GRE Reading

8/13/2019 GRE Reading

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GRE Readings

GRE (No. 2No. 9)

No. 2-1

SECTION A

Extended debate concerning the exact point of origin of indiid!a" fo"#ta"es to"d b$ Afro-A%erican s"aes has !nfort!nate"$ta#en precedence oer ana"$sis of the ta"es& %eaning and f!nction. C!"t!ra" contin!ities 'ith Africa 'ere not dependent on i%portationand perpet!ation of specific fo"#ta"es in their pristine for%. It is in the p"ace that ta"es occ!pied in the "ies of the s"aes and in the

%eaning s"aes deried fro% the% that the c"earest rese%b"ances to African tradition can be fo!nd. Afro-A%erican s"aes did notborro' ta"es indiscri%inate"$ fro% the (hites a%ong 'ho% the$ "ied. )"ac# peop"e 'ere %ost inf"!enced b$ those E!ro-A%ericanta"es 'hose f!nctiona" %eaning and aesthetic appea" had the greatest si%i"arit$ to the ta"es 'ith deep roots in their ancestra" ho%e"and.Regard"ess of 'here s"ae ta"es ca%e fro%* the essentia" point is that* 'ith respect to "ang!age* de"ier$* detai"s of characteri+ation*and p"ot* s"aes ,!ic#"$ %ade the% their o'n.

1. The a!thor c"ai%s that %ost st!dies of fo"#ta"es to"d b$ Afro-A%erican s"aes are inade,!ate beca!se thest!dies

A/ fai" to recogni+e an$ possib"e E!ro-A%erican inf"!ence on the fo"#ta"es

)/ do not pa$ eno!gh attention to the feat!res of a fo"#ta"e that best reea" an African inf"!ence

C/ oeresti%ate the n!%ber of fo"#ta"es bro!ght fro% Africa b$ the s"aes

0/ do not consider the fact that a fo"#ta"e can be changed as it is reto"d %an$ ti%es

E/ oersi%p"if$ the dierse and co%p"ex traditions of the s"aes ancestra" ho%e"and

1. The a!thor&s %ain p!rpose is to

A/ create a ne' fie"d of st!d$

)/ discredit an existing fie"d of st!d$

C/ change the foc!s of a fie"d of st!d$

0/ transp"ant scho"ar"$ techni,!es fro% one fie"d of st!d$ to another

E/ restrict the scope of a b!rgeoning ne' fie"d of st!d$

1. The passage s!ggests that the a!thor 'o!"d regard 'hich of the fo""o'ing areas of in,!ir$ as %ost "i#e"$ toreea" the s"aes& c!"t!ra" contin!ities 'ith Africa3

A/ The %eans b$ 'hich )"ac#s disse%inated their fo"#ta"es in nineteenth-cent!r$ A%erica

)/ Specific regiona" differences in the st$"es of de"ier$ !sed b$ the s"aes in te""ing fo"#ta"es

C/ The f!nctiona" %eaning of )"ac# fo"#ta"es in the "ies of (hite chi"dren raised b$ s"ae

0/ The specific 'a$ the s"aes !sed fo"#ta"es to i%part %ora" teaching to their chi"dren

E/ The co%p"exities of p"ot that appear %ost fre,!ent"$ in the s"aes& ta"es

24. (hich of the fo""o'ing techni,!es is !sed b$ the a!thor in dee"oping the arg!%ent in the passage3

A/ Giing a c"ich5 a ne' %eaning

)/ 6ointed"$ ref!sing to define #e$ ter%s

C/ A"ternate"$ presenting genera"ities and concrete detai"s

0/ Conc"!ding the passage 'ith a restate%ent of the first point %ade in the passage

E/ 7!xtaposing state%ents of 'hat is not the case and state%ents of 'hat is the case

The energ$ contained in roc# 'ithin the earth&s cr!st represents a near"$ !n"i%ited energ$ so!rce* b!t !nti" recent"$ co%%ercia"retriea" has been "i%ited to !ndergro!nd hot 'ater and8or stea% recoer$ s$ste%s. These s$ste%s hae been dee"oped in areas ofrecent o"canic actiit$* 'here high rates of heat f"o' ca!se isib"e er!ption of 'ater in the for% ofge$sers and hot springs. In otherareas* ho'eer* hot roc# a"so exists near the s!rface b!t there is ins!fficient 'ater present to prod!ce er!ptie pheno%ena. Th!s apotentia" hot dr$ roc# 90R/ reseroir exists 'heneer the a%o!nt of spontaneo!s"$ prod!ced geother%a" f"!id has been :!dgedinade,!ate for existing co%%ercia" s$ste%s.

As a res!"t of recent energ$ crisis* ne' concepts for creating 90R recoer$ s$ste%s;'hich ino"e dri""ing ho"es andconnecting the% to artificia" reseroirs p"aced deep 'ithin the cr!st;are being dee"oped. In a"" atte%pts to retriee energ$ fro%

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90R&s* artificia" sti%!"ation 'i"" be re,!ired to create either s!fficient per%eabi"it$ or bo!nded f"o' paths to faci"itate the re%oa" ofheat b$ circ!"ation of a f"!id oer the s!rface of the roc#.

The 90R reso!rce base is genera""$ defined to inc"!ded cr!sta" roc# that is hotter than 1.&s of tota" energ$ are ca"c!"ated to be contained in cr!sta" roc# to a ten-#i"o%eter depth in the >nited States. If 'e conseratie"$ esti%ate that on"$ abo!t 4.2 percent is recoerab"e* 'e find a tota" of a"" thecoa" re%aining in the >nited States. The re%aining prob"e% is to ba"ance the econo%ics of deeper* hotter* %ore cost"$ 'e""s andsha""o'er* coo"er* "ess expensie 'e""s against the a"!e of the fina" prod!ct* e"ectricit$ and8or heat.

21. The pri%ar$ p!rpose of the passage is to

A/ a"ert readers to the existence of 90R&s as an aai"ab"e energ$ so!rce

)/ doc!%ent the cha""engers that hae been s!r%o!nted in the effort to recoer energ$ fro% 90R&s

C/ 'arn the !sers of coa" and oi" that 90R&s are not an econo%ica""$ feasib"e a"ternatie

0/ enco!rage the !se of ne' techni,!es for the recoer$ of energ$ fro% !ndergro!nd hot 'ater and stea%

E/ !rge cons!%ers to de%and ,!ic#er dee"op%ent of 90R reso!rces for the prod!ction of energ$

22. The passage 'o!"d be %ost "i#e"$ to appear in a

A/ petro"ogica" research report foc!sed on the histor$ of te%perat!re-depth records in the >nited States

)/ congressiona" report !rging the conseration of oi" and nat!ra" gas reseres in the >nited States

C/ technica" :o!rna" artic"e concerned 'ith the recoerabi"it$ of ne'"$ identified energ$ so!rces

0/ cons!%er report describing the extent and accessibi"it$ of re%aining coa" reso!rces

E/ pa%ph"et designed to introd!ce ho%eo'ners to the adantages of 90R space-heating s$ste%s

2?. According the passage* an aerage geother%a" gradient of 22 per #i"o%eter of depth can be !sed to

A/ ba"ance the econo%ics of 90R energ$ retriea" against that of !ndergro!nd hot 'ater or stea%recoer$ s$ste%s

)/ deter%ine the a%o!nt of energ$ that 'i"" !sed for space heating in the >nited States

C/ proide co%parisons bet'een hot 'ater and 90R energ$ so!rces in >nited States

0/ reise the esti%ates on the extent of re%aining coa" reso!rces in the >nited States

E/ esti%ate the tota" 90R reso!rce base in the >nited States

2@. It can be inferred fro% the passage that the aai"abi"it$ of te%perat!re-depth records for an$ specific area inthe >nited States depends pri%ari"$ on the

A/ possibi"it$ that 90R&s %a$ be fo!nd in that area

)/ existence of preio!s atte%pts to obtain oi" or gas in that areaC/ histor$ of s!ccessf!" hot 'ater or stea% recoer$ efforts in that area

0/ fai"!re of inhabitants to consere oi" gas reseres in that area

E/ !se of coa" as a s!bstit!te for oi" or gas in that area

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GRE Readings

0/ constr!ction of reseroirs

E/ transfer of heat

2. According to the passage* if the aerage geother%a" gradient in an area is 22 per #i"o%eter of depth*'hich of the fo""o'ing can be re"iab"$ predicted3

I. The te%perat!re at the base of a 14-#i"o%eter 'e"" 'i"" be s!fficient for the prod!ction of e"ectricit$.

II. 0ri""ing of 'e""s deeper than 14 #i"o%eters 'i"" be econo%ica""$ feasib"e.

III. Ins!fficient 'ater is present to prod!ce er!ptie pheno%ena.A/ I on"$

)/ II on"$

C/ I and II on"$

0/ II and III on"$

E/ I* II* and III

2. (hich of the fo""o'ing 'o!"d be the %ost appropriate tit"e for the passage3

A/ Energ$ fro% (ater So!rcesB The easibi"it$ of Co%%ercia" S$ste%s

)/ Geother%a" Energ$ Retriea"B Do"canic Actiit$ and 9ot 0r$ Roc#s

C/ Energ$ >ndergro!ndB Geother%a" So!rces Gie (a$ to ossi" !e"s0/ Tappab"e Energ$ for A%erica&s !t!reB 9ot 0r$ Roc#s

E/ 9igh Geother%a" Gradients in the >nited StatesB $th or Rea"it$3

SECTION )

o!r "ega" approaches %a$ be fo""o'ed in atte%pting to channe" techno"ogica" dee"op%ent in socia""$ !sef!" directionB specificdirecties* %ar#et incentie %odifications* cri%ina" prohibitions* and changes in decision-%a#ing str!ct!res. Specific directiesino"e the goern%ent&s identif$ing one or %ore factors contro""ing research* dee"op%ent* or i%p"e%entation of a gien techno"og$.0irecties affecting s!ch factors %a$ ar$ fro% ad%inistratie reg!"ation of priate actiit$ to goern%ent o'nership of atechno"ogica" operation. ar#et incentie %odifications are de"iberate a"terations of the %ar#et 'ithin 'hich priate decisionsregarding the dee"op%ent and i%p"e%entation of techno"og$ are %ade. S!ch %odifications %a$ consist of i%posing taxes to coerthe costs to societ$ of a gien techno"og$* granting s!bsidies to pa$ for socia" benefits of a techno"og$* creating the right to s!e topreent certain techno"ogica" dee"op%ent* or easing proced!ra" r!"es to enab"e the recoer$ of da%ages to co%pensate for har%ca!sed b$ destr!ctie techno"ogica" actiit$. Cri%ina" prohibitions %a$ %odif$ techno"ogica" actiit$ in areas i%pinging onf!nda%enta" socia" a"!es* or the$ %a$ %odif$ h!%an behaior "i#e"$ to res!"t fro% techno"ogica" app"ications;for exa%p"e* thedeactiation of a!to%otie po""!tion contro" deices in order to i%proe ehic"e perfor%ance. A"teration of decision-%a#ing str!ct!resinc"!des a"" possib"e %odifications in the a!thorit$* constit!tion* or responsibi"it$ of priate and p!b"ic entities deciding ,!estions oftechno"ogica" dee"op%ent and i%p"e%entation. S!ch a"terations inc"!de the addition of p!b"ic-interest %e%bers to corporate boards*the i%position b$ stat!te of d!ties on goern%enta" decision-%a#ers* and the extension of 'arranties in response to cons!%er action.

