Great Britain

This article is about the island. For the modern state, seeUnited Kingdom. For the historical state, see Kingdomof Great Britain. For other uses, see Great Britain(disambiguation) and Britain (disambiguation).

Great Britain,[note 1] also known as Britain /ˈbrɪ.tən/, isan island in the North Atlantic off the north-west coastof continental Europe. With an area of 229,848 km2

(88,745 sq mi), it is the largest island of the BritishIsles, the largest island in Europe and the ninth-largestin the world.[5][6] In 2011 the island had a popula-tion of about 61 million people, making it the third-most populous island in the world, after Java (Indonesia)and Honshū (Japan).[7][8] It is surrounded by over 1,000smaller islands.[9] The island of Ireland lies to its west.The island is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britainand Northern Ireland, constituting most of its territory:most of England, Scotland, and Wales are on the island,with their respective capital cities, London, Edinburgh,and Cardiff. Politically, the term Great Britain usuallyextends to include surrounding islands that form part ofEngland, Scotland, and Wales.[10]

The Kingdom of Great Britain resulted from the Unionof Scotland and England (which already comprised thepresent-day England and Wales) in 1707. More than ahundred years before, in 1603, King James VI, King ofScots, had inherited the throne of England, but it wasnot until 1707 that the Parliaments of the two countriesagreed to form a single kingdom. Subsequently, in 1801,Great Britain united with the neighbouring Kingdom ofIreland, forming the United Kingdom of Great Britainand Ireland. When five-sixths of Ireland seceded fromthe United Kingdom in 1922, the state was renamed theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

1 Terminology

Main article: Terminology of the British Isles

1.1 Toponymy

Main article: Britain (placename)

The archipelago has been referred to by a single namefor over 2000 years: the term British Isles derives from

terms used by classical geographers to describe this is-land group. By 50 BC Greek geographers were usingequivalents of Prettanikē as a collective name for theBritish Isles.[13] However, with the Roman conquest ofBritain the Latin term Britannia was used for the islandof Great Britain, and later Roman occupied Britain southof Caledonia.[14][15][16]

The earliest known name for Great Britain is Albion(Ἀλβίων) or insula Albionum, from either the Latin albusmeaning white (referring to the white cliffs of Dover, thefirst view of Britain from the continent) or the “island ofthe Albiones", first mentioned in the Massaliote Periplusin the 6th century BC, and by Pytheas.[17]

The oldest mention of terms related to Great Britain wasby Aristotle (c. 384–322 BC), or possibly by Pseudo-Aristotle, in his text On the Universe, Vol. III. To quotehis works, “There are two very large islands in it, calledthe British Isles, Albion and Ierne".[18]

Pliny the Elder (c. AD 23–79) in his Natural Historyrecords of Great Britain: “Its former name was Albion;but at a later period, all the islands, of which we shall justnow briefly make mention, were included under the nameof 'Britanniæ.'"[19]

The name Britain descends from the Latin name forBritain, Britannia or Brittānia, the land of the Britons.Old French Bretaigne (whence also Modern French Bre-tagne) and Middle English Bretayne, Breteyne. TheFrench form replaced the Old English Breoton, Breoten,Bryten, Breten (also Breoton-lond, Breten-lond). Britan-nia was used by the Romans from the 1st century BC forthe British Isles taken together. It is derived from thetravel writings of the ancient Greek Pytheas around 320BC, which described various islands in the North Atlanticas far north as Thule (probably Norway).Marcian of Heraclea, in his Periplus maris exteri, de-scribed the island group as αἱ Πρεττανικαὶ νῆσοι (thePrettanic Isles).[20]

The peoples of these islands of Prettanike were called theΠρεττανοί, Priteni or Pretani.[17] Priteni is the source ofthe Welsh language term Prydain, Britain, which has thesame source as the Goidelic term Cruithne used to referto the early Brythonic speaking inhabitants of Ireland.[21]The latter were later called Picts or Caledonians by theRomans.

