learnt the violin and the rudiments of musical theory.

When he was ten he was orphaned and went to live with his elder brother When he was ten he was orphaned and went to live with his elder brother Johann Christoph, organist at St. Michael's Church, Ohrdruf, who gave Johann Christoph, organist at St. Michael's Church, Ohrdruf, who gave him lessons in keyboard playing. From 1700 to 1702 he attended St. him lessons in keyboard playing. From 1700 to 1702 he attended St. Michael's School in Lüneburg, where he sang in the church choir and Michael's School in Lüneburg, where he sang in the church choir and

probably came into contact with the organist and composer Georg Böhm. probably came into contact with the organist and composer Georg Böhm. He also visited Hamburg to hear J.A. Reincken at the organ of St. He also visited Hamburg to hear J.A. Reincken at the organ of St.

Catherine's Church. Catherine's Church. After competing unsuccessfully for an organist's post in Sangerhausen in After competing unsuccessfully for an organist's post in Sangerhausen in

1702, Bach spent the spring and summer of 1703 as 'lackey' and violinist 1702, Bach spent the spring and summer of 1703 as 'lackey' and violinist at the court of Weimar and then took up the post of organist at the at the court of Weimar and then took up the post of organist at the

Neukirche in Arnstadt. In June 1707 he moved to St. Blasius, Mühlhausen, Neukirche in Arnstadt. In June 1707 he moved to St. Blasius, Mühlhausen, and four months later married his cousin Maria Barbara Bach in nearby and four months later married his cousin Maria Barbara Bach in nearby Dornheim. Bach was appointed organist and chamber musician to the Dornheim. Bach was appointed organist and chamber musician to the Duke of Saxe-Weimar in 1708, and in the next nine years he became Duke of Saxe-Weimar in 1708, and in the next nine years he became

known as a leading organist and composed many of his finest works for known as a leading organist and composed many of his finest works for the instrument. During this time he fathered seven children, including the instrument. During this time he fathered seven children, including

Wilhelm Friedemann and Carl Philipp Emanuel. When, in 1717, Bach was Wilhelm Friedemann and Carl Philipp Emanuel. When, in 1717, Bach was appointed Kapellmeister at Cöthen, he was at first refused permission to appointed Kapellmeister at Cöthen, he was at first refused permission to leave Weimar and was allowed to do so only after being held prisoner by leave Weimar and was allowed to do so only after being held prisoner by the duke for almost a month. Bach's new employer, Prince Leopold, was the duke for almost a month. Bach's new employer, Prince Leopold, was a talented musician who loved and understood the art. Since the court a talented musician who loved and understood the art. Since the court was Calvinist, Bach had no chapel duties and instead concentrated on was Calvinist, Bach had no chapel duties and instead concentrated on

instrumental composition. From this period date his violin concertos and instrumental composition. From this period date his violin concertos and the six Brandenburg Concertos, as well as numerous sonalas, suites and the six Brandenburg Concertos, as well as numerous sonalas, suites and keyboard works, including several (e.g. the Inventions and Book I of the keyboard works, including several (e.g. the Inventions and Book I of the '48') intended for instruction. In 1720 Maria Barbara died while Bach was '48') intended for instruction. In 1720 Maria Barbara died while Bach was

visiting Karlsbad with the prince.visiting Karlsbad with the prince.

continue

J.S. Bach continuedJ.S. Bach continuedIn December of the following year Bach married Anna Magdalena Wilcke, daughter of a court In December of the following year Bach married Anna Magdalena Wilcke, daughter of a court

trumpeter at Weissenfels. A week later Prince Leopold also married, and his bride's lack of trumpeter at Weissenfels. A week later Prince Leopold also married, and his bride's lack of interest in the arts led to a decline in the support given to music at the Cöthen court. In 1722 interest in the arts led to a decline in the support given to music at the Cöthen court. In 1722

Bach entered his candidature for the prestigious post of Director musices at Leipzig and Bach entered his candidature for the prestigious post of Director musices at Leipzig and Kantor of the Thomasschule there. In April 1723, after the preferred candidates, Telemann Kantor of the Thomasschule there. In April 1723, after the preferred candidates, Telemann

and Graupner, had withdrawn, he was offered the post and accepted it. and Graupner, had withdrawn, he was offered the post and accepted it. Bach remained as Thomaskantor in Leipzig for the rest of his life, often in conflict with the Bach remained as Thomaskantor in Leipzig for the rest of his life, often in conflict with the authorities, but a happy family man and a proud and caring parent. His duties centred on the authorities, but a happy family man and a proud and caring parent. His duties centred on the Sunday and feast day services at the city's two main churches, and during his early years in Sunday and feast day services at the city's two main churches, and during his early years in