Effectie !se of these %ethods to contro" techno"og$ depends on 'hether or not the goa" of reg!"ation is the opti%a" a""ocation ofreso!rces. (hen the ob:ect is opti%a" reso!rce a""ocation* that co%bination of "ega" %ethods sho!"d be !sed that %ost near"$ $ie"dsthe a""ocation that 'o!"d exist if there 'ere no externa" costs res!"ting fro% a""ocating reso!rces thro!gh %ar#et actiit$. There areexterna" costs 'hen the price set b$ b!$ers and se""ers of goods fai"s to inc"!de so%e costs* to an$one* that res!"t fro% the prod!ctionand !se of the goods. S!ch costs are interna"i+ed 'hen b!$ers pa$ the%.

Air po""!tion fro% %otor ehic"es i%poses externa" costs on a"" those exposed to it* in the for% of soi"ing* %ateria"s da%age* and

diseaseB these externa"ities res!"t fro% fai"!re to p"ace a price on air* th!s %a#ing it a free good* co%%on to a"". S!ch externa"ities "eadto nonopti%a" reso!rce a""ocation* beca!se the priate net prod!ct and the socia" net prod!ct of %ar#et actiit$ are not often identica".If a"" externa"ities 'ere interna"i+ed* transactions 'o!"d occ!r !nti" bargaining co!"d no "onger i%proe the sit!ation* th!s giing anopti%a" a""ocation of reso!rces at a gien ti%e.

1. The passage is pri%ari"$ concerned 'ith describing

A/ ob:ecties and "ega" %ethod for directing techno"ogica" dee"op%ent

)/ technica" approaches to the prob"e% of contro""ing %ar#et actiit$

C/ econo%ic proced!res for faci"itating transactions bet'een b!$ers and se""ers

0/ reasons for s"o'ing the techno"ogica" dee"op%ent in "ight of eniron%enta"ist ob:ections

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GRE Readings

E/ techno"ogica" innoations %a#ing it possib"e to achiee opti%!% a""ocation of reso!rces

1. The a!thor cites air po""!tion fro% %otor ehic"es in "ines


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GRE Readings

A/ The goern%ent sho!"d o'n techno"ogica" operations.

)/ The effect of techno"ogica" dee"op%ent cannot be contro""ed.

C/ So%e techno"ogica" dee"op%ents are beneficia".

0/ The c!rrent state of techno"ogica" dee"op%ent res!"ts in a good a""ocation of reso!rces.

E/ App"ications of techno"ogica" dee"op%ents are cri%ina""$ destr!ctie.

The 'ho"e biosphere* "i#e the indiid!a" organis%s that "ie inside it* exists in a che%ica""$ d$na%ic state. In this ho%eostatic

s$ste%* a great n!%ber of organic co%po!nds are s$nthesi+ed* transfor%ed* and deco%posed contin!o!s"$= together* these processesconstit!te the %a:or parts of the carbon c$c"e. or the s%ooth operation of this c$c"e* degradation is :!st as i%portant as s$nthesisB thegreen p"ants prod!ce great ,!antities of po"$%ers* s!ch as ce""!"ose* and inn!%erab"e other co%po!nds "i#e a"#a"oids* terpenes* andf"aonoids* that green p"ants cannot !se as so!rces of energ$ d!ring respiration. The re"ease of the carbon in these co%po!nds forrec$c"ing depends a"%ost entire"$ on the action of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and certain t$pes of f!ngi. So%e bacteria andf!ngi possess the !ni,!e and extre%e"$ i%portant bioche%ica" asset of being ab"e to cata"$+e the oxidation of n!%ero!s inertprod!cts* thereb$ initiating reaction se,!ences that prod!ce carbon dioxide and so ret!rn %!ch carbon to a for% that actie"$ entersinto "ife c$c"es once again.

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GRE Readings

beca!se the$ are acc!sed of co%%itting re"atie"$ %inor offenses. Second* the co!rts hae "ong :!stified so-ca""ed preentieinterention into the "ies of $o!ng fe%a"es ie'ed as antisocia" 'ith the rationa"e that 'o%en are especia""$ !"nerab"e. Traditiona"stereot$pes of 'o%en as the 'ea#er and %ore dependent sex hae "ed to ear"ier interention and "onger periods of %isdirecteds!perision for fe%a"e de"in,!ents than for %a"es.

1. (hich of the fo""o'ing state%ents best expresses the iron$ pointed o!t b$ the a!thors in "ines 1?-1 of thepassage3

A/ e%a"e de"in,!ents tend to co%%it icti%"ess cri%es %ore fre,!ent"$ than their %a"e co!nterparts.

)/ The predica%ent of %a"e de"in,!ents receies %ore attention than that of fe%a"es beca!se %a"es areacc!sed of %ore serio!s cri%es.

C/ Ad!"ts are fre,!ent"$ p!nished "ess seere"$ than ado"escents for co%%itting %ore serio!s cri%es.

0/ The :!eni"e :!stice s$ste% cannot correct its biases beca!se it does not een recogni+e the%.

E/ A"tho!gh the n!%ber of fe%a"e de"in,!ents is steadi"$ increasing* the cri%es of 'hich the$ are acc!sedare not partic!"ar"$ serio!s.

1. It can be inferred fro% the passage that the a!thors be"iee traditiona" stereot$pes of 'o%en to be

A/ fre,!ent"$ cha""enged

)/ persistent"$ inexp"icab"e

C/ potentia""$ har%f!"

0/ rapid"$ changing

E/ habit!a""$ disregarded

1. The passage s!ggests that scho"ars in cri%ina" :!stice co!"d be critici+ed for 'hich of the fo""o'ing3

A/ >nderesti%ating the serio!sness of :!eni"e cri%e

)/ Rationa"i+ing the distinction %ade bet'een :!eni"es and ad!"ts in the "ega" s$ste%

C/ Concerning the%se"es too "itt"e 'ith the preention of :!eni"e de"in,!enc$

0/ oc!sing on those 'hose cri%es hae ino"ed da%age to persons or propert$

E/ ai"ing to point o!t in:!stices in the correctiona" s$ste%

Scattered aro!nd the g"obe are %ore than one h!ndred regions of o"canic actiit$ #no'n as hot spots. >n"i#e %ost o"canoes*

hot spots are rare"$ fo!nd a"ong the bo!ndaries of the continenta" and oceanic p"ates that co%prise the Earth&s cr!st= %ost hot spots "iedeep in the interior of p"ates and are anchored deep in the "a$ers of the Earth&s s!rface. 9ot spots are a"so disting!ished fro% othero"canoes b$ their "aas* 'hich contain greater a%o!nts of a"#a"i %eta"s than do those fro% o"canoes at p"ate %argins.

In so%e cases* p"ates %oing past hot spots hae "eft trai"s of extinct o"canoes in %!ch the sa%e 'a$ that 'ind passing oer achi%ne$ carries off p!ffs of s%o#e. It appears that the 9a'aiian Is"ands 'ere created in s!ch a %anner b$ a sing"e so!rce of "aa*'e""ing !p fro% a hot spot* oer 'hich the 6acific Ocean p"ate passed on a co!rse ro!gh"$ fro% the east to'ard the north'est*carr$ing off a "ine of o"canoes of increasing age. T'o other 6acific is"and chains;the A!stra" Ridge and the T!a%ot! Ridge;para""e" the config!ration of the 9a'aiian chain= the$ are a"so a"igned fro% the east to'ard the north'est* 'ith the %ost recento"canic actiit$ near their eastern ter%in!ses.

That the 6acific p"ate and the other p"ates are %oing is no' be$ond disp!te= the re"atie %otion of the p"ates has beenreconstr!cted in detai". 9o'eer* the re"atie %otion of the p"ates 'ith respect to the Earth&s interior cannot be deter%ined easi"$. 9otspots proide the %eas!ring instr!%ents for reso"ing the ,!estion of 'hether t'o continenta" p"ates are %oing in opposite directionsor 'hether one is stationar$ and the other is drifting a'a$ fro% it. The %ost co%pe""ing eidence that a continenta" p"ate is stationar$is that* at so%e hot spots* "aas of seera" ages are s!perposed instead of being spread o!t in chrono"ogica" se,!ence. Of co!rse*reconstr!ction of p"ate %otion fro% the trac#s of hot-spot o"canoes ass!%es that hot spots are i%%obi"e* or near"$ so. Seera" st!diess!pport s!ch an ass!%ption* inc"!ding one that has sho'n that pro%inent hot spots thro!gho!t the 'or"d see% not to hae %oedd!ring the past ten %i""ion $ears.

)e$ond acting as fra%es of reference* hot spots apparent"$ inf"!ence the geoph$sica" processes that prope" the p"ates across theg"obe. (hen a continenta" p"ate co%es to rest oer a hot spot* %ateria" 'e""ing !p fro% deeper "a$ers for%s a broad do%e that* as itgro's* dee"ops deep fiss!res. In so%e instances* the continenta" p"ate %a$ r!pt!re entire"$ a"ong so%e of the fiss!res so that the hotspot initiates the for%ation of a ne' ocean. Th!s* :!st as ear"ier theories hae exp"ained the %obi"it$ of the continenta" p"ates* so hot-spot actiit$ %a$ s!ggest a theor$ to exp"ain their %!tabi"it$.

24. The pri%ar$ p!rpose of the passage is to


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GRE Readings

A/ describe the 'a$ in 'hich hot spots inf"!ence the extinction of o"canoes

)/ describe and exp"ain the for%ation of the oceans and continents

C/ exp"ain ho' to esti%ate the age of "aa f"o's fro% extinct o"canoes

0/ describe hot spots and exp"ain ho' the$ appear to inf"!ence and record the %otion of p"ates

E/ describe the for%ation and orientation of is"and chains in the 6acific Ocean

21. According to the passage* hot spots differ fro% %ost o"canoes in that hot spots

A/ can on"$ be fo!nd near is"ands

)/ are actie 'hereas a"" other o"canoes are extinct

C/ are sit!ated c"oser to the earth&s s!rface

0/ can be fo!nd a"ong the edges of the p"ates

E/ hae greater a%o!nts of a"#a"i %eta"s in their "aas

22. It can be inferred fro% the passage that eidence for the apparent co!rse of the 6acific p"ate has beenproided b$ the

A/ conto!rs of the continents

)/ di%ensions of ocean hot spots

C/ conc!rrent %oe%ent of t'o hot spots0/ pattern of fiss!res in the ocean f"oor

E/ config!rations of seera" %id-ocean is"and chains

2?. It can be inferred fro% the passage that the spreading o!t of "aas of different ages at hot spots indicatesthat a

A/ hot spot is actie

)/ continenta" p"ate has %oed

C/ continenta" r!pt!re is i%%inent

0/ hot spot had been %oing er$ rapid"$

E/ o"cano contains "arge concentrations of a"#a"i %eta"s

2@. The passage s!ggests 'hich of the fo""o'ing abo!t the 9a'aiian Is"ands* the A!stra" Ridge* and theT!a%ot! Ridge3

A/ The three chains of is"ands are %oing east'ard.