1

2 3 HISTORY

1.2 Derivation of “Great”

The classical writer, Ptolemy, referred to the larger is-land as great Britain (megale Britannia) and to Ireland aslittle Britain (mikra Brettania) in his work,Almagest (147–148 AD).[22] In his later work, Geography (c. 150 AD),he gave these islands the names[23] Alwion[sic], Iwernia,and Mona (the Isle of Man), suggesting these may havebeen native names of the individual islands not knownto him at the time of writing Almagest.[24] The name Al-bion appears to have fallen out of use sometime after theRoman conquest of Great Britain, after which Britain be-came the more commonplace name for the island calledGreat Britain.[17]

After the Anglo-Saxon period, Britain was used as ahistorical term only. Geoffrey of Monmouth in hispseudohistorical Historia Regum Britanniae (c. 1136)refers to the island of Great Britain as Britannia major(“Greater Britain”), to distinguish it from Britannia minor(“Lesser Britain”), the continental region which approxi-mates to modern Brittany, which had been settled in thefifth and sixth centuries by Celtic immigrants from theBritish Isles.[25] The term Great Britain was first used of-ficially in 1474, in the instrument drawing up the proposalfor a marriage between Cecily the daughter of Edward IVof England, and James the son of James III of Scotland,which described it as “this Nobill Isle, callit Gret Brita-nee.” As noted above it was used again in 1604, whenKing James VI and I styled himself “King of Great Brit-taine, France and Ireland.”

1.3 Modern use of the term Great Britain

Great Britain refers geographically to the island of GreatBritain, politically to England, Scotland and Wales incombination.[26] However, it is sometimes used looselyto refer to the whole of the United Kingdom.[27]

The term Britain, as opposed to Great Britain, has beenused to mean the United Kingdom formally, for exam-ple in official government yearbooks between 1975 and2001.[28] Since 2002, however, the yearbooks have onlyused the term “United Kingdom”.[29]

GB and GBR are used instead of UK in some interna-tional codes to refer to the United Kingdom, includingthe Universal Postal Union, international sports teams,NATO, the International Organization for Standardiza-tion country codes ISO 3166-2 and ISO 3166-1 alpha-3,and international licence plate codes.On the Internet, .uk is the country code top-level domainfor the United Kingdom. A .gb top-level domain was usedto a limited extent, but is now obsolete because the do-main name registrar will not take new registrations.

Political definition of Great Britain (dark green)

– in Europe (green & dark grey)– in the United Kingdom (green)

2 Political definition

See also: Kingdom of Great Britain and United Kingdom

Great Britain is the largest island of the United King-dom. Politically, Great Britain refers to the whole ofEngland, Scotland and Wales in combination,[30] but notNorthern Ireland; it includes islands such as the Isle ofWight, Anglesey, the Isles of Scilly, the Hebrides and theisland groups of Orkney and Shetland. It does not includethe Isle of Man and the Channel Islands, which are self-governing dependent territories.[30][31]

The political union that joined the kingdoms of Englandand Scotland happened in 1707 when the Acts of Unionratified the 1706 Treaty of Union and merged the parlia-ments of the two nations, forming the Kingdom of GreatBritain, which covered the entire island. Prior to this, apersonal union had existed between these two countriessince the 1603 Union of the Crowns under James VI ofScotland and I of England.

3 History

Main articles: History of England, History of Scotland,History of Wales and History of the United KingdomSee also: Prehistoric Britain, Roman Britain, MedievalBritain (disambiguation) and Early modern Britain

The island was first inhabited by people who crossed overthe land bridge from the European mainland. Humanfootprints have been found from over 800,000 years agoin Norfolk[32] and traces of early humans have been found(at Boxgrove Quarry, Sussex) from some 500,000 yearsago[33] and modern humans from about 30,000 years ago.