Leipzig he composed prodigious quantities of church music, including four or five cantata Leipzig he composed prodigious quantities of church music, including four or five cantata cycles, the Magnificat and the St. John and St. Matthew Passions. He was by this time cycles, the Magnificat and the St. John and St. Matthew Passions. He was by this time

renowned as a virtuoso organist and in constant demand as a teacher and an expert in organ renowned as a virtuoso organist and in constant demand as a teacher and an expert in organ construction and design. His fame as a composer gradually spread more widely when, from construction and design. His fame as a composer gradually spread more widely when, from 1726 onwards, he began to bring out published editions of some of his keyboard and organ 1726 onwards, he began to bring out published editions of some of his keyboard and organ

music. music. From about 1729 Bach's interest in composing church music sharply declined, and most of his From about 1729 Bach's interest in composing church music sharply declined, and most of his

sacred works after that date, including the b Minor Mass and the Christmas Oratorio, consist sacred works after that date, including the b Minor Mass and the Christmas Oratorio, consist mainly of 'parodies or arrangements of earlier music. At the same time he took over the mainly of 'parodies or arrangements of earlier music. At the same time he took over the

direction of the collegium musicum that Telemann had founded in Leipzig in 1702 - a mainly direction of the collegium musicum that Telemann had founded in Leipzig in 1702 - a mainly amateur society which gave regular public concerts. For these Bach arranged harpsichord amateur society which gave regular public concerts. For these Bach arranged harpsichord

concertos and composed several large-scale cantatas, or serenatas, to impress the Elector of concertos and composed several large-scale cantatas, or serenatas, to impress the Elector of Saxony, by whom he was granted the courtesy title of Hofcompositeur in 1736. Among the Saxony, by whom he was granted the courtesy title of Hofcompositeur in 1736. Among the

13 children born to Anna Magdalena at Leipzig was Bach's youngest son, Johann Christian, in 13 children born to Anna Magdalena at Leipzig was Bach's youngest son, Johann Christian, in 1735. In 1744 Bach's second son, Emanuel, was married, and three years later Bach visited 1735. In 1744 Bach's second son, Emanuel, was married, and three years later Bach visited the couple and their son (his first grandchild) at Potsdam, where Emanuel was employed as the couple and their son (his first grandchild) at Potsdam, where Emanuel was employed as harpsichordist by Frederick the Great. At Potsdam Bach improvised on a theme given to him harpsichordist by Frederick the Great. At Potsdam Bach improvised on a theme given to him by the king, and this led to the composition of the Musical Offering, a compendium of fugue, by the king, and this led to the composition of the Musical Offering, a compendium of fugue,

canon, and sonata based on the royal theme. canon, and sonata based on the royal theme.

continue

J.S. Bach continuedJ.S. Bach continuedContrapuntal artifice predominates in the work of Bach's last decade, during which his Contrapuntal artifice predominates in the work of Bach's last decade, during which his

membership (from 1747) of Lorenz Mizler's learned Society of Musical Sciences membership (from 1747) of Lorenz Mizler's learned Society of Musical Sciences profoundly affected his musical thinking. The Canonic Variations for organ was one of profoundly affected his musical thinking. The Canonic Variations for organ was one of

the works Bach presented to the society, and the unfinished Art of Fugue may also the works Bach presented to the society, and the unfinished Art of Fugue may also have been intended for distribution among its members. have been intended for distribution among its members.

Bach's eyesight began to deteriorate during his last year and in March and April 1750 he Bach's eyesight began to deteriorate during his last year and in March and April 1750 he was twice operated on by the itinerant English oculist John Taylor. The operations and was twice operated on by the itinerant English oculist John Taylor. The operations and

the treatment that followed them may have hastened Bach's death. He took final the treatment that followed them may have hastened Bach's death. He took final communion on 22 July and died six days later. On 31 July he was buried at St. John's communion on 22 July and died six days later. On 31 July he was buried at St. John's

cemetery. His widow survived him for ten years, dying in poverty in 1760. cemetery. His widow survived him for ten years, dying in poverty in 1760. Bach's output embraces practically every musical genre of his time except for the Bach's output embraces practically every musical genre of his time except for the

dramatic ones of opera and oratorio (his three 'oratorios' being oratorios only in a dramatic ones of opera and oratorio (his three 'oratorios' being oratorios only in a special sense). He opened up new dimensions in virtually every department of special sense). He opened up new dimensions in virtually every department of

creative work to which he turned, in format, musical quality and technical demands. creative work to which he turned, in format, musical quality and technical demands. As was normal at the time, his creative production was mostly bound up with the As was normal at the time, his creative production was mostly bound up with the

extemal factors of his places of work and his employers, but the density and extemal factors of his places of work and his employers, but the density and complexity of his music are such that analysts and commentators have uncovered in complexity of his music are such that analysts and commentators have uncovered in it layers of religious and numerological significance rarely to be found in the music of it layers of religious and numerological significance rarely to be found in the music of other composers. Many of his contemporaries, notably the critic J.A. Scheibe, found other composers. Many of his contemporaries, notably the critic J.A. Scheibe, found

his music too involved and lacking in immediate melodic appeal, but his chorale his music too involved and lacking in immediate melodic appeal, but his chorale harmonizations and fugal works were soon adopted as models for new generations of harmonizations and fugal works were soon adopted as models for new generations of musicians. The course of Bach's musical development was undeflected (though not musicians. The course of Bach's musical development was undeflected (though not

entirely uninfluenced) by the changes in musical style taking place around him. entirely uninfluenced) by the changes in musical style taking place around him. Together with his great contemporary Handel (whom chance prevented his ever Together with his great contemporary Handel (whom chance prevented his ever

meeting), Bach was the last great representative of the Baroque era in an age which meeting), Bach was the last great representative of the Baroque era in an age which was already rejecting the Baroque aesthetic in favour of a new,'enlightened'one. was already rejecting the Baroque aesthetic in favour of a new,'enlightened'one.