)/ A"" the is"ands in the three chains hae stopped %oing.

C/ The three is"and chains are a res!"t of the sa%e p"ate %oe%ent.

0/ The 9a'aiian Is"ands are receding fro% the other t'o is"and chains at a re"atie"$ rapid rate.

E/ The A!stra" Ridge and the T!a%ot! Ridge chains hae %oed c"oser together 'hereas the 9a'aiianIs"ands hae re%ained stationar$.

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GRE Readings

'ea#ened b$ the fact that

A/ hot spots are neer fo!nd at the bo!ndaries of p"ates

)/ on"$ extinct o"canoes re%ain after a p"ate %oes oer a hot spot

C/ "aa f"o' patterns for a"" hot spots hae not been sho'n to be the sa%e

0/ the i%%obi"it$ or near i%%obi"it$ of hot spots has not been conc"!sie"$ proen

E/ the changing config!rations of is"ands %a#e pinpointing the "ocations of hot spots diffic!"t

2. The a!thor&s st$"e can best be described as

A/ dra%atic

)/ archaic

C/ esoteric

0/ ob:ectie

E/ h!%anistic

SECTION )

A"tho!gh scientists obsere that an organis%&s behaior fa""s into rh$th%ic patterns* the$ disagree abo!t ho' these patterns areaffected 'hen the organis% is transported to a ne' eniron%ent. One experi%enter* )ro'n* bro!ght o$sters fro% Connectic!t 'atersto I""inois 'aters. She noted that the o$sters initia""$ opened their she""s 'idest 'hen it 'as high tide in Connectic!t* b!t that after

fo!rteen da$s their rh$th%s had adapted to the tide sched!"e in I""inois. A"tho!gh she co!"d not posit an !ne,!ioca" ca!sa"re"ationship bet'een behaior and eniron%enta" change* )ro'n conc"!ded that a change in tide sched!"e is one of seera" possib"eexogeno!s inf"!ences those o!tside the organis%/ on the o$sters& rh$th%s. Another experi%enter* 9a%ner* ho'eer* discoered thatha%sters fro% Ca"ifornia %aintain their origina" rh$th%s een at the So!th 6o"e. 9e conc"!ded that endogeno!s inf"!ences thoseinside the organis%/ see% to affect an organis%&s rh$th%ic behaior.

1. A"" of the fo""o'ing co!"d be considered exa%p"es of exogeno!s inf"!ences on an organis% EFCE6T theinf"!ence of the

A/ "ee" of a hor%one on a fie"d %o!se&s readiness for %ating

)/ te%perat!re of a region on a bear&s hibernation

C/ sa"t "ee" of a rier on a fish&s %igration

0/ h!%idit$ of an area on a cat&s shedding of its f!r

E/ proxi%it$ of an o'" on a "i+ard&s searching for food

1. (hich of the fo""o'ing state%ents best describes the conc"!sion dra'n b$ )ro'n "ines 1@-1/

A/ A change in tide sched!"e is the pri%ar$ inf"!ence on an o$ster&s rh$th%s.

)/ A change in tide sched!"e %a$ be an i%portant exogeno!s inf"!ence on an o$ster&s rh$th%s.

C/ Exogeno!s inf"!ences* s!ch as a change in tide sched!"e* se"do% affect an o$ster&s rh$th%s.

0/ Endogeno!s inf"!ences hae no effect on an o$ster&s rh$th%s.

E/ Endogeno!s inf"!ences are the on"$ inf"!ences on an o$ster&s rh$th%s.

1. The passage s!ggests that )ro'n&s st!d$ 'as si%i"ar to 9a%ner&s in 'hich of the fo""o'ing 'a$s3

I. )oth experi%enters discoered that a ne' eniron%ent had a significant effect on an organis%&sbehaior rh$th%s.

II. )oth experi%enters obsered an organis%&s behaiora" rh$th%s after the organis% had beentransported to a ne' eniron%ent.

III. )oth experi%enters #ne' an organis%&s rh$th%ic patterns in its origina" eniron%ent.

A/ I on"$

)/ II on"$

C/ I and II on"$

0/ II and III on"$


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E/ I* II* and III

24. (hich of the fo""o'ing* if tr!e* 'o!"d %ost 'ea#en )ro'n&s conc"!sion3

A/ The o$ster grad!a""$ c"osed their she""s after high tide in I""inois had passed.

)/ The o$sters& behaiora" rh$th%s %aintained their adaptation to the tide sched!"e in I""inois thro!gho!tthirt$ da$s of obseration.

C/ Sixteen da$s after the$ 'ere %oed to I""inois* the o$sters opened their she""s 'idest 'hen it 'as high

tide in Connectic!t.0/ A scientist 'ho bro!ght ar$"and o$sters to aine fo!nd that the o$sters opened their she""s 'idest

'hen it 'as high tide in aine.

E/ In an experi%ent si%i"ar to )ro'n&s* a scientist 'as ab"e to estab"ish a c"ear ca!sa" re"ationship bet'eeneniron%enta" change and behaiora" rh$th%s.

6ict!re-ta#ing is a techni,!e both for annexing the ob:ectie 'or"d and for expressing the sing!"ar se"f. 6hotographs depictob:ectie rea"ities that a"read$ exist* tho!gh on"$ the ca%era can disc"ose the%. And the$ depict an indiid!a" photographer&ste%pera%ent* discoering itse"f thro!gh the ca%era&s cropping of rea"it$. That is* photograph$ has t'o antithetica" idea"sB in the first*photograph$ is abo!t the 'or"d and the photographer is a %ere obsere 'ho co!nts for "itt"e= b!t in the second* photograph$ is theinstr!%ent of intrepid* ,!esting s!b:ectiit$ and the photographer is a"".

These conf"icting idea"s arise fro% a f!nda%enta" !neasiness on the part of both photographers and ie'ers of photographsto'ard the aggressie co%ponent in ta#ingH a pict!re. According"$* the idea" of a photographer as obserer is attractie beca!se iti%p"icit"$ denies that pict!re-ta#ing is an aggressie act. The iss!e* of co!rse* is not so c"ear-c!t. (hat photographers do cannot becharacteri+ed as si%p"$ predator$ or as si%p"$* and essentia""$* beneo"ent. As a conse,!ence* one idea" of pict!re-ta#ing or the otheris a"'a$s being rediscoered and cha%pioned.

An i%portant res!"t of the coexistence of these t'o idea"s is a rec!rrent a%bia"ence to'ard photograph$&s %eans. (hateer thec"ai%s that photograph$ %ight %a#e to be a for% of persona" expression on a par'ith painting* its origina"it$ is inextricab"$ "in#ed tothe po'ers of a %achine. The stead$ gro'th of these po'ers has %ade possib"e the extraordinar$ infor%atieness and i%aginatiefor%a" bea!t$ of %an$ photographs* "i#e 9aro"d Edgerton&s high-speed photographs of a b!""et hitting its target or of the s'ir"s andeddies of a tennis stro#e. )!t as ca%eras beco%e %ore sophisticated* %ore a!to%ated* so%e photographers are te%pted to disar%the%se"es or to s!ggest that the$ are not rea""$ ar%ed* preferring to s!b%it the%se"es to the "i%its i%posed b$ pre%odern ca%eratechno"og$ beca!se a cr!der* "ess high-po'ered %achine is tho!ght to gie %ore interesting or e%otie res!"ts* to "eae %ore roo% forcreatie accident. or exa%p"e* it has been irt!a""$ a point of honor for %an$ photographers* inc"!ding (a"#er Eans and Cartier-)resson* to ref!se to !se %odern e,!ip%ent. These photographers hae co%e to do!bt the a"!e of the ca%era as an instr!%ent offast seeing.H Cartier-)resson* in fact* c"ai%s that the %odern ca%era %a$ see too fast.

This a%bia"ence to'ard photographic %eans deter%ines trends in taste. The c!"t of the f!t!re of faster and faster seeing/a"ternates oer ti%e'ith the 'ish to ret!rn to a p!rer past;'hen i%ages had a hand%ade ,!a"it$. This nosta"gia for so%e pristinestate of the photographic enterprise is c!rrent"$ 'idespread and !nder"ies the present-da$ enth!sias% for dag!erreot$pes and the 'o#of forgotten nineteenth-cent!r$ proincia" photographers. 6hotographers and ie'ers of photographs* it see%s* need periodica""$ toresist their o'n #no'ingness.

21. According to the passage* interest a%ong photographers in each of photograph$&s t'o idea"s can bedescribed as

A/ rapid"$ changing

)/ c$c"ica""$ rec!rring

C/ steadi"$ gro'ing

0/ !ni%portant to the ie'ers of photographsE/ !nre"ated to changes in techno"og$

22. The a!thor is pri%ari"$ concerned 'ith

A/ estab"ishing ne' technica" standards for conte%porar$ photograph$

)/ ana"$+ing the inf"!ence of photographic idea"s on pict!re-ta#ing

C/ tracing the dee"op%ent of ca%era techno"og$ in the t'entieth cent!r$

0/ describing ho' photographers& indiid!a" te%pera%ents are ref"ected in their 'or#

E/ exp"aining ho' the technica" "i%itations i%posed b$ certain photographers on the%se"es affect their


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'or#

2?. The passage states a"" of the fo""o'ing abo!t photographs EFCE6TB

A/ The$ can disp"a$ a cropped rea"it$.

)/ The can cone$ infor%ation.

C/ The$ can depict the photographer&s te%pera%ent.

0/ The$ can possess great for%a" bea!t$.

E/ The$ can change the ie'er&s sensibi"ities.

2@. The a!thor %entions the 'or# of 9aro"d Edgerton in order to proide an exa%p"e of

A/ ho' a contro""ed a%bia"ence to'ard photograph$&s %eans can prod!ce o!tstanding pict!res

)/ ho' the content of photographs has changed fro% the nineteenth cent!r$ to the t'entieth

C/ the pop!"arit$ of high-speed photograph$ in the t'entieth cent!r$

0/ the re"ationship bet'een photographic origina"it$ and techno"og$

E/ the pri%ac$ of for%a" bea!t$ oer e%otiona" content

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is #no'n abo!t ca!ses and conse,!ences at the %o"ec!"ar "ee"* and in spite of an enor%o!s acc!%!"ation of che%ica" and%orpho"ogica" data on e%br$os of ario!s #inds* o!r !nderstanding of ho' genes contro" %orphogenesis is sti"" far fro% co%p"ete.6erhaps one reason for this is that %o"ec!"ar bio"ogists and %orpho"ogists spea# different "ang!ages. (hereas the for%er spea# abo!t%essenger-RNA and confor%ationa" changes of protein %o"ec!"es* the "atter spea# of ectoder%s* h$pob"asts* and ne!ra" crests.