3

Until about 14,000 years ago, Great Britain was joined toIreland, and as recently as 8,000 years ago it was joinedto the continent by a strip of low marsh leading to whatare now Denmark and the Netherlands.[34] In CheddarGorge, near Bristol, the remains of animal species nativeto mainland Europe such as antelopes, brown bears, andwild horses have been found alongside a human skeleton,'Cheddar Man', dated to about 7150 BC. Thus, animalsand humans must have moved between mainland Europeand Great Britain via a crossing.[35] Great Britain becamean island at the end of the last glacial period when sealevel rose due to the combination of melting glaciers andthe subsequent isostatic rebound of the crust.Great Britain’s Iron Age inhabitants are known as Britons,they spoke Celtic languages. The Romans conqueredmost of the island (up to Hadrian’s Wall, in northern Eng-land) and this became the Ancient Roman province ofBritannia. In the course of the 500 years after the RomanEmpire fell, the Britons of the south and east of the is-land were assimilated or displaced by invading Germanictribes (Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, often referred to col-lectively as Anglo-Saxons). At about the same time,Gaelic tribes from Ireland invaded the north-west, ab-sorbing both the Picts and Britons of northern Britain,eventually forming the Kingdom of Scotland in the 9thcentury. The south-east of Scotland was colonised by theAngles and formed, until 1018, a part of the Kingdom ofNorthumbria. Ultimately, the population of south-eastBritain came to be referred to, after the Angles, as theEnglish people.Germanic speakers referred to Britons as Welsh. Thisterm came to be applied exclusively to the inhabitants ofwhat is now Wales, but it also survives in names such asWallace and in the second syllable of Cornwall. Cymry,a name the Britons used to describe themselves, is sim-ilarly restricted in modern Welsh to people from Wales,but also survives in English in the place name of Cumbria.The Britons living in the areas now known as Wales,Cumbria and Cornwall were not assimilated by the Ger-manic tribes, a fact reflected in the survival of Celtic lan-guages in these areas into more recent times.[36] At thetime of the Germanic invasion of Southern Britain, manyBritons emigrated to the area now known as Brittany,where Breton, a Celtic language closely related to Welshand Cornish and descended from the language of theemigrants, is still spoken. In the 9th century, a seriesof Danish assaults on northern English kingdoms led tothem coming under Danish control (an area known as theDanelaw). In the 10th century, however, all the Englishkingdoms were unified under one ruler as the kingdomof England when the last constituent kingdom, Northum-bria, submitted to Edgar in 959. In 1066, England wasconquered by the Normans, who introduced a Norman-speaking administration that was eventually assimilated.Wales came under Anglo-Norman control in 1282, andwas officially annexed to England in the 16th century.On 20 October 1604 King James, who had succeeded

separately to the two thrones of England and Scotland,proclaimed himself “King of Great Brittaine, France,and Ireland”.[37] When James died in 1625 and the PrivyCouncil of England was drafting the proclamation of thenew king, Charles I, a Scottish peer, Thomas Erskine,1st Earl of Kellie, succeeded in insisting that it use thephrase “King of Great Britain”, which James had pre-ferred, rather than King of Scotland and England (orvice versa).[38] While that title was also used by some ofJames’s successors, England and Scotland each remainedlegally separate countries, each with its own parliament,until 1707, when each parliament passed an Act of Unionto ratify the Treaty of Union that had been agreed the pre-vious year. This created a single kingdom out of two, witha single parliament, with effect from 1 May 1707. TheTreaty of Union specified the name of the new all-islandstate as “Great Britain”, while describing it as “One King-dom” and “the United Kingdom”. To most historians,therefore, the all-island state that existed between 1707and 1800 is “Great Britain” or the “Kingdom of GreatBritain”.

4 Geography

Further information: Geography of England, Geographyof Scotland and Geography of Wales

Great Britain lies on the European continental shelf, partof the Eurasian Plate. Situated off the north-west coastof continental Europe, it is separated from the mainlandby the North Sea and by the English Channel, whichnarrows to 34 km (18 nmi; 21 mi) at the Straits ofDover.[39] It stretches over about ten degrees of latitudeon its longer, north-south axis and occupies an area of209,331 km2 (80,823 sq mi), excluding the smaller sur-rounding islands.[40] The North Channel, Irish Sea, StGeorge’s Channel and Celtic Sea separate the island fromthe island of Ireland to its west.[41] The island is physicallyconnected with continental Europe via the Channel Tun-nel, the longest undersea rail tunnel in the world, com-pleted in 1993. The island is marked by low, rolling coun-tryside in the east and south, while hills and mountainspredominate in the western and northern regions. It issurrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. Thegreatest distance between two points is 968.0 km (601 1⁄2mi) (between Land’s End, Cornwall and John o' Groats,Caithness), 838 miles (1,349 km) by road.The English Channel is thought to have been created be-tween 450,000 and 180,000 years ago by two catastrophicglacial lake outburst floods caused by the breaching ofthe Weald-Artois Anticline, a ridge that held back a largeproglacial lake, now submerged under the North Sea.[42]Around 10,000 years ago, during the Devensian glacia-tion with its lower sea level, Great Britain was not an is-land, but an upland region of continental northwesternEurope, lying partially underneath the Eurasian ice sheet.