Back to Baroque Timeline

G.F. HandelG.F. Handel1685-17591685-1759

He was born Georg Friederich Händel, son of a barber-surgeon who intended He was born Georg Friederich Händel, son of a barber-surgeon who intended him for the law. At first he practiced music clandestinely, but his father him for the law. At first he practiced music clandestinely, but his father

was encouraged to allow him to study and he became a pupil of Zachow, was encouraged to allow him to study and he became a pupil of Zachow, the principal organist in Halle. When he was 17 he was appointed the principal organist in Halle. When he was 17 he was appointed

organist of the Calvinist Cathedral, but a year later he left for Hamburg. organist of the Calvinist Cathedral, but a year later he left for Hamburg. There he played the violin and harpsichord in the opera house, where his There he played the violin and harpsichord in the opera house, where his

Almira was given at the beginning of 1705, soon followed by his Nero. Almira was given at the beginning of 1705, soon followed by his Nero. The next year he accepted an invitation to Italy, where he spent more The next year he accepted an invitation to Italy, where he spent more

than three years, in Florence, Rome, Naples and Venice. He had operas than three years, in Florence, Rome, Naples and Venice. He had operas or other dramatic works given in all these cities (oratorios in Rome, or other dramatic works given in all these cities (oratorios in Rome,

including La resurrezione) and, writing many Italian cantatas, perfected including La resurrezione) and, writing many Italian cantatas, perfected his technique in setting Italian words for the human voice. In Rome he his technique in setting Italian words for the human voice. In Rome he

also composed some Latin church music. also composed some Latin church music. He left Italy early in 1710 and went to Hanover, where he was He left Italy early in 1710 and went to Hanover, where he was

appointed Kapellmeister to the elector. But he at once took leave to take appointed Kapellmeister to the elector. But he at once took leave to take up an invitation to London, where his opera Rinaldo was produced early up an invitation to London, where his opera Rinaldo was produced early in 1711. Back in Hanover, he applied for a second leave and returned to in 1711. Back in Hanover, he applied for a second leave and returned to

London in autumn 1712. Four more operas followed in 1712-15, with London in autumn 1712. Four more operas followed in 1712-15, with mixed success; he also wrote music for the church and for court and was mixed success; he also wrote music for the church and for court and was awarded a royal pension. In 1716 he may have visited Germany (where awarded a royal pension. In 1716 he may have visited Germany (where possibly he set Brockes's Passion text); it was probably the next year possibly he set Brockes's Passion text); it was probably the next year

that he wrote the Water Music to serenade George I at a river-party on that he wrote the Water Music to serenade George I at a river-party on the Thames. In 1717 he entered the service of the Earl of Carnarvon the Thames. In 1717 he entered the service of the Earl of Carnarvon

(soon to be Duke of Chandos) at Edgware, near London, where he wrote (soon to be Duke of Chandos) at Edgware, near London, where he wrote 11 anthems and two dramatic works, the evergreen Acis and Galatea 11 anthems and two dramatic works, the evergreen Acis and Galatea

and Esther, for the modest band of singers and players retained there. and Esther, for the modest band of singers and players retained there.

continue

G.F. Handel continuedG.F. Handel continuedIn 1718-19 a group of noblemen tried to put Italian opera in London on a firmer footing, In 1718-19 a group of noblemen tried to put Italian opera in London on a firmer footing,

and launched a company with royal patronage, the Royal Academy of Music; Handel, and launched a company with royal patronage, the Royal Academy of Music; Handel, appointed musical director, went to Germany, visiting Dresden and poaching several appointed musical director, went to Germany, visiting Dresden and poaching several singers for the Academy, which opened in April 1720. Handel's Radamisto was the singers for the Academy, which opened in April 1720. Handel's Radamisto was the second opera and it inaugurated a noble series over the ensuing years including second opera and it inaugurated a noble series over the ensuing years including

Ottone, Giulio Cesare, Rodelinda, Tamerlano and Admeto. Works by Bononcini (seen Ottone, Giulio Cesare, Rodelinda, Tamerlano and Admeto. Works by Bononcini (seen by some as a rival to Handel) and others were given too, with success at least equal by some as a rival to Handel) and others were given too, with success at least equal

to Handel's, by a company with some of the finest singers in Europe, notably the to Handel's, by a company with some of the finest singers in Europe, notably the castrato Senesino and the soprano Cuzzoni. But public support was variable and the castrato Senesino and the soprano Cuzzoni. But public support was variable and the

financial basis insecure, and in 1728 the venture collapsed. The previous year Handel, financial basis insecure, and in 1728 the venture collapsed. The previous year Handel, who had been appointed a composer to the Chapel Royal in 1723, had composed four who had been appointed a composer to the Chapel Royal in 1723, had composed four

anthems for the coronation of George II and had taken British naturalization. anthems for the coronation of George II and had taken British naturalization. Opera remained his central interest, and with the Academy impresario, Opera remained his central interest, and with the Academy impresario,