One so"!tion to this predica%ent is to tr$ to find so%e pheno%ena re"eant to %orphogenesis 'hich both the %o"ec!"ar bio"ogistand the %orpho"ogist can !nderstand and disc!ss. As %orphogenesis %!st be basica""$ the res!"t of changes in behaior of theindiid!a" ce""s* it see%s "ogica" to as# %orpho"ogists to describe the %orphogenetic eents obsered in ter%s of changes in ce""!"arcontact* changes in the rate of pro"iferation of ce""s* or si%i"ar pheno%ena. Once this is done* it %a$ be appropriate to as# ,!estions

abo!t the %o"ec!"ar bac#gro!nd for these changes. One %a$* for instance* as# 'hether ariations in ce"" contact ref"ect a"terations inthe pop!"ations of %o"ec!"es at the ce"" s!rface* or one %a$ in,!ire abo!t the %o"ec!"ar basis for the increased ce"" %obi"it$ ino"edin ce"" dispersion.

St!dies of this #ind hae been carried o!t 'ith ce""s re"eased fro% tiss!es in ario!s 'a$s and then a""o'ed to reea" theirbehaior after being spread o!t into a thin "a$er. In %an$ cases* s!ch ce""s sho' the abi"it$ to reaggregate* after 'hich different ce""t$pes %a$ sort the%se"es o!t into different "a$ers and een ta#e part in sti"" %ore intricate %orphogenetic eents. )!t in %ost cases*the behaior of ce""s in the intact e%br$o is diffic!"t to st!d$ beca!se of the thic#ness and opacit$ of the ce"" %asses. The sea !rchine%br$o* ho'eer* has the adantage that it is so transparent that each ce"" can be easi"$ obsered thro!gho!t dee"op%ent. Th!s* b$recording the dee"op%ent of a sea !rchin e%br$o 'ith ti%e-"apse photograph$* the research scientist %ight discoer preio!s"$!n#no'n feat!res of ce""!"ar behaior. 6erhaps the st!d$ of the sea !rchin in this %anner can proide a %edi!% b$ 'hich the%o"ec!"ar bio"ogist and the %orpho"ogist can begin co%%!nicating 'ith each other %ore effectie"$ abo!t the 'a$ in 'hich genescontro" %orphogenesis.

1. The a!thor&s pri%ar$ p!rpose is to

A/ o!t"ine a proced!re and disc!ss possib"e app"ications

)/ ea"!ate an experi%ent in ter%s of its app"icabi"it$ to %edica" research

C/ propose a %ethod for c!ring specific genetic disorders

0/ exp"ain a prob"e% and s!ggest a so"!tion for it

E/ reea" the shortco%ings of seera" attit!des to'ard genetic research

1. The a!thor states that research into the genetic contro" of %orphogenesis has been i%peded b$

A/ an inco%p"ete !nderstanding of bio%o"ec!"ar reactions that are high"$ co%p"ex

)/ a "ac# of co%%!nication bet'een scientists 'hose 'or# co!"d be co%p"e%entar$

C/ a re"!ctance on the part of %orpho"ogists to share data 'ith %o"ec!"ar bio"ogists

0/ a "ac# of research in the area of %orpho"og$

E/ the !naai"abi"it$ of s!itab"e research e,!ip%ent

1. The %a:or ob:ectie of the a!thor&s proposa" is to

A/ deise a techni,!e for proing that abnor%a"ities in %orpho"og$ res!"t fro% gene %!tations

)/ i%proe the proced!res for organi+ing che%ica" and %orpho"ogica" data

C/ increase the acc!rac$ of %eas!re%ents of ce"" pop!"ations and ce"" %obi"it$

0/ red!ce the %argin of error in the st!d$ of confor%ationa" changes of protein %o"ec!"es

E/ proide a p"an for increasing #no'"edge abo!t the inf"!ence of genes on %orphogenesis

24. It can be inferred fro% the passage that so%e ce""s that hae been iso"ated fro% an organis% hae the abi"it$

to

A/ contro" %orphogenesis

)/ refor% to %a#e higher organis%s

C/ reorgani+e to for% c"!sters of ce""s

0/ reg!"ate the trans%ission of "ight thro!gh the ce"" 'a""

E/ reg!"ate the rate of tiss!e for%ation

21. It can be inferred fro% the passage that the st!d$ of the effects of genes on %orphogenesis is bestacco%p"ished b$ obsering

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A/ intact dee"oping e%br$os

)/ ad!"t sea !rchins

C/ iso"ated "iing ce""s

0/ gro!ps of genetica""$ %!tated ce""s

E/ ce""s fro% the sa%e #in# of tiss!e

22. According to the passage* it is diffic!"t to st!d$ ce""s in %ost intact e%br$os beca!se

A/ %orphogenetic eents cannot be iso"ated

)/ e%br$os die ,!ic#"$

C/ e%br$os are diffic!"t to obtain

0/ indiid!a" ce""s reaggregate too ,!ic#"$

E/ indiid!a" ce""s are diffic!"t to see

2?. (hich of the fo""o'ing se,!ences best describes the a!thor&s s!ggestion for f!t!re research on%orphogenesis3

A/ Acc!%!"ation of data* si%p"ification of "ang!age* exp"anation of %orphogenesis

)/ 0ispersion of ce""s* ea"!ation of ce"" actiit$* dee"op%ent of an exp"anator$ h$pothesis

C/ C"assification of ce"" t$pes* separation of ce""* obseration of ce"" actiit$0/ Obseration of ce"" dee"op%ent* description of ce"" behaior* exp"anation at the %o"ec!"ar "ee"

E/ 0ifferentiation of ce"" t$pes* description of ce"" str!ct!re* ana"$sis of %o"ec!"ar co%ponents

2@. The tone of the a!thor&s disc!ssion of the difference in the "ang!age !sed b$ %orpho"ogists and that !sedb$ %o"ec!"ar bio"ogists is one of

A/ indifference

)/ ne!tra"it$

C/ derision

0/ approbation

E/ indignation

The b"ac# experience* one %ight a!to%atica""$ ass!%e* is #no'n to eer$ )"ac# a!thor. 9enr$ 7a%es 'as pondering a si%i"arass!%ption 'hen he saidB o! 'ere to s!ffer $o!r fate. That 'as not necessari"$ to #no' it.H This disparit$ bet'een an experienceand #no'"edge of that experience is the "ongest bridge an artist %!st cross. 0on J. Jee* in his pict!re of the )"ac# poet* st!d$ing hiso'n poetr$ and the poetr$ of other )"ac# poets*H to!ches onthe cr!cia" point. In order to transfor% his o'n s!fferings;or :o$s;as a)"ac# person into !sab"e #no'"edge for his readers* the a!thor %!st first order his experiences in his %ind. On"$ then can he createfee"ing"$ and coherent"$ the co%bination of fact and %eaning that )"ac# a!diences re,!ire for the reexp"oration of their "ies. Ac!"t!ra" co%%!nit$ of )"ac# a!thors st!d$ing one another&s best 'or#s s$ste%atica""$ 'o!"d represent a d$na%ic interchange of thespirit;correctie and instr!ctie and increasing"$ bea!tif!" in its recorded expression.

2


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0/ A shift in interest fro% abstract phi"osophica" poetr$ to concrete a!tobiographica" poetr$

E/ (or#shops and ne's"etters designed to pro%ote dia"og!es bet'een poets

2. The a!thor refers to 9enr$ 7a%es pri%ari"$ in order to

A/ s!pport his o'n perception of the "ongest bridgeH "ines -/

)/ i""!strate a coherent co%bination of fact and %eaningH "ines 1@-1


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0/ Co%parison and contrast

E/ State%ent of ca!se and effect

24. (ith 'hich of the fo""o'ing state%ent 'o!"d the a!thor be %ost "i#e"$ to agree3

A/ 6o'er tends to corr!pt= abso"!te po'er corr!pts abso"!te"$.

)/ The highest proof of irt!e is to possess bo!nd"ess po'er 'itho!t ab!sing it.

C/ To "oe #no'"edge is to "oe po'er.

0/ It is fro% the peop"e and their deeds that po'er springs.

E/ The hea"th of the peop"e as a state is the fo!ndation on 'hich a"" their po'er depends.

21. The a!thor&s attit!de to'ard the ario!s #inds of co%p!"sion e%p"o$ed b$ socia" instit!tions is bestdescribed as

A/ concerned and s$%pathetic

)/ scientific and detached

C/ s!spicio!s and ca!tio!s

0/ reproachf!" and dist!rbed

E/ %editatie and 'istf!"

22. According to the passage* states of po'er are transient beca!se of theA/ differing nat!res and directions of the forces that create the%

)/ rigid str!ct!ra" fra%e'or# in 'hich the$ operate

C/ !ni,!e so!rce fro% 'hich the$ e%anate

0/ perasie nat!re and co%p"exit$ of the %echanis%s b$ 'hich the$ operate

E/ concatenation that see#s to arrest their %oe%ent

2?. It can be inferred fro% the passage that the a!thor be"iees the conf"ict a%ong socia" forces to be

A/ essentia""$ the sa%e fro% one societ$ to another een tho!gh its o!t'ard %anifestation %a$ see%different

)/ !s!a""$ the res!"t of %is!nderstandings that i%pede socia" progressC/ an ineitab"e feat!re of the socia" order of an$ state

0/ 'rong"$ b"a%ed for disr!pting the stabi"it$ of societ$

E/ best %oderated in states that possess a strong centra" goern%ent

The h$pothesis of an expanding Earth has neer attracted notab"e s!pport* and if it 'ere not for the historica" exa%p"e ofcontinenta" drift* s!ch indifference %ight be a "egiti%ate response to an apparent"$ i%probab"e concept. It sho!"d be re%e%bered*ho'eer* that drift too 'as once regarded as i""!sor$* b!t the idea 'as #ept a"ie !nti" eidence fro% ph$sicists co%pe""ed geo"ogiststo reinterpret their data.

Of co!rse* it 'o!"d be as dangero!s to oerreact to histor$ b$ conc"!ding that the %a:orit$ %!st no' be 'rong abo!t expansionas it 'o!"d be to reenact the response that greeted the s!ggestion that the continents had drifted. The cases are not precise"$ ana"ogo!sThere 'ere serio!s prob"e%s 'ith the pre-drift 'or"d ie' that a drift theor$ co!"d he"p to reso"e* 'hereas Earth expansion appearsto offer no co%parab"e adantages. If* ho'eer* ph$sicists co!"d sho' that the Earth&s graitationa" force has decreased 'ith ti%e*

expansion 'o!"d hae to be reconsidered and acco%%odated.