4 5 BIODIVERSITY

The sea level was about 120metres (390 ft) lower than to-day, and the bed of the North Sea was dry and acted as aland bridge, now known as Doggerland, to the Continent.It is generally thought that as sea levels gradually rose af-ter the end of the last glacial period of the current iceage, Doggerland became submerged beneath the NorthSea, cutting off what was previously the British peninsulafrom the European mainland by around 6500 BC.[43]

5 Biodiversity

The variety of fauna and flora is limited in comparisonto continental Europe due to the island’s size and the factthat wildlife has had little time to develop since the lastglacial period. For fungi there is not sufficient informa-tion available for meaningful comparisons to be made.

5.1 Animals

Main article: Fauna of Great BritainAnimal diversity is modest, as a result of factors includ-

The robin is popularly known as “Britain’s favourite bird”.[44]

ing the island’s small land area, the relatively recent ageof the habitats developed since the last glacial period andthe island’s physical separation from continental Europe,and the effects of seasonal variability.[45] Great Britainalso experienced early industrialisation and is subject tocontinuing urbanisation, which have contributed towardsthe overall loss of species.[46] ADEFRA (Department forEnvironment, Food and Rural Affairs) study from 2006suggested that 100 species have become extinct in the UKduring the 20th century, about 100 times the backgroundextinction rate.[47] However, some species, such as thebrown rat, red fox, and introduced grey squirrel, are welladapted to urban areas.Rodents make up 40% of the mammal species. These in-clude squirrels, mice, voles, rats and the recently reintro-duced European beaver.[46] There is also an abundanceof rabbits, hares, hedgehogs, shrews, moles and severalspecies of bat.[46] Carnivorous mammals include the fox,

badger, otter, weasel, stoat and elusive wildcat.[48] Var-ious species of seal, whale and dolphin are found on oraround British shores and coastlines. The largest land-based wild animals today are deer. The red deer is thelargest species, with roe deer and fallow deer also promi-nent; the latter was introduced by the Normans.[48][49]Sika deer and two more species of smaller deer, muntjacand Chinese water deer, have been introduced, munt-jac becoming widespread in England and parts of Waleswhile Chinese water deer are restricted mainly to EastAnglia. Habitat loss has affected many species. Extinctlarge mammals include the brown bear, grey wolf andwild boar; the latter has had a limited reintroduction inrecent times.[46]

There is a wealth of birdlife, 583 species in total,[50]of which 258 breed on the island or remain duringwinter.[51] Because of its mild winters for its latitude,Great Britain hosts important numbers of many winter-ing species, particularly ducks, geese and swans.[52] Otherwell known bird species include the golden eagle, greyheron, kingfisher, pigeon, sparrow, pheasant, partridge,and various species of crow, finch, gull, auk, grouse, owland falcon.[53] There are six species of reptile on the is-land; three snakes and three lizards including the leg-less slow worm. One snake, the adder, is venomous butrarely deadly.[54] Amphibians present are frogs, toads andnewts.[46]

5.2 Fungi

There are many species of fungi including lichen-formingspecies, and the mycobiota is less poorly known than inmany other parts of the world. The most recent check-list of Basidiomycota (bracket fungi, jelly fungi, mush-rooms and toadstools, puffballs, rusts and smuts), pub-lished in 2005, accepts over 3600 species.[55] The mostrecent checklist of Ascomycota (cup fungi and their al-lies, including most lichen-forming fungi), published in1985, accepts another 5100 species.[56] These two listsdid not include conidial fungi (fungi mostly with affinitiesin the Ascomycota but known only in their asexual state)or any of the other main fungal groups (Chytridiomycota,Glomeromycota and Zygomycota). The number of fun-gal species known very probably exceeds 10,000. Thereis widespread agreement among mycologists that manyothers are yet to be discovered.