Heidegger, he hired the King's Theatre and (after a journey to Italy and Germany to Heidegger, he hired the King's Theatre and (after a journey to Italy and Germany to engage fresh singers) embarked on a five-year series of seasons starting in late 1729. engage fresh singers) embarked on a five-year series of seasons starting in late 1729. Success was mixed. In 1732 Esther was given at a London musical society by friends Success was mixed. In 1732 Esther was given at a London musical society by friends of Handel's, then by a rival group in public; Handel prepared to put it on at the King's of Handel's, then by a rival group in public; Handel prepared to put it on at the King's Theatre, but the Bishop of London banned a stage version of a biblical work. He then Theatre, but the Bishop of London banned a stage version of a biblical work. He then put on Acis, also in response to a rival venture. The next summer he was invited to put on Acis, also in response to a rival venture. The next summer he was invited to Oxford and wrote an oratorio, Athalia, for performance at the Sheldonian Theatre. Oxford and wrote an oratorio, Athalia, for performance at the Sheldonian Theatre.

Meanwhile, a second opera company ('Opera of the Nobility', including Senesino) had Meanwhile, a second opera company ('Opera of the Nobility', including Senesino) had been set up in competition with Handel's and the two competed for audiences over been set up in competition with Handel's and the two competed for audiences over

the next four seasons before both failed. This period drew from Handel, however, such the next four seasons before both failed. This period drew from Handel, however, such operas as Orlando and two with ballet, Ariodante and Alcina, among his finest scores. operas as Orlando and two with ballet, Ariodante and Alcina, among his finest scores.

continue

G.F. Handel continuedG.F. Handel continuedDuring the rest of the 1730s Handel moved between Italian opera and the English forms, oratorio, ode During the rest of the 1730s Handel moved between Italian opera and the English forms, oratorio, ode

and the like, unsure of his future commercially and artistically. After a joumey to Dublin in 1741-2, and the like, unsure of his future commercially and artistically. After a joumey to Dublin in 1741-2, where Messiah had its premiere (in aid of charities), he put opera behind him and for most of the where Messiah had its premiere (in aid of charities), he put opera behind him and for most of the

remainder of his life gave oratorio performances, mostly at the new Covent Garden theatre, usually remainder of his life gave oratorio performances, mostly at the new Covent Garden theatre, usually at or close to the Lent season. The Old Testament provided the basis for most of them (Samson, at or close to the Lent season. The Old Testament provided the basis for most of them (Samson, Belshazar, Joseph. Joshua, Solomon, for example), but he sometimes experimented, turning to Belshazar, Joseph. Joshua, Solomon, for example), but he sometimes experimented, turning to

classical mythology (Semele, Hercules) or Christian history (Theodora), with little public success. All classical mythology (Semele, Hercules) or Christian history (Theodora), with little public success. All these works, along with such earlier ones as Acis and his two Cecilian odes (to Dryden words), were these works, along with such earlier ones as Acis and his two Cecilian odes (to Dryden words), were

performed in concert form in English. At these performances he usually played in the interval a performed in concert form in English. At these performances he usually played in the interval a concerto on the organ (a newly invented musical genre) or directed a concerto grosso (his op.6, a concerto on the organ (a newly invented musical genre) or directed a concerto grosso (his op.6, a

set of 12, published in 1740, represents his finest achievement in the form). set of 12, published in 1740, represents his finest achievement in the form). During his last decade he gave regular performances of Messiah, usually with about 16 During his last decade he gave regular performances of Messiah, usually with about 16

singers and an orchestra of about 40, in aid of the Foundling Hospital. In 1749 he wrote a suite for singers and an orchestra of about 40, in aid of the Foundling Hospital. In 1749 he wrote a suite for wind instruments (with optional strings) for performance in Green Park to accompany the Royal wind instruments (with optional strings) for performance in Green Park to accompany the Royal

Fireworks celebrating the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. His last oratorio, composed as he grew blind, was Fireworks celebrating the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. His last oratorio, composed as he grew blind, was Jephtha (1752); The Triumph of Time and Truth (1757) is largely composed of earlier material. Jephtha (1752); The Triumph of Time and Truth (1757) is largely composed of earlier material.

Handel was very economical in the re-use of his ideas; at many times in his life he also drew heavily Handel was very economical in the re-use of his ideas; at many times in his life he also drew heavily on the music of others (though generally avoiding detection) - such 'borrowings' may be of anything on the music of others (though generally avoiding detection) - such 'borrowings' may be of anything from a brief motif to entire movements, sometimes as they stood but more often accommodated to from a brief motif to entire movements, sometimes as they stood but more often accommodated to

his own style. his own style. Handel died in 1759 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, recognized in England and by Handel died in 1759 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, recognized in England and by

many in Germany as the greatest composer of his day. The wide range of expression at his many in Germany as the greatest composer of his day. The wide range of expression at his command is shown not only in the operas, with their rich and varied arias, but also in the form he command is shown not only in the operas, with their rich and varied arias, but also in the form he

created, the English oratorio, where it is applied to the fates of nations as well as individuals. He had created, the English oratorio, where it is applied to the fates of nations as well as individuals. He had a vivid sense of drama. But above all he had a resource and originality of invention, to be seen in a vivid sense of drama. But above all he had a resource and originality of invention, to be seen in the extraordinary variety of music in the op.6 concertos, for example, in which melodic beauty, the extraordinary variety of music in the op.6 concertos, for example, in which melodic beauty,

boldness and humour all play a part, that place him and J.S. Bach as the supreme masters of the boldness and humour all play a part, that place him and J.S. Bach as the supreme masters of the Baroque era in music. Baroque era in music.