2@. The passage indicates that one reason 'h$ the expansion h$pothesis has attracted "itt"e s!pport is that it 'i""not

A/ oerco%e deficiencies in c!rrent geo"ogic h$potheses

)/ c"arif$ theories concerning the Earth&s graitationa" forces

C/ co%p"e%ent the theor$ of continenta" drift

0/ acco%%odate re"eant theories fro% the fie"d of ph$sics

E/ 'ithstand criticis% fro% scientists o!tside the fie"d of geo"og$

1@


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2


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interpretations of a""!sions to a 'or"d o!tside that of the stor$

)/ Te""ing a stor$ in s!ch a 'a$ that the reader is a'are as eents !nfo"d of the a!thor&s !nder"$ingp!rposes and the 'a$s these p!rposes conf"ict 'ith the dra%a of the p"ot

C/ Te""ing a stor$ in a 'a$ that both directs attention to the incongr!ities a%ong the points of ie' ofseera" characters and hints that the p"ot has a significance other than that s!ggested b$ its %ere eents

0/ Te""ing a stor$ as a %$ster$ in 'hich the reader %!st ded!ce* fro% the conf"icting eidence presentedb$ seera" narrators* the %ora" and phi"osophica" significance of character and eent

E/ Te""ing a stor$ fro% the a!thor&s point of ie' in a 'a$ that i%p"ies both the a!thor&s and the reader&sironic distance fro% the dra%atic !nfo"ding of eents

24. According to the passage* the p"ots of Wuthering Heights andFrankenstein are notab"e for their e"e%ents of

A/ dra%a and secrec$

)/ herois% and tension

C/ rea"is% and a%bition

0/ %$ster$ and iron$

E/ %ora"it$ and %etaph$sics

C"i%atic conditions are de"icate"$ ad:!sted to the co%position of the Earth&s at%osphere. If there 'ere a change in the at%osphere

;for exa%p"e* in the re"atie proportions of at%ospheric gases;the c"i%ate 'o!"d probab"$ change a"so. A s"ight increase in 'aterapor* for instance* 'o!"d increase the heat-retaining capacit$ of the at%osphere and 'o!"d "ead to a rise in g"oba" te%perat!res. Incontrast* a "arge increase in 'ater apor 'o!"d increase the thic#ness and extent of the c"o!d "a$er* red!cing the a%o!nt of so"arenerg$ reaching the Earth&s s!rface.

The "ee" of carbon dioxide* CO2* in the at%osphere has an i%portant effect on c"i%atic change. ost of the Earth&s inco%ingenerg$ is short-'ae"ength radiation* 'hich tends to pass thro!gh at%ospheric CO2easi"$. The Earth* ho'eer* reradiates %!ch of thereceied energ$ as "ong-'ae"ength radiation* 'hich CO2absorbs and then re%its to'ard the Earth. This pheno%enon* #no'n as thegreenho!se effect* can res!"t in an increase in the s!rface te%perat!re of a p"anet. An extre%e exa%p"e of the effect is sho'n b$Den!s* a p"anet coered b$ hea$ c"o!ds co%posed %ost"$ of CO2* 'hose s!rface te%perat!res hae been %eas!red at @?4 . If theCO2content of the at%osphere is red!ced* the te%perat!re fa""s. According to one respectab"e theor$* if the at%ospheric CO2concentration 'ere ha"ed* the Earth 'o!"d beco%e co%p"ete"$ coered 'ith ice. Another e,!a""$ respectab"e theor$* ho'eer* statesthat a ha"ing of the CO2concentration 'o!"d "ead on"$ to a red!ction in g"oba" te%perat!res of ? .

If* beca!se of an increase in forest fires or o"canic actiit$* the CO2content of the at%osphere increased* a 'ar%er c"i%ate

'o!"d be prod!ced. 6"ant gro'th* 'hich re"ies on both the 'ar%th and the aai"abi"it$ of CO2'o!"d probab"$ increase. As aconse,!ence* p"ants 'o!"d !se %ore and %ore CO2. Eent!a""$ CO2"ee"s 'o!"d di%inish and the c"i%ate* in t!rn* 'o!"d beco%ecoo"er. (ith red!ced te%perat!res %an$ p"ants 'o!"d die= CO2'o!"d thereb$ be ret!rned to the at%osphere and grad!a""$ thete%perat!re 'o!"d rise again. Th!s* if this process occ!rred* there %ight be a "ong-ter% osci""ation in the a%o!nt of CO2present in theat%osphere* 'ith reg!"ar te%perat!re increases and decreases of a set %agnit!de.

So%e c"i%ato"ogists arg!e that the b!rning of fossi" f!e"s has raised the "ee" of CO2in the at%osphere and has ca!sed a g"oba"te%perat!re increase of at "east 1 . )!t a s!pposed g"oba" te%perat!re rise of 1 %a$ in rea"it$ be on"$ seera" regiona" te%perat!re increases* restricted to areas 'here there are %an$ %eteoro"ogica" stations and ca!sed si%p"$ b$ shifts in the pattern of at%osphericcirc!"ation. Other areas* for exa%p"e the So!thern 9e%isphere oceanic +one* %a$ be experiencing an e,!ia"ent te%perat!re decreasethat is !nrecogni+ed beca!se of the shortage of %eteoro"ogica" recording stations.

21. The passage s!pp"ies infor%ation for ans'ering 'hich of the fo""o'ing ,!estions3

A/ (h$ are pro:ections of the effects of changes in 'ater apor "ee"s on the c"i%ate so inacc!rate3

)/ (hat are the steps in the process that ta#es p"ace as CO2absorbs "ong-'ae"ength radiation3

C/ 9o' %ight o!r !nderstanding of the greenho!se effect be i%proed if the b!rning of fossi" f!e"s 'eredecreased3

0/ (hat %ight ca!se a series of reg!"ar increases and decreases in the a%o!nt of CO2in the at%osphere3

E/ (h$ are there fe'er %eteoro"ogica" recording stations in the So!thern 9e%isphere oceanic +one thane"se'here3

22. The a!thor is pri%ari"$ concerned 'ith

A/ exp"aining the effects that the b!rning of fossi" f!e"s %ight hae on c"i%ate

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)/ i""!strating the effects of CO2on at%ospheric radiation

C/ disc!ssing effects that changes in the CO2"ee" in the at%osphere %ight hae on c"i%ate

0/ cha""enging h$potheses abo!t the effects of 'ater apor and CO2on c"i%ate

E/ ref!ting h$potheses b$ c"i%ato"ogists abo!t the ca!ses of g"oba" te%perat!re f"!ct!ations

2?. The passage s!ggests that a "arge decrease in the a%o!nt of CO2in the at%osphere 'o!"d res!"t in

A/ at "east a s"ight decrease in g"oba" te%perat!res

)/ at the %ost a s"ight increase in short-'ae"ength radiation reaching the Earth

C/ a s"ight "ong-ter% increase in g"oba" te%perat!res

0/ a "arge "ong-ter% increase in the a%o!nt of o"canic actiit$

E/ a s"ight short-ter% increase in at%osphere 'ater apor content

2@. The a!thor refers to Den!s pri%ari"$ in order to

A/ sho' the inherent 'ea#ness of the greenho!se effect theor$

)/ sho' that the greenho!se effect 'or#s on other p"anets b!t not on Earth

C/ sho' the extent to 'hich Earth&s at%osphere differs fro% that of Den!s

0/ s!pport the contention that as 'ater apor increase* the a%o!nt of CO2increases

E/ s!pport the arg!%ent that the CO2"ee" in the at%osphere has a significant effect on c"i%ate

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gro'th of %eat ani%a"s. edications added to feeds #i"" %an$ %icroorganis%s b!t a"so enco!rage the appearance of bacteria" strainsthat are resistant to anti-infectie dr!gs. A"read$* for exa%p"e* penici""in and the tetrac$c"ines are not as effectie therape!tica""$ asthe$ once 'ere. The dr!g resistance is chief"$ conferred b$ tin$ circ"ets of genes* ca""ed p"as%ids* that can be exchanged bet'eendifferent strains and een different species of bacteria. 6"as%ids are a"so one of the t'o #inds of ehic"es the other being ir!ses/ that%o"ec!"ar bio"ogists depend on 'hen perfor%ing gene transp"ant experi%ents. Een present g!ide"ines forbid the "aborator$ !se ofp"as%ids bearing genes for resistance to antibiotics. et* 'hi"e congressiona" debate rages oer 'hether or not to to!ghen theserestrictions on scientists in their "aboratories* "itt"e congressiona" attention has been foc!sed on an i""-adised agric!"t!ra" practice thatprod!ces #no'n de"eterio!s effects.

1. In the passage* the a!thor is pri%ari"$ concerned 'ithA/ discoering %ethods of e"i%inating har%f!" %icroorganis%s 'itho!t s!bse,!ent"$ generating dr!g-

resistant bacteria

)/ exp"aining reasons for congressiona" inaction on the reg!"ation of gene transp"ant experi%ents

C/ describing a prob"e%atic agric!"t!ra" practice and its serio!s genetic conse,!ences

0/ erif$ing the therape!tic ineffectieness of anti-infectie dr!gs

E/ ea"!ating recent"$ proposed restrictions intended to pro%ote the gro'th of %eat ani%a"s

1. According to the passage* the exchange of p"as%ids bet'een different bacteria can res!"ts in 'hich of thefo""o'ing3

A/ icroorganis%s resistant to dr!gs

)/ Therape!tica""$ !sef!" circ"ets of genes

C/ Anti-infectie dr!gs "i#e penici""in

0/ Dir!ses for !se b$ %o"ec!"ar bio"ogists

E/ Dehic"es for perfor%ing gene transp"ant experi%ents

1. It can be inferred fro% the passage that the a!thor be"iees that those in faor of stiffening the restrictionson gene transp"ant research sho!"d "ogica""$ a"so

A/ enco!rage experi%ents 'ith an$ p"as%ids except those bearing genes for antibiotic resistance

)/ ,!estion the addition of anti-infectie dr!gs to "iestoc# feeds

C/ resist the !se of penici""in and tetrac$c"ines to #i"" %icroorganis%s

0/ agree to the dee"op%ent of %eatier "iestoc# thro!gh the !se of antibiotics

E/ faor congressiona" debate and disc!ssion of a"" science and hea"th iss!es

24. The a!thor&s attit!de to'ard the dee"op%ent of bacteria" strains that render antibiotic dr!gs ineffectie canbest be described as

A/ indifferent

)/ perp"exed

C/ pretentio!s

0/ insincere

E/ apprehensie

0!ring ado"escence* the dee"op%ent of po"itica" ideo"og$ beco%es apparent in the indiid!a"= ideo"og$ here is defined as thepresence of ro!gh"$ consistent attit!des* %ore or "essorgani+ed in reference to a %ore enco%passing* tho!gh perhaps tacit* set ofgenera" princip"es. As s!ch* po"itica" ideo"og$ is di% or absent at the beginning of ado"escence. Its ac,!isition b$ the ado"escent* ineen the %ost %odest sense* re,!ires the ac,!isition of re"atie"$ sophisticated cognitie s#i""sB the abi"it$ to %anage abstractness* tos$nthesi+e and genera"i+e* to i%agine the f!t!re. These are acco%panied b$ a stead$ adance in the abi"it$ to !nderstand princip"es.