5.3 Plants

Main article: List of the vascular plants of Britain andIrelandIn a similar sense to fauna, and for similar reasons,the flora is impoverished compared to that of continen-tal Europe.[57] The flora comprises 3,354 vascular plantspecies, of which 2,297 are native and 1,057 have beenintroduced.[58] The island has a wide variety of trees, in-

5

Heather growing wild in the Highlands at Dornoch.

cluding native species of birch, beech, ash, hawthorn,elm, oak, yew, pine, cherry and apple.[59] Other trees havebeen naturalised, introduced especially from other partsof Europe (particularly Norway) and North America. In-troduced trees include several varieties of pine, chestnut,maple, spruce, sycamore and fir, as well as cherry plumand pear trees.[59] The tallest species are the Douglas firs;two specimens have been recorded measuring 65 metresor 212 feet.[60] The Fortingall Yew in Perthshire is theoldest tree in Europe.[61]

There are at least 1,500 different species ofwildflower,[62] Some 107 species are particularlyrare or vulnerable and are protected by the Wildlifeand Countryside Act 1981. It is illegal to uproot anywildflowers without the landowner’s permission.[62][63]A vote in 2002 nominated various wildflowers to rep-resent specific counties.[64] These include red poppies,bluebells, daisies, daffodils, rosemary, gorse, iris, ivy,mint, orchids, brambles, thistles, buttercups, primrose,thyme, tulips, violets, cowslip, heather and manymore.[65][66][67][68] There are also many species of algaeand mosses across the island.

6 Language

In the Late Bronze Age, Britain was part of a culturecalled the Atlantic Bronze Age, held together bymaritimetrading, which also included Ireland, France, Spain andPortugal. In contrast to the generally accepted view[69]

that Celtic originated in the context of the Hallstatt cul-ture, since 2009, John T. Koch and others have pro-posed that the origins of the Celtic languages are to besought in Bronze Age Western Europe, especially theIberian Peninsula.[70][71][72][73] Koch et al.'s proposal hasfailed to findwide acceptance among experts on the Celticlanguages.[69]

All the modern Brythonic languages (Breton, Cornish,Welsh) are generally considered to derive from a com-mon ancestral language termed Brittonic, British, Com-mon Brythonic, Old Brythonic or Proto-Brythonic, whichis thought to have developed from Proto-Celtic or earlyInsular Celtic by the 6th century AD.[74]

Brythonic languages were probably spoken before theRoman invasion at least in the majority of Great Britainsouth of the rivers Forth and Clyde, though the Isle ofMan later had a Goidelic language, Manx. NorthernScotland mainly spoke Pritennic, which became Pictish,which may have been a Brythonic language.During the period of the Roman occupation of SouthernBritain (AD 43 to c. 410), Common Brythonic borroweda large stock of Latin words. Approximately 800 of theseLatin loan-words have survived in the three modern Bry-thonic languages. Romano-British is the name for theLatinised form of the language used by Roman authors.Modern English is spoken in the present day.

7 Religion

Main articles: Religion in England, Religion in Scotlandand Religion in WalesChristianity has been the largest religion by number of

Canterbury Cathedral, seat of the Church of England – the is-land’s largest denomination

adherents since the Early Middle Ages: it was intro-duced under the ancient Romans, developing as CelticChristianity. According to tradition, Christianity arrivedin the 1st or 2nd century. The most popular form isAnglicanism (known as Episcopalism in Scotland). Dat-ing from the 16th century Reformation, it regards itselfas both Catholic and Reformed. The Head of the Churchis the monarch of the United Kingdom, as the SupremeGovernor. It has the status of established church in Eng-land. There are just over 26 million adherents to Angli-canism in Britain today,[75] although only around one mil-lion regularly attend services. The second largest Chris-tian practice is the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic

6 10 NOTES AND REFERENCES

Church, which traces its history to the 6th century withAugustine’s mission and was the main religion for arounda thousand years. There are over 5 million adherents to-day, 4.5 million in England and Wales[76] and 750,000in Scotland,[77] although fewer than a million Catholicsregularly attend mass.[78]

Glasgow Cathedral, a meeting place of the Church of Scotland

The Church of Scotland, a form of Protestantism with aPresbyterian system of ecclesiastical polity, is the thirdmost numerous on the island with around 2.1 millionmembers.[79] Introduced in Scotland by clergyman JohnKnox, it has the status of national church in Scotland.The monarch of the United Kingdom is represented bya Lord High Commissioner. Methodism is the fourthlargest and grew out of Anglicanism through John Wes-ley.[80] It gained popularity in the old mill towns ofLancashire and Yorkshire, also amongst tin miners inCornwall.[81] The Presbyterian Church of Wales, whichfollows Calvinistic Methodism, is the largest denomina-tion inWales. There are other non-conformist minorities,such as Baptists, Quakers, the United Reformed Church(a union of Congregationalists and English Presbyteri-ans), Unitarians.[82] The first patron saint of Great Britainwas Saint Alban.[83] He was the first Christian martyrdating from the Romano-British period, condemned todeath for his faith and sacrificed to the pagan gods.[84]In more recent times, some have suggested the adop-tion of St Aidan as another patron saint of Britain.[85]From Ireland, he worked at Iona amongst the Dál Ri-ata and then Lindisfarne where he restored Christianityto Northumbria.[85]