Back to Baroque Timeline

Franz Joseph HaydnFranz Joseph Haydn1732-18091732-1809

Franz Josef Haydn was born on 31 March 1732, in Rohrau, a village in Franz Josef Haydn was born on 31 March 1732, in Rohrau, a village in Österreich near the border of Hungary. He came from peasant folk. Österreich near the border of Hungary. He came from peasant folk.

His father, Mathias Haydn, was a wagoner and parish sexton; his His father, Mathias Haydn, was a wagoner and parish sexton; his mother, Elizabeth, was a woman of simple tastes and humble mother, Elizabeth, was a woman of simple tastes and humble

origin. Music was an instinct with these people. During the evening origin. Music was an instinct with these people. During the evening Mathias would play the harp, and Elizabeth would sing, as the Mathias would play the harp, and Elizabeth would sing, as the

children sat at their feet and listened. Of these younger Haydn's, children sat at their feet and listened. Of these younger Haydn's, Franz Josef was most keenly affected by the music he heard, and Franz Josef was most keenly affected by the music he heard, and

most clearly showed aptitude for the art. When his father most clearly showed aptitude for the art. When his father discovered him one day, sitting outside the schoolhouse and discovered him one day, sitting outside the schoolhouse and simulating playing the violin by scraping two sticks of wood simulating playing the violin by scraping two sticks of wood

against each other, he determined to give the boy as competent a against each other, he determined to give the boy as competent a musical training as he could. For this purpose, he enlisted the musical training as he could. For this purpose, he enlisted the

cooperation of his kinsman, Johann Mathias Frankh, a choirmaster, cooperation of his kinsman, Johann Mathias Frankh, a choirmaster, who was the teach the boy of six the violin and harpsichord. Haydn who was the teach the boy of six the violin and harpsichord. Haydn later commented that he received "more blows than victuals" from later commented that he received "more blows than victuals" from his teacher, but Frankh was a competent teacher, and in two years his teacher, but Frankh was a competent teacher, and in two years the boy was able to enter the choir school of St. Stephen's church the boy was able to enter the choir school of St. Stephen's church

in Wein.in Wein.At St. Stephen, Haydn was under the tutelage of At St. Stephen, Haydn was under the tutelage of

Reutter, the chapel-master, who failed to discern any particular Reutter, the chapel-master, who failed to discern any particular talent in the boy. Reutter not only neglected Haydn but frequently talent in the boy. Reutter not only neglected Haydn but frequently

maltreated him. Josef Haydn, however, found musical guidance maltreated him. Josef Haydn, however, found musical guidance elsewhere. With a few gulden, which he had succeeded in saving, elsewhere. With a few gulden, which he had succeeded in saving, he bought several treatises on counterpoint and thorough bass, he bought several treatises on counterpoint and thorough bass,

which he eventually learned by rote. Thus he acquired training in which he eventually learned by rote. Thus he acquired training in musical theory. musical theory.

continue

Franz Joseph Haydn Franz Joseph Haydn continuedcontinued

When Haydn was seventeen years old, his voice broke. Being of very little use to the church, he When Haydn was seventeen years old, his voice broke. Being of very little use to the church, he was summarily dismissed from the choir-the pretext being one of Haydn's practical jokes on was summarily dismissed from the choir-the pretext being one of Haydn's practical jokes on a fellow pupil. There followed bitter days for young Haydn. He was without a home, friends, a fellow pupil. There followed bitter days for young Haydn. He was without a home, friends,

or money. The first night away from the church he was forced to sleep in the streets. An or money. The first night away from the church he was forced to sleep in the streets. An acquaintance from St. Stephen pitied him and gave him temporary lodging. Before long, acquaintance from St. Stephen pitied him and gave him temporary lodging. Before long,

Haydn succeeded in finding a few pupils and a few engagements as violinist. Thus he was Haydn succeeded in finding a few pupils and a few engagements as violinist. Thus he was able to subsist. His free moments still belonged to music study: each evening was spent in able to subsist. His free moments still belonged to music study: each evening was spent in

the study of the sonatas of Philipp Emanuel Bach.the study of the sonatas of Philipp Emanuel Bach.In a short while, Haydn's fortunes improved. He had composed a mass which had attracted In a short while, Haydn's fortunes improved. He had composed a mass which had attracted

some notice, bringing the composer several commissions. There followed a lucrative post as some notice, bringing the composer several commissions. There followed a lucrative post as music teacher in the home of an influential family in Wein. Then, Haydn became acquainted music teacher in the home of an influential family in Wein. Then, Haydn became acquainted with Michael Porpora-a singer of great reputation-who at the time was in the employ of the with Michael Porpora-a singer of great reputation-who at the time was in the employ of the Venezia ambassador to Wein. Porpora engaged Haydn as his accompanist, and through this Venezia ambassador to Wein. Porpora engaged Haydn as his accompanist, and through this engagement Haydn was given an opportunity to meet some of the outstanding musicians in engagement Haydn was given an opportunity to meet some of the outstanding musicians in