The chi"d&s rapid ac,!isition of po"itica" #no'"edge a"so pro%otes the gro'th of po"itica" ideo"og$ d!ring ado"escence. )$#no'"edge I %ean %ore than the drear$ facts*H s!ch as the co%position of co!nt$ goern%ent that the chi"d is exposed to in theconentiona" ninth-grade ciics co!rse. Nor do I %ean on"$ infor%ation on c!rrent po"itica" rea"ities. These are facets of #no'"edge*b!t the$ are "ess critica" than the ado"escent&s absorption* often !n'itting* of a fee"ing for those %an$ !nspo#en ass!%ptions abo!t thepo"itica" s$ste% that co%prise the co%%on gro!nd of !nderstanding;for exa%p"e* 'hat the state can appropriate"$ de%and of itsciti+ens* and ice ersa* or the proper re"ationship of goern%ent to s!bsidiar$ socia" instit!tions* s!ch as the schoo"s and ch!rches.Th!s po"itica" #no'"edge is the a'areness of socia" ass!%ptions and re"ationships as 'e"" as of ob:ectie facts. !ch of the naiet5

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that characteri+es the $o!nger ado"escent&s grasp of po"itics ste%s not fro% an ignorance of factsH b!t fro% conentions of thes$ste%* of 'hat is and is not c!sto%ari"$ done* and of ho' and 'h$ it is or is not done.

et I do not 'ant to oere%phasi+e the significance of increased po"itica" #no'"edge in for%ing ado"escent ideo"og$. Oer the$ears I hae beco%e progressie"$ disenchanted abo!t the centra"it$ of s!ch #no'"edge and hae co%e to be"iee that %!ch c!rrent'or# in po"itica" socia"i+ation* b$ re"$ing too heai"$ on its apparent ac,!isition* has been %is"ed abo!t the te%po of po"itica"!nderstanding in ado"escence. 7!st as $o!ng chi"dren can co!nt n!%bers in series 'itho!t grasping the princip"e of ordination* $o!ngado"escents %a$ hae in their heads %an$ rando% bits of po"itica" infor%ation 'itho!t a sec!re !nderstanding of those concepts that'o!"d gie order and %eaning to the infor%ation.

Ji#e %agpies* chi"dren&s %inds pic# !pbits and piecesof data. If $o! enco!rage the%* the$ 'i"" drop these at $o!r feet;Rep!b"icans and 0e%ocrats* the tripartite diision of the federa" s$ste%* perhaps een the capita" of assach!setts. )!t !nti" theado"escent has grasped the integ!%enta" f!nction that concepts and princip"es proide* the data re%ain frag%ented* rando%*disordered.

21. The a!thor&s pri%ar$ p!rpose in the passage is to

A/ c"arif$ the #inds of !nderstanding an ado"escent %!st hae in order to dee"op a po"itica" ideo"og$

)/ disp!te the theor$ that a po"itica" ideo"og$ can be ac,!ired d!ring ado"escence

C/ exp"ain 'h$ ado"escents are genera""$ !ninterested in po"itica" arg!%ents

0/ s!ggest ario!s %eans of enco!raging ado"escents to dee"op persona" po"itica" ideo"ogies

E/ exp"ain 'h$ an ado"escent&s po"itica" ideo"og$ !s!a""$ appears %ore sophisticated than it act!a""$ is

22. According to the a!thor* 'hich of the fo""o'ing contrib!tes to the dee"op%ent of po"itica" ideo"og$ d!ringado"escence3

A/ Conscio!s recognition b$ the ado"escent of his or her o'n naiet5

)/ Thoro!gh co%prehension of the concept of ordination

C/ Ea"!ation b$ the ado"escent of the genera" princip"es enco%passing his or her specific po"itica" ideas

0/ Int!itie !nderstanding of re"ationships a%ong ario!s co%ponents of societ$

E/ Re:ection of abstract reasoning in faor of ino"e%ent 'ith prag%atic sit!ations

2?. The a!thor !ses the ter% co%%on gro!nd of !nderstandingH "ine 2/ to refer to

A/ fa%i"iar "egis"ation regarding po"itica" actiit$

)/ the experiences that a"" ado"escents shareC/ a societ$&s genera" sense of its o'n po"itica" actiit$

0/ a societ$&s 'i""ingness to reso"e po"itica" tensions

E/ the ass!%ption that the state contro"s socia" instit!tions

2@. The passage s!ggests that* d!ring ear"$ ado"escence* a chi"d 'o!"d find 'hich of the fo""o'ing %ostdiffic!"t to !nderstand3

A/ A boo# chronic"ing the 'a$s in 'hich the presidentia" ina!g!ration cere%on$ has changed oer the$ears

)/ An essa$ in 'hich an incident in )ritish histor$ is !sed to exp"ain the s$ste% of %onarchic s!ccession

C/ A s!%%ar$ of the respectie responsibi"ities of the "egis"atie* exec!tie* and :!dicia" branches of

goern%ent0/ A debate in 'hich the participants arg!e* respectie"$* that the federa" goern%ent sho!"d or sho!"d not

s!pport priate schoo"s

E/ An artic"e detai"ing the specific re"igio!s gro!ps that fo!nded A%erican co"onies and the g!idingprincip"es of each one

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)/ The$ the%se"es constit!te part of a genera" sociopo"itica" s$ste% that ado"escents are "earning to!nderstand.

C/ If the$ 'ere to introd!ce po"itica" s!b:ect %atter in the pri%ar$ grades* st!dents 'o!"d !nderstandc!rrent po"itica" rea"ities at an ear"ier age.

0/ The$ are ineffect!a" to the degree that the$ disregard ado"escents& po"itica" naiet5.

E/ )eca!se the$ are s!bsidiar$ to goern%ent their contrib!tion to the po"itica" !nderstanding ofado"escent %!st be "i%ited.

2. (hich of the fo""o'ing best s!%%ari+es the a!thor&s ea"!ation of the acc!%!"ation of po"itica" #no'"edgeb$ ado"escents3

A/ It is !n,!estionab"$ necessar$* b!t its significance can easi"$ be oeresti%ated.

)/ It is i%portant* b!t not as i%portant as is the abi"it$ to appear #no'"edgeab"e.

C/ It de"a$s the necessit$ of considering !nder"$ing princip"es.

0/ It is pri%ari"$ re"eant to an !nderstanding of "i%ited* "oca" concerns* s!ch as co!nt$ po"itics.

E/ It is pri%ari"$ dependent on infor%ation g"eaned fro% high schoo" co!rses s!ch as ciics.

2. (hich of the fo""o'ing state%ents best describes the organi+ation of the a!thor&s disc!ssion of the ro"e ofpo"itica" #no'"edge in the for%ation of po"itica" ideo"og$ d!ring ado"escence3

A/ 9e ac#no'"edges its i%portance* b!t then %odifies his initia" assertion of that i%portance.

)/ 9e consistent"$ resists the idea that it is i%portant* !sing a series of exa%p"es to s!pport his stand.

C/ 9e 'aers in ea"!ating it and fina""$ !ses ana"ogies to exp"ain 'h$ he is indecisie.

0/ 9e begins b$ ,!estioning conentiona" ideas abo!t its i%portance* b!t fina""$ concedes that the$ arecorrect.

E/ 9e caref!""$ refrains fro% %a#ing an initia" :!dg%ent abo!t it* b!t "ater confir%s its critica" ro"e.

No. ?-2

SECTION A

The %a#ing of c"assifications b$ "iterar$ historians can be a so%e'hat ris#$ enterprise. (hen )"ac# poets are disc!ssed

separate"$ as a gro!p* for instance* the extent to 'hich their 'or# ref"ects the dee"op%ent of poetr$ in genera" sho!"d not beforgotten* or a distortion of "iterar$ histor$ %a$ res!"t. This ca!tion is partic!"ar"$ re"eant in an assess%ent of the differences bet'een)"ac# poets at the t!rn of the cent!r$ 144-14/ and those of the generation of the 124&s. These differences inc"!de the bo"der and%ore forthright speech of the "ater generation and its technica" inentieness. It sho!"d be re%e%bered* tho!gh* that co%parab"edifferences a"so existed for si%i"ar generations of (hite poets.

(hen poets of the 114&s and 124&s are considered together* ho'eer* the distinctions that "iterar$ historians %ight %a#ebet'een conseratieH and experi%enta"H 'o!"d be of "itt"e significance in a disc!ssion of )"ac# poets* a"tho!gh these re%ainhe"pf!" c"assifications for (hite poets of these decades. Certain"$ differences can be noted bet'een conseratieH )"ac# poets s!chas Co!nter C!""en and C"a!de cKa$ and experi%enta"H ones s!ch as 7ean Too%er and Jangston 9!ghes. )!t )"ac# poets 'ere notbatt"ing oer o"d or ne' st$"es= rather* one acco%p"ished )"ac# poet 'as read$ to 'e"co%e another* 'hateer his or her st$"e* for 'hat%attered 'as racia" pride.

9o'eer* in the 124&s )"ac# poets did debate 'hether the$ sho!"d dea" 'ith specifica""$ racia" s!b:ects. The$ as#ed 'hetherthe$ sho!"d on"$ 'rite abo!t )"ac# experience for a )"ac# a!dience or 'hether s!ch de%ands 'ere restrictie. It %a$ be said* tho!gh*

that irt!a""$ a"" these poets 'rote their best poe%s 'hen the$ spo#e o!t of racia" fee"ing* race being* as 7a%es (e"don 7ohnson right"$p!t it* perforcethe thing the Negro poet #no's best.H

At the t!rn of the cent!r$* b$ contrast* %ost )"ac# poets genera""$ 'rote in the conentiona" %anner of the age and expressednob"e* if ag!e* e%otions in their poetr$. These poets 'ere not !n!s!a""$ gifted* tho!gh Roscoe 7a%ison and G. . cC"e""en %a$ be%entioned as exceptions. The$ chose not to 'rite in dia"ect* 'hich* as Ster"ing )ro'n has s!ggested* %eant a re:ection of stereot$pesof Negro "ife*H and the$ ref!sed to 'rite on"$ abo!t racia" s!b:ects. This ref!sa" had both a positie and a negatie conse,!ence. As)ro'n obseres* Da"!ab"$ insisting that Negro poets sho!"d not be confined to iss!es of race* these poets co%%itted LanM error the$ref!sed to "oo# into their hearts and 'rite.H These are i%portant insights* b!t one %!st stress that this ref!sa" to "oo# 'ithin 'as a"sot$pica" of %ost (hite poets of the >nited States at the ti%e. The$* too* often t!rned fro% their o'n experience and conse,!ent"$prod!ced not er$ %e%orab"e poe%s abo!t ag!e topics* s!ch as the peace of nat!re.