The three constituent countries of the United Kingdomhave patron saints: Saint George and Saint Andreware represented in the flags of England and Scotland

respectively.[86] These two flags combined to form thebasis of the Great Britain royal flag of 1604.[86] SaintDavid is the patron saint of Wales.[87] There are manyother British saints. Some of the best known areCuthbert, Columba, Patrick, Margaret, Edward the Con-fessor, Mungo, Thomas More, Petroc, Bede and ThomasBecket.[87]

Numerous other religions are practised.[88] The Jews havebeen on the island as a small minority since 1070. TheJews were expelled from England in 1290 but allowed toreturn in 1656.[89] Their history in Scotland is quite ob-scure until later migrations from Lithuania.[90] Especiallysince the 1950s religions from the former colonies havebecome more prevalent: Islam is the largest of these witharound 1.5 million adherents. More than 1 million peoplepractise either Hinduism, Sikhism or Buddhism, religionsintroduced from India and South East Asia.[91]

8 Settlements

See also: List of largest United Kingdom settlements bypopulation

8.1 Capital cities

The capitals of the three countries that constitute GreatBritain are:

• England: London

• Scotland: Edinburgh

• Wales: Cardiff

8.2 Other major cities

The largest other cities by urban area populationare Birmingham, Bristol, Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool,Manchester, Nottingham, and Sheffield.

9 See also• List of islands of England

• List of islands of Scotland

• List of islands of Wales

10 Notes and references[1] Names in native languages:

• Cornish: Breten Veur

10.1 Footnotes 7

• Scots: Great Breetain• Scottish Gaelic: Breatainn• Welsh: Prydain Fawr

10.1 Footnotes

[1] “The British Isles and all that ...”. Heriot-Watt University,Edinburgh. Retrieved 7 March 2011.

[2] 2011 Census: Population Estimates for the United King-dom. In the 2011 census, the population of Eng-land, Wales and Scotland was estimated to be approx-imately 61,370,000; compromising of 60,800,000 onGreat Britain, and 570,000 on other islands. Retrieved23 January 2014

[3] “Ethnic Group by Age in England and Wales”. www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 2 February 2014.

[4] “Ethnic groups, Scotland, 2001 and 2011”. www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk. Retrieved 2 February 2014.

[5] Peters, Pam (2004). The Cambridge Guide to English Us-age. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.p. 79. ISBN 0-521-62181-X. The term Britain is familiarshorthand for Great Britain

[6] “Islands by land area, United Nations Environment Pro-gramme”. Islands.unep.ch. Retrieved 24 February 2012.

[7] “Population Estimates”. National Statistics Online. New-port, Wales: Office for National Statistics. 24 June 2010.Retrieved 24 September 2010.

[8] See Geohive.com Country data; Japan Census of 2000;United Kingdom Census of 2001. The editors of Listof islands by population appear to have used similar datafrom the relevant statistics bureaux, and totalled up thevarious administrative districts that make up each island,and then done the same for less populous islands. An ed-itor of this article has not repeated that work. Thereforethis plausible and eminently reasonable ranking is postedas unsourced common knowledge.

[9] “says 803 islands which have a distinguishable coastline onan Ordnance Survey map, and several thousandmore existwhich are too small to be shown as anything but a dot”.Mapzone.ordnancesurvey.co.uk. Retrieved 24 February2012.

[10] Definitions and recommended usage varies. For exam-ple, the Oxford English Dictionary defines Britain as anisland and Great Britain as a political unit formed by Eng-land, Scotland and Wales.[11][12] whereas the CambridgeGuide to English Usage gives Britain as “familiar short-hand for Great Britain, the island which geographicallycontains England, Wales and Scotland”

[11] Britain, Oxford English Dictionary, Britain:/ˈbrɪt(ə)n/ theisland containing England, Wales, and Scotland. Thename is broadly synonymous with Great Britain, but thelonger form is more usual for the political unit.