Wein at the time, including Gluck and von Dittersdorf.Wein at the time, including Gluck and von Dittersdorf.Haydn composed his first string quartet in 1755 on the encouragement of a musical amateur, Haydn composed his first string quartet in 1755 on the encouragement of a musical amateur,

von Fürnberg, who conducted chamber music performances at his home. This form of von Fürnberg, who conducted chamber music performances at his home. This form of composition, which he inherited from the hands of Boccherini, so intrigued Haydn that for composition, which he inherited from the hands of Boccherini, so intrigued Haydn that for the next few months he created one string-quartet after another, establishing this form of the next few months he created one string-quartet after another, establishing this form of composition as one of the major vehicles for musical expression. These quartets delighted composition as one of the major vehicles for musical expression. These quartets delighted

von Fürnberg with their spontaneity and charm; in partial gratitude, he enthusiastically von Fürnberg with their spontaneity and charm; in partial gratitude, he enthusiastically recommended the composer to Count Morzin as worthy of filling the position of chapel recommended the composer to Count Morzin as worthy of filling the position of chapel master on the Count's private estate in Bohemia. Haydn eagerly accepted the position, master on the Count's private estate in Bohemia. Haydn eagerly accepted the position,

which included salary and board. Here, Haydn found the peace, quiet and leisure necessary which included salary and board. Here, Haydn found the peace, quiet and leisure necessary for composition. His pen became increasingly fertile; and it was here that he composed his for composition. His pen became increasingly fertile; and it was here that he composed his

first symphony.first symphony.

continue

Franz Joseph Haydn Franz Joseph Haydn continuedcontinued

At this time, Haydn married Maria Anna Keller, daughter of a wigmaker. This was an ill-fated At this time, Haydn married Maria Anna Keller, daughter of a wigmaker. This was an ill-fated marriage. Surly, supremely selfish, extravagant, Maria Anna was hardly a suitable wife for marriage. Surly, supremely selfish, extravagant, Maria Anna was hardly a suitable wife for

Haydn. She was little interested in her husband's art, frequently using his manuscripts as curling Haydn. She was little interested in her husband's art, frequently using his manuscripts as curling papers. There were endless squabbles. The couple lived together several unhappy years, then papers. There were endless squabbles. The couple lived together several unhappy years, then separated permanently. Haydn supplied her with a generous income until the end of his life.separated permanently. Haydn supplied her with a generous income until the end of his life.

Haydn's position at the private home of Count Morzin was soon succeeded by an even Haydn's position at the private home of Count Morzin was soon succeeded by an even more important post, that of second chapel master to Prince Esterhazy of Eisenstadt. Five years more important post, that of second chapel master to Prince Esterhazy of Eisenstadt. Five years

later, he rose to the rank of First Kapellmeister. For twenty-five years he held this post. Here later, he rose to the rank of First Kapellmeister. For twenty-five years he held this post. Here Haydn was in charge of the daily concerts. The magnificent festivals which regularly took place Haydn was in charge of the daily concerts. The magnificent festivals which regularly took place

at the palace proved to be colorful backgrounds for Haydn's music-making. Dressed in a at the palace proved to be colorful backgrounds for Haydn's music-making. Dressed in a costume which consisted of a bright blue coat decorated with silver braid and buttons, white costume which consisted of a bright blue coat decorated with silver braid and buttons, white

collar and cuffs as well as his powdered wig and shining pumps, Haydn personally directed the collar and cuffs as well as his powdered wig and shining pumps, Haydn personally directed the concerts. His pen likewise contributed a mountain of instrumental music for orchestra and concerts. His pen likewise contributed a mountain of instrumental music for orchestra and

chamberchambergroups for these festivities.groups for these festivities.

At this time, Haydn became acquainted with Mozart. Much to his credit, Haydn recognized Mozart's At this time, Haydn became acquainted with Mozart. Much to his credit, Haydn recognized Mozart's genius as being far superior to his own; in fact, to anyone. Until the end of Mozart's life, Haydn genius as being far superior to his own; in fact, to anyone. Until the end of Mozart's life, Haydn fought vigorously to bring the genius to recognition. In 1785, Mozart composed a series of six fought vigorously to bring the genius to recognition. In 1785, Mozart composed a series of six

quartets which he affectionately dedicated to Haydn. When Haydn heard these quartets, he told quartets which he affectionately dedicated to Haydn. When Haydn heard these quartets, he told Mozart's father: "I must tell you before God, and as an honest man, that your son is the greatest Mozart's father: "I must tell you before God, and as an honest man, that your son is the greatest