1. According to the passage* %ost t!rn-of-the-cent!r$ )"ac# poets genera""$ did 'hich of the fo""o'ing324


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A/ (rote in 'a$s that did not cha""enge accepted "iterar$ practice.

)/ 0escribed scenes fro% their o'n "ies.

C/ Aro!sed patriotic fee"ings b$ expressing deotion to the "and.

0/ Expressed co%p"ex fee"ings in the 'ords of ordinar$ peop"e.

E/ Interpreted the fr!strations of )"ac#s to an a!dience of (hites.

1. According to the passage* an iss!e facing )"ac# poets in the 124&s 'as 'hether the$ sho!"d

A/ see# a consens!s on ne' techni,!es of poetr$

)/ 'rite exc"!sie"$ abo!t and for )"ac#s

C/ 'ithdra' their s!pport fro% a repressie societ$

0/ t!rn a'a$ fro% socia" ,!estions to reco""ect the tran,!i"it$ of nat!re

E/ identif$ the%se"es 'ith an internationa" %oe%ent of )"ac# 'riters

1. It can be inferred fro% the passage that c"assif$ing a poet as either conseratie or experi%enta" 'o!"d beof "itt"e significanceH "ine 21/ 'hen disc!ssing )"ac# poets of the 114&s and the 124&s beca!se

A/ these poets 'rote in er$ si%i"ar st$"es

)/ these poets a"" 'rote abo!t nat!re in the sa%e 'a$

C/ these poets 'ere f!nda%enta""$ !nited b$ a sense of racia" achiee%ent despite differences in poeticst$"e

0/ s!ch a %ethod of c"assification 'o!"d fai" to ta#e acco!nt of the inf"!ence of genera" poetic practice

E/ s!ch a %ethod of c"assification 'o!"d be re"eant on"$ in a disc!ssion of poets separated in ti%e b$%ore than three decades

24. The a!thor ,!otes Ster"ing )ro'n in "ines


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"iterar$ histor$3

A/ Enth!siastic

)/ Indifferent

C/ (ar$

0/ 0erisie

E/ 0efensie

The pri%ar$ %ethod preio!s"$ !sed b$ pa"eonto"ogists to esti%ate c"i%atic changes that occ!rred d!ring 6"eistocene g"acia"c$c"es 'as the deter%ination of 1O81O ratios in ca"careo!s fossi"s. 9o'eer* beca!se this ratio is inf"!enced b$ a n!%ber of factors*the abso"!te %agnit!de of the te%perat!re difference bet'een 6"eistocene g"acia" and interg"acia" c$c"es co!"d not be !ne,!ioca""$ascertained. or exa%p"e* both te%perat!re f"!ct!ations and isotopic changes in sea'ater affect the 1O81O ratio. And* since bothfactors inf"!ence the ratio in the sa%e direction* the contrib!tion of each to the 1O81O cannot be deter%ined.

ort!nate"$* recent st!dies indicate that the race%i+ation reaction of a%ino acids can be !sed to deter%ine %ore acc!rate"$te%perat!res that occ!rred d!ring 6"eistocene g"acia" c$c"es. On"$ J-a%ino acids are !s!a""$ fo!nd in the proteins of "iing organis%s*b!t oer "ong periods of geo"ogica" ti%e these acids !ndergo race%i+ation* prod!cing 0-a%ino acids* 'hich are not fo!nd in proteins.This reaction depends on both ti%e and te%perat!re= th!s* if one ariab"e is #no'n* the reaction can be !sed to ca"c!"ate the other.

2@. It can be inferred fro% the passage that deter%ination of the te%perat!res %entioned in "ine 1 thro!gh1O81O ratios and deter%ination thro!gh race%i+ation reactions both re,!ire 'hich of the fo""o'ing3

A/ Ca"ci!% deposits #no'n to be fro% 6"eistocene seas

)/ 6roteins containing both J-a%ino acids and 0-a%ino acids

C/ G"acia" debris fro% both before and after the 6"eistocene period

0/ ossi" %ateria" fro% organis%s "iing d!ring the 6"eistocene period

E/ 6roteins containing both a%ino acids and 1O

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garbage co""ector* b!t is often considered an ins!"t if gien to one&s e%p"o$er* friends* or re"aties.

E/ So%e gifts* being conci"iator$ in nat!re* indicate b$ their cost"iness the degree of hosti"it$ the$ %!stappease in the recipient.

e' areas of ne!robehaiora" research see%ed %ore pro%ising in the ear"$ sixties than that inestigating the re"ationshipbet'een protein s$nthesis and "earning. The concept!a" fra%e'or# for this research 'as deried direct"$ fro% %o"ec!"ar bio"og$*'hich had sho'n that genetic infor%ation is stored in n!c"eic acids and expressed in proteins. (h$ not ac,!ired infor%ation as 'e""3

The first step to'ard estab"ishing a connection bet'een protein s$nthesis and "earning see%ed to be b"oc# %e%or$ ca!se

a%nesia/ b$ interr!pting the prod!ction of protein. (e 'ere fort!nate in finding a non"etha" dosage of p!ro%$cin that co!"d* it firstappeared* thoro!gh"$ inhibit brain protein s$nthesis as 'e"" as re"iab"$ prod!ce a%nesia.

)efore the act!a" connection bet'een protein s$nthesis and "earning co!"d be estab"ished* ho'eer* 'e began to hae do!btsabo!t 'hether inhibition of protein s$nthesis 'as in fact the %ethod b$ 'hich p!ro%$cin prod!ced a%nesia. irst* other dr!gs*g"!tari%ides;the%se"es potent protein-s$nthesis inhibitors;either fai"ed to ca!se a%nesia in so%e sit!ations 'here it co!"d easi"$be ind!ced b$ p!ro%$cin or prod!ced an a%nesia 'ith a different ti%e co!rse fro% that of p!ro%$cin. Second* p!ro%$cin 'as fo!ndto inhibit protein s$nthesis b$ brea#ing certain a%ino-acid chains* and the res!"ting frag%ents 'ere s!spected of being the act!a"ca!se of a%nesia in so%e cases. Third* p!ro%$cin 'as reported to ca!se abnor%a"ities in the brain* inc"!ding sei+!res. Th!s* not on"$'ere decreased protein s$nthesis and a%nesia dissociated* b!t a"ternatie %echanis%s for the a%nestic action of p!ro%$cin 'erereadi"$ s!ggested.

So* p!ro%$cin t!rned o!t to be a disappoint%ent. It ca%e to be regarded as a poor agent for a%nesia st!dies* a"tho!gh* of co!rse*it 'as poor on"$ in the context of o!r origina" paradig% of protein-s$nthesis inhibition. In o!r fr!stration* o!r initia" response 'assi%p"$ to change dr!gs rather than o!r concept!a" orientation. After %an$ s!ch disappoint%ents* ho'eer* it no' appears !n"i#e"$

that 'e 'i"" %a#e a fir% connection bet'een protein s$nthesis and "earning %ere"$ b$ p!rs!ing the approaches of the past. O!rexperience 'ith dr!gs has sho'n that a"" the a%nestic agents often interfere 'ith %e%or$ in 'a$s that see% !nre"ated to theirinhibition of protein s$nthesis. ore i%portant"$* the notion that the interr!ption or intensification of protein prod!ction in the braincan be re"ated in ca!se-and-effect fashion to "earning no' see%s si%p"istic and !nprod!ctie. Re%oe the batter$ fro% a car and thecar 'i"" not go. 0rie the car a "ong distance at high speed and the batter$ 'i"" beco%e %ore high"$ charged. Neither of these factsproes that the batter$ po'ers the car= on"$ a #no'"edge of the oera"" a!to%otie s$ste% 'i"" reea" its %echanis% of the "oco%otionand the ro"e of the batter$ 'ithin that s$ste%.

21. This passage 'as %ost "i#e"$ excerpted fro%

A/ a diar$ #ept b$ a practicing ne!robehaiora" researcher

)/ a ne'spaper artic"e on recent adances in the bioche%istr$ of "earning

C/ a technica" artic"e on experi%enta" techni,!es in the fie"d of %o"ec!"ar bio"og$

0/ an artic"e s!%%ari+ing a series of scientific inestigations in ne!robehaiora" researchE/ a boo# reie' in a "eading :o!rna" deoted to genetic research

22. The pri%ar$ p!rpose of the passage is to sho' that extensie experi%entation has

A/ de%onstrated the i%portance of a%ino-acid frag%entation in the ind!ction of a%nesia

)/ cast do!bt on the a"!e of p!ro%$cin in the ne!robehaiora" inestigation of "earning

C/ reea"ed the i%portance of a%nesia in the ne!robehaiora" st!d$ of "earning

0/ not $et de%onstrated the app"icabi"it$ of %o"ec!"ar bio"og$ to ne!robehaiora" research

E/ not s!pported the h$pothesis that "earning is direct"$ dependent on protein s$nthesis

2?. According to the passage* ne!robehaiorists initia""$ based their be"ief that protein s$nthesis 'as re"ated to

"earning on 'hich of the fo""o'ing3A/ Traditiona" theories abo!t "earning

)/ Ne' techni,!es in protein s$nthesis

C/ 6reio!s discoeries in %o"ec!"ar bio"og$

0/ Specific research into "earning and a%nesia

E/ 9istoric experi%ents on the effects of p!ro%$cin

2@. The passage %entions a"" of the fo""o'ing as effects of p!ro%$cin EFCE6TB

A/ brain sei+!res

2@


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)/ %e%or$ "oss

C/ inhibition of protein s$nthesis

0/ destr!ction of genetic infor%ation

E/ frag%entation of a%ino-acid chains

2


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C/ describe %echanis%s b$ 'hich the s#in protects itse"f against pathogens