[12] Great Britain, Oxford English Dictionary, Great Britain:England, Wales, and Scotland considered as a unit. Thename is also often used loosely to refer to the United King-dom.

[13] O'Rahilly 1946

[14] 4.20 provides a translation describing Caesar’s first inva-sion, using terms which from IV.XX appear in Latin as ar-riving “tamen in Britanniam”, the inhabitants being “Bri-tannos”, and on p30 “principes Britanniae” is translated as“chiefs of Britain”.

[15] Cunliffe 2002, pp. 94–95

[16] “Anglo-Saxons”. BBC News. Retrieved 5 September2009.

[17] Snyder, Christopher A. (2003). The Britons. BlackwellPublishing. ISBN 0-631-22260-X.

[18] Greek "... ἐν τούτῳ γε μὴν νῆσοι μέγιστοι τυγχάνουσινοὖσαι δύο, Βρεττανικαὶ λεγόμεναι, Ἀλβίων καὶ Ἰέρνη,...”, transliteration "... en toutôi ge mên nêsoi megis-toi tynchanousin ousai dyo, Brettanikai legomenai, Al-biôn kai Iernê, ...”, Aristotle: On Sophistical Refuta-tions. On Coming-to-be and Passing Away. On the Cos-mos., 393b, pages 360–361, Loeb Classical Library No.400, LondonWilliamHeinemann LTD, Cambridge, Mas-sachusetts University Press MCMLV

[19] Pliny the Elder’s Naturalis Historia Book IV. ChapterXLI Latin text and English translation, numbered Book4, Chapter 30, at the Perseus Project.

[20] Marcianus Heracleensis; Müller, Karl Otfried et al.(1855). “PeriplusMaris Exteri, Liber Prior, Prooemium”.In Firmin Didot, Ambrosio. Geographi Graeci Minores 1.Paris. pp. 516–517. Greek text and Latin Translationthereof archived at the Internet Archive.

[21] Foster (editor), R F; Donnchadh O Corrain, Professor ofIrish History at University College Cork: (Chapter 1: Pre-historic and Early Christian Ireland) (1 November 2001).The Oxford History of Ireland. Oxford University Press.ISBN 0-19-280202-X.

[22] Claudius Ptolemy (1898). "Ἕκθεσις τῶν κατὰπαράλληλον ἰδιωμάτων: κβ',κε'". In Heiberg, J.L.Claudii Ptolemaei Opera quae exstant omnia. vol.1 Syn-taxis Mathematica. Leipzig: in aedibus B.G.Teubneri.pp. 112–113.

[23] Claudius Ptolemy (1843). “Book II, Prooemium andchapter β', paragraph 12”. In Nobbe, Carolus FridericusAugustus. Claudii Ptolemaei Geographia. vol.1. Leipzig:sumptibus et typis Caroli Tauchnitii. pp. 59, 67.

[24] Freeman, Philip (2001). Ireland and the classical world.Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 65. ISBN0-292-72518-3.

[25] Is Great Britain really a 'small island'?

[26] “UK 2005: The Official Yearbook of the United Kingdomof Great Britain and Northern Ireland”. London: Officefor National Statistics. 29 November 2004. pp. vii. ISBN0-11-621738-3. Retrieved 27 May 2012.

8 10 NOTES AND REFERENCES

[27] Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress, Great Britain: England, Wales, and Scotland con-sidered as a unit. The name is also often used loosely torefer to the United Kingdom.Great Britain is the name of the island that comprises Eng-land, Scotland, and Wales, although the term is also usedloosely to refer to the United Kingdom. The United King-dom is a political unit that includes these countries andNorthern Ireland. The British Isles is a geographical termthat refers to the United Kingdom, Ireland, and surround-ing smaller islands such as the Hebrides and the ChannelIslands.

[28] “Britain 2001:The Official Yearbook of the United King-dom, 2001”. London: Office for National Statistics. Au-gust 2000. pp. vii. ISBN 0-11-621278-0.

[29] “UK 2002: The Official Yearbook of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland”. London: Office for National Statistics.August 2001. pp. vi. ISBN 0-11-621738-3.

[30] “Key facts about the United Kingdom”. Direct.gov.uk.Retrieved 11 October 2008.