composer known to me, either in person or by name."composer known to me, either in person or by name."The death of Prince Esterhazy in 1790 enabled Haydn to accept an offer which had The death of Prince Esterhazy in 1790 enabled Haydn to accept an offer which had

been extended to him by Johann Peter Salomon, concert-manager and violinist-namely, to come been extended to him by Johann Peter Salomon, concert-manager and violinist-namely, to come to London, direct a few concerts, and supply six new symphonies. In 1791, Haydn visited London to London, direct a few concerts, and supply six new symphonies. In 1791, Haydn visited London for the first time. From March until May he directed orchestral concerts featuring his new works. for the first time. From March until May he directed orchestral concerts featuring his new works. His success was brilliant. Haydn's music became the conversation of the hour, and he himself His success was brilliant. Haydn's music became the conversation of the hour, and he himself

was the recipient of much honour. Oxford bestowed upon him the decree of doctorate of music; was the recipient of much honour. Oxford bestowed upon him the decree of doctorate of music; the Prince of Wales invited him as a guest to his home.the Prince of Wales invited him as a guest to his home.

continue

Franz Joseph Haydn Franz Joseph Haydn continuedcontinued

Haydn remained in London a year and a half before returning to Wein. En route home wards, he Haydn remained in London a year and a half before returning to Wein. En route home wards, he stopped off at Bonn where he became acquainted for the first time with Ludwig van Beethoven stopped off at Bonn where he became acquainted for the first time with Ludwig van Beethoven (then still in his adolescence) who showed him a cantata he had recently composed. This work (then still in his adolescence) who showed him a cantata he had recently composed. This work Haydn "greatly praised, warmly encouraging the composer to proceed with his studies." Later Haydn "greatly praised, warmly encouraging the composer to proceed with his studies." Later on, in Wein, Beethoven became a pupil of Haydn, but their relationship was never successful: on, in Wein, Beethoven became a pupil of Haydn, but their relationship was never successful:

Beethoven was far too much the iconoclast, Haydn too much the classicist, for these two Beethoven was far too much the iconoclast, Haydn too much the classicist, for these two temperaments to harmonize.temperaments to harmonize.

In 1794, Haydn was once again a visitor to London, six new symphonies in his bag. Once again he In 1794, Haydn was once again a visitor to London, six new symphonies in his bag. Once again he was the recipient of great honour. At this time, he became a friend of Mrs. Schroeter, to whom was the recipient of great honour. At this time, he became a friend of Mrs. Schroeter, to whom

he became very closely attached. "She was a very handsome woman, though over sixty," he became very closely attached. "She was a very handsome woman, though over sixty," Haydn commented, "and, had I been free, I should certainly have married her." Three piano Haydn commented, "and, had I been free, I should certainly have married her." Three piano trios were dedicated by the composer to Mrs. Schroeter. Haydn was likewise greeted with trios were dedicated by the composer to Mrs. Schroeter. Haydn was likewise greeted with

honour in his own country. Upon his return to Wein from London, he found himself recognised honour in his own country. Upon his return to Wein from London, he found himself recognised as the greatest Österreichs composer of his time. Concerts of his music were planned in his as the greatest Österreichs composer of his time. Concerts of his music were planned in his

honour in Wein; a bust of him was erected in his native city. In 1797, on occasion of the honour in Wein; a bust of him was erected in his native city. In 1797, on occasion of the birthday of Emperor Franz II, Haydn's national anthem (which was originally the second birthday of Emperor Franz II, Haydn's national anthem (which was originally the second

movement of his famous Kaiser Quartet) was performed and sung in every principle theatre in movement of his famous Kaiser Quartet) was performed and sung in every principle theatre in Österreich. One year later saw the first performance of one of Haydn's greatest works, The Österreich. One year later saw the first performance of one of Haydn's greatest works, The

Creation , modelled after Milton's Paradise Lost. The success of The Creation was Creation , modelled after Milton's Paradise Lost. The success of The Creation was instantaneous. Choral societies were founded in Österreich expressly to give it performance. instantaneous. Choral societies were founded in Österreich expressly to give it performance. The Creation was followed by Haydn's last great work, also for chorus, The Seasons. Haydn's The Creation was followed by Haydn's last great work, also for chorus, The Seasons. Haydn's old age was quiet and dignified, although touched with a gentle melancholy brought on by old age was quiet and dignified, although touched with a gentle melancholy brought on by

illness. In 1805, on Haydn's birthday, Mozart's fourteen-year-old son came to the home of the illness. In 1805, on Haydn's birthday, Mozart's fourteen-year-old son came to the home of the master to bring him a cantata he had composed especially for his father's close friend. In March master to bring him a cantata he had composed especially for his father's close friend. In March

of 1808, Haydn heard a performance of his work for the last time, The Creation, directed by of 1808, Haydn heard a performance of his work for the last time, The Creation, directed by Salieri. From that time on he was confined to his home through weakness and ill-health.Salieri. From that time on he was confined to his home through weakness and ill-health.

continue

Franz Joseph Haydn Franz Joseph Haydn continuedcontinued

Josef Haydn died in Wein on 31 May 1809. In his will he forgot no one-old friends, Josef Haydn died in Wein on 31 May 1809. In his will he forgot no one-old friends, acquaintances, people who had done him favours in his youth and those who had been acquaintances, people who had done him favours in his youth and those who had been

kind to him in his old age. "I commend my soul to my all-merciful Creator," he concluded kind to him in his old age. "I commend my soul to my all-merciful Creator," he concluded his will reverently. Haydn was buried in an obscure churchyard near his home in Wein. his will reverently. Haydn was buried in an obscure churchyard near his home in Wein.

Eleven years later, however-at the request of one of the Esterhazys-his body was Eleven years later, however-at the request of one of the Esterhazys-his body was brought to the parish church of Eisenstadt, where it rests today.brought to the parish church of Eisenstadt, where it rests today.

Haydn was of middle height, with very short legs. His complexion was dark, marked by Haydn was of middle height, with very short legs. His complexion was dark, marked by smallpox, his nose aquiline, the expression of his eyes soft and generous. He always smallpox, his nose aquiline, the expression of his eyes soft and generous. He always

wore a wig, with side-curls and qeue. He considered himself a very ugly man, and was wore a wig, with side-curls and qeue. He considered himself a very ugly man, and was consistently bewildered that so many striking women should have been attracted to consistently bewildered that so many striking women should have been attracted to

him.him.His generosity, warm heart and simplicity have frequently been subject for comment. His generosity, warm heart and simplicity have frequently been subject for comment.

"Anybody can see by the look of me," he once said of himself-in an accurate stroke of "Anybody can see by the look of me," he once said of himself-in an accurate stroke of self-appraisal, "that I am a good-natured sort of a fellow." He was fervently religious. self-appraisal, "that I am a good-natured sort of a fellow." He was fervently religious.

Habitually, he began and ended his manuscripts with the words: "In nomine Domini" and Habitually, he began and ended his manuscripts with the words: "In nomine Domini" and "Laus Deo"; and when he was composing The Creation he fell on his knees each day and "Laus Deo"; and when he was composing The Creation he fell on his knees each day and

prayed to God to give him strength to bring the work to successful completion. By prayed to God to give him strength to bring the work to successful completion. By nature he was thrifty, hardworking, extremely methodical. He possessed a sunny sense nature he was thrifty, hardworking, extremely methodical. He possessed a sunny sense of humour, and a lovable disposition. He was not a particularly educated man; he read of humour, and a lovable disposition. He was not a particularly educated man; he read very little, and was only superficially acquainted with any subject out of the realm of very little, and was only superficially acquainted with any subject out of the realm of

music. When he composed, he preferred to wear his best clothing, his diamond ring and music. When he composed, he preferred to wear his best clothing, his diamond ring and his most ornate pendants. He worked industriously and systematically. He sketched his his most ornate pendants. He worked industriously and systematically. He sketched his works on the piano, then, a few hours afterwards, developed them on paper. He worked works on the piano, then, a few hours afterwards, developed them on paper. He worked regularly each day, never waiting for inspiration or inclination. He was well aware of his regularly each day, never waiting for inspiration or inclination. He was well aware of his

importance and greatness. "I know," he once said, "that God has bestowed a talent upon importance and greatness. "I know," he once said, "that God has bestowed a talent upon me, and I thank him for it. I think I have done my duty and have been of use in my me, and I thank him for it. I think I have done my duty and have been of use in my

generation and by my works. Let others do the same."generation and by my works. Let others do the same."

continue

Franz Joseph Haydn Franz Joseph Haydn continuedcontinued

Haydn's importance in the Haydn's importance in the history of music has been so great that history of music has been so great that

it is difficult to summarize his many it is difficult to summarize his many achievements in a few paragraphs. He achievements in a few paragraphs. He inherited the sonata form from Philipp inherited the sonata form from Philipp Emanuel Bach and not only solidified it Emanuel Bach and not only solidified it

but infused into it succh vitalbut infused into it succh vitalgenius that it became one of the most genius that it became one of the most

pliant forms of musical expression. He pliant forms of musical expression. He definitely established the form of the definitely established the form of the

symphony, preparing the way for symphony, preparing the way for Mozart and Beethoven. He was the Mozart and Beethoven. He was the father of the string quartet; Mozart father of the string quartet; Mozart

frequently confessed that it was from frequently confessed that it was from Haydn that he learned how to Haydn that he learned how to

compose for four stringed instruments. compose for four stringed instruments. He enriched the harmonic language of He enriched the harmonic language of

his day, increased the resources of his day, increased the resources of orchestration. He was one of the orchestration. He was one of the

pioneers in the creation of program pioneers in the creation of program music. It is, therefore, withmusic. It is, therefore, with

considerable justification that he is considerable justification that he is frequently termed the "father of frequently termed the "father of

instrumental music."instrumental music."

Haydn’s birthplace

St. Stephens Church where Haydn was a choir boy.

Prince Esterhazy's palace where Haydn lived.

Back to Classical Timeline

Wolfgang Amadeus MozartWolfgang Amadeus Mozart1756-17911756-1791

Mozart’s birthplace, Salzburg, Austria

Back to Classical Timeline

Johann StraussJohann Strauss1825-18991825-1899

“The Waltz King”, Vienna, Austria

Back to Romantic Timeline