0/ ana"$+e the %ethods 'hereb$ bio"ogica" s$ste%s %aintain the stat!s ,!o

E/ proide a specific exa%p"e of the s#in&s basic defenses against pathogens

1. The resident f"oraH %entioned in "ine 1 refer to

A/ >nsat!rated fatt$ acidsH "ine 1/

)/ seb!% co""ected fro% the s#in s!rfaceH "ines 1-1/

C/ bacteria" and f!nga" c!taneo!s pathogensH "ines 1-24/

0/ certain gra%-positie %e%bers of the c!taneo!s co%%!nit$H "ines 21-22/

E/ %ore co%p"ex "ipidsH "ines 2?/

1. A%ong the nat!ra" defenses of the s#in against pathogenic organis%s are a"" of the fo""o'ing EFCE6T the

A/ dr$ness of the s#in

)/ acidit$ of the s#in

C/ tendenc$ of the pathogens to'ard ho%eostasis

0/ shedding of s!rface "a$ers of the s#in

E/ %etabo"ic brea#do'n of "ipids

24. The a!thor presents her %ateria" in 'hich of the fo""o'ing 'a$s3

A/ Stating a prob"e% and then s!pp"$ing a so"!tion

)/ 6resenting a pheno%enon and then ana"$+ing reason for it

C/ 6roiding infor%ation and then dra'ing a conc"!sion fro% it

0/ a#ing a genera" state%ent and then arg!ing b$ ana"og$

E/ a#ing an inference and then dee"oping it b$ i""!stration

asterpieces are d!%b*H 'rote "a!bert* The$ hae a tran,!i" aspect "i#e the er$ prod!cts of nat!re* "i#e "arge ani%a"s and%o!ntains.H 9e %ight hae been thin#ing of War and Peace, that ast* si"ent 'or#* !nfatho%ab"e and si%p"e* proo#ing end"ess,!estions thro!gh the %a:est$ of its being. To"stoi&s si%p"icit$ is oerpo'ering*H sa$s the critic )a$"e$* disconcerting*H beca!se itco%es fro% his cas!a" ass!%ption that the 'or"d is as he sees it.H Ji#e other nineteenth-cent!r$ R!ssian 'riters he is i%pressieHbeca!se he %eans 'hat he sa$s*H b!t he stands apart fro% a"" others and fro% %ost (estern 'riters in his identit$ 'ith "ife* 'hich isso co%p"ete as to %a#e !s forget he is an artist. 9e is the center of his 'or#* b!t his egocentricit$ is of a specia" #ind. Goethe* forexa%p"e* sa$s )a$"e$* cared for nothing b!t hi%se"f. To"stoi 'as nothing b!t hi%se"f.H

or a"" his aried %odes of 'riting and the %!"tip"icit$ of characters in his fiction* To"stoi and his 'or# are of a piece. Thefa%o!s conersionH of his %idd"e $ears* %oing"$ reco!nted in his Confession, 'as a c!"%ination of his ear"$ spirit!a" "ife* not adepart!re fro% it. The apparent"$ f!nda%enta" changes that "ed fro% epic narratie to dog%atic parab"e* fro% a :o$o!s* b!o$antattit!de to'ard "ife to pessi%is% and c$nicis%* fro% War and Peace to The Kreutzer Sonata, ca%e fro% the sa%e rest"ess*i%pressionab"e depths of an independent spirit $earning to get at the tr!th of its experience. Tr!th is %$ hero*H 'rote To"stoi in his$o!th* reporting the fighting in Sebastopo". Tr!th re%ained his hero;his o'n* not others&* tr!th. Others 'ere a'ed b$ Napo"eon*be"ieed that a sing"e %an co!"d change the destinies of nations* adhered to %eaning"ess rit!a"s* for%ed their tastes on estab"ishedcanons of art. To"stoi reersed a"" preconceptions= and in eer$ reersa" he oerthre' the s$ste%*H the %achine*H the externa""$ordained be"ief* the conentiona" behaior in faor of !ns$ste%atic* i%p!"sie "ife* of in'ard %otiation and the so"!tions ofindependent tho!ght.

In his 'or# the artificia" and the gen!ine are a"'a$s exhibited in dra%atic oppositionB the s!pposed"$ great Napo"eon and thetr!"$ great* !nregarded "itt"e Captain T!shin* or Nicho"as Rosto&s act!a" experience in batt"e and his "ater acco!nt of it. The si%p"e isa"'a$spitted againstthe e"aborate* #no'"edge gained fro% obseration against assertions of borro'ed faiths. To"stoi&s %agica"si%p"icit$ is a prod!ct of these tensions= his 'or# is a record of the ,!estions he p!t to hi%se"f and of the ans'ers he fo!nd in hissearch. The greatest characters of his fiction exe%p"if$ this search* and their happiness depends on the %eas!re of their ans'ers.To"stoi 'anted happiness* b!t on"$ hard-'on happiness* that e%otiona" f!"fi""%ent and inte""ect!a" c"arit$ 'hich co!"d co%e on"$ asthe pri+e of a""-cons!%ing effort. 9e scorned "esser satisfactions.

21. (hich of the fo""o'ing best characteri+es the a!thor&s attit!de to'ard To"stoi3

A/ She deprecates the c$nicis% of his "ater 'or#s.

)/ She finds his theatrica"it$ artificia".

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C/ She ad%ires his 'ho"ehearted sincerit$.

0/ She thin#s his inconsistenc$ dist!rbing.

E/ She respects his deotion to orthodox$.

22. (hich of the fo""o'ing best paraphrases "a!bert&s state%ent ,!oted in "ines 1-@3

A/ asterpiece see% ordinar$ and !nre%ar#ab"e fro% the perspectie of a "ater age.

)/ Great 'or#s of art do not exp"ain the%se"es to !s an$ %ore than nat!ra" ob:ects do.

C/ I%portant 'or#s of art ta#e their p"ace in the pageant of histor$ beca!se of their !ni,!eness.

0/ The %ost i%portant aspects of good art are the order"iness and tran,!i"it$ it ref"ects.

E/ asterpieces 'hich are of end!ring a"!e represent the forces of nat!re.

2?. The a!thor ,!otes fro% )a$"e$ "ine -24/ to sho' that

A/ a"tho!gh To"stoi obseres and interprets "ife* he %aintains no se"f-conscio!s distance fro% hisexperience

)/ the rea"is% of To"stoi&s 'or# gies the i""!sion that his noe"s are reports of act!a" eents

C/ !nfort!nate"$* To"stoi is !na'are of his o'n "i%itation* tho!gh he is sincere in his atte%pt to describeexperience

0/ a"tho!gh To"stoi 'or#s cas!a""$ and %a#es !n'arranted ass!%ption* his 'or# has an inexp"icab"eappearance of tr!th

E/ To"stoi&s persona" perspectie %a#es his 'or# a"%ost !ninte""igib"e to the %a:orit$ of his readers

2@. The a!thor states that To"stoi&s conersion represented

A/ a radica" ren!nciation of the 'or"d

)/ the re:ection of aant-garde ideas

C/ the nat!ra" o!tco%e of his ear"ier be"iefs

0/ the acceptance of re"igion he had ear"ier re:ected

E/ a f!nda%enta" change in his 'riting st$"e

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E/ contin!ing atte%pt to represent the nat!ra" in opposition to the pretentio!s

SECTION )

The stratospheric o+one "a$er is not a co%p"ete"$ !nifor% strat!%* nor does it occ!r at the sa%e a"tit!de aro!nd the g"obe. It "iesc"osest to the Earth oer the po"es and rises to %axi%!% a"tit!de oer the e,!ator. In the stratosphere* o+one is contin!o!s"$ being%ade and destro$ed b$ nat!ra" processes. 0!ring the da$ the S!n brea#s do'n so%e of the ox$gen %o"ec!"es to sing"e ox$gen ato%s*and these reacting 'ith the ox$gen %o"ec!"es that hae not been dissociated* for% o+one. 9o'eer* the s!n"ight a"so brea#s do'no+one b$ conerting so%e of it bac# to nor%a" ox$gen. In addition nat!ra""$ occ!rring nitrogen oxides enter into the c$c"e and speed

the brea#do'n reactions. The a%o!nt of o+one present at an$ one ti%e is the ba"ance bet'een the processes that create it and thosethat destro$ it.

Since the sp"itting of the ox$gen %o"ec!"es depends direct"$ !pon the intensit$ of so"ar radiation* the greatest rate of o+oneprod!ction occ!rs oer the tropics. 9o'eer o+one is a"so destro$ed %ost rapid"$ there* and 'ind circ!"ation patterns carr$ the o+one-enriched !pper "a$ers of the at%osphere a'a$ fro% the e,!ator. It t!rns o!t that the "argest tota" o+one a%o!nts are fo!nd at high"atit!des. On a t$pica" da$ the a%o!nt of o+one oer innesota* for exa%p"e* is ?4 percent greater than the a%o!nt oer Texas* 44%i"es farther so!th. The densit$ and a"tit!de of the o+one "a$er a"so change 'ith the seasons* the 'eather* and the a%o!nt of so"aractiit$. Neerthe"ess* at an$ one p"ace aboe the Earth&s s!rface* the "ong-ter% aerages %aintained b$ nat!ra" processes are be"ieedto be reasonab"$ constant.

The a%o!nt of o+one near the Earth is on"$ a s%a"" percent of the a%o!nt in the stratosphere* and exchange of %o"ec!"es bet'eenthe o+one "a$er and the air at gro!nd "ee" is tho!ght to be re"atie"$ s%a"". !rther%ore* the o+one %o"ec!"e is so !nstab"e that on"$ atin$ fraction of gro!nd-"ee" o+one co!"d s!rie the "ong trip to the stratosphere* so the o+one "a$er 'i"" not be rep"enished to an$significant degree b$ the increasing concentrations of o+one that hae been detected in recent $ears near the earth&s s!rface. The "ong-

ter% aerages of o+one both near gro!nd "ee"and in the stratosphere are reg!"ated b$ contin!o!s processes that are constant"$destro$ing and creating it in each of these p"aces. This is 'h$ scientists are so concerned abo!t h!%an beings in:ection into thestratosphere of che%ica"s "i#e nitrogen oxides* 'hich are cata"$sts that faci"itate the brea#do'n of o+one. If the o+one "a$er is dep"etedsignificant"$* %ore !"traio"et radiation 'o!"d penetrate to the Earth&s s!rface and da%age %an$ "iing organis%s.

1. The passage s!ggests that factors contrib!ting to the ariation in the a%o!nt of o+one aboe different areasof the Earth&s s!rface inc"!de 'hich of the fo""o'ing3

I. So%e of the o+one fo!nd at higher "atit!des 'as prod!ced e"se'here.

II. There is !s!a""$ a s%a""er a%o!nt of nat!ra""$ occ!rring nitrogen oxide oer high "atit!des.

III. The rate of o+one prod!ction oer the po"es is "ess than that oer the tropics.

A/ II on"$

)/ III on"$C/ I and II on"$

0/ I and III on"$

E/ I* II* and III

1. (hich of the fo""o'ing best states the centra" idea of the passage3

A/ Nat!ra""$ occ!rring nitrogen oxides* as 'e"" as those introd!ced b$ h!%ans* threaten to dep"ete the"a$er of o+one in the stratosphere.

)/ A de"icate b!t reasonab"$ constant ba"ance exists bet'een the nat!ra" processes that prod!ce and thosethat destro$ o+one in the stratosphere.

C/ There is "itt"e hope that the increased concentrations of gro!nd-"ee" o+one obsered in recent $ears can

offset an