[31] Ademuni-Odeke (1998). Bareboat Charter (ship) Regis-tration. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 367. ISBN 90-411-0513-1.

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[36] Ellis, Peter Berresford (1974). The Cornish language andits literature. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 20.ISBN 0-7100-7928-1.

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[38] HMC 60,Manuscripts of the Earl of Mar and Kellie, vol.2(1930), p. 226

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[41] “Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition + corrections”.International Hydrographic Organization. 1971. p. 42[corrections to page 13]. Retrieved 14 August 2010.

[42] Gupta, Sanjeev; Jenny S. Collier, Andy Palmer-Felgate& Graeme Potter (2007). “Catastrophic flooding originof shelf valley systems in the English Channel”. Nature448 (7151): 342–5. Bibcode:2007Natur.448..342G.doi:10.1038/nature06018. PMID 17637667. Retrieved18 July 2007. Lay summary – msnbc.com (18 July 2007).

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[45] “Decaying Wood: An Overview of Its Status and Ecol-ogy in the United Kingdom and Europe”. FS.fed.us. Re-trieved 15 August 2011. Retrieved on 1 February 2009.

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[47] DEFRA, 2006

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[51] “Birds of Britain”. BTO.org. Retrieved on 16 February2009.

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[53] “Birds”. NatureGrid.org.uk. Retrieved on 16 February2009.

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[55] Legon & Henrici, Checklist of the British & Irish Basid-iomycota

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10.2 Bibliography 9

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[82] “Cambridge History of Christianity”. HughMcLeod. Re-trieved on 1 February 2009.

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[84] Butler, Butler’s Lives of the Saints, 141.

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10.2 Bibliography

• Pliny the Elder (translated by Rackham, Harris)(1938). Natural History. Harvard University Press.

• Ball, Martin John (1994). The Celtic Languages.Routledge. ISBN 0-415-01035-7.

• Butler, Alban (1997). Butler’s Lives of the Saints.Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN0-86012-255-7.

• Frodin, D. G. (2001). Guide to Standard Floras ofthe World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-79077-8.

• Spencer, Colin (2003). British Food: An Extraordi-nary Thousand Years of History. Columbia Univer-sity Press. ISBN 0-231-13110-0.

• Andrews, Robert (2004). The Rough Guide toBritain. Rough Guides Ltd. ISBN 1-84353-301-4.

• Dawkins, Peter (2004). The Shakespeare Enigma.Polair Publishing. ISBN 0-9545389-4-3.

• Major, John (2004). History in Quotations. Cassell.ISBN 0-304-35387-6.

• Else, David (2005). Great Britain. Lonely Planet.ISBN 1-74059-921-7.

• Kaufman, Will; Slettedahl, Heidi Macpherson(2005). Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics,and History. ABC-Clio. ISBN 1-85109-431-8.

• Oppenheimer, Stephen (2006). Origins of theBritish. Carroll & Graf. ISBN 0-7867-1890-0.

10 11 EXTERNAL LINKS

• Room, Adrian (2006). Placenames of the World.McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-2248-3.

• Massey, Gerald (2007). A Book of the Beginnings,Vol. 1. Cosimo. ISBN 1-60206-829-1.

• Taylor, Isaac (2008). Names and Their Histories: AHandbook of Historical Geography and Topograph-ical Nomenclature. BiblioBazaar. ISBN 0-559-29667-3.

• Legon, N.W.; Henrici, A. (2005). Checklist of theBritish & Irish Basidiomycota. Royal Botanic Gar-dens, Kew. ISBN 1-84246-121-4.

• Cannon, P.F.; Hawksworth, D.L.; M.A., Sherwood-Pike (1985). The British Ascomycotina. An Anno-tated Checklist. Commonwealth Mycological Insti-tute & British Mycological Society. ISBN 0-85198-546-7.

11 External links• Interactive map of Great Britain

• Coast – the BBC explores the coast of Great Britain

• The British Isles

• 200 Major Towns and Cities in the British Isles

• CIA Factbook United Kingdom

11.1 Video links

• Pathe travelogue, 1960, Journey through Britain

• Pathe newsreel, 1960, Know the British

• Pathe newsreel, 1950, Festival of Britain

Coordinates: 53°50′N 2°25′W / 53.833°N 2.417°W

11

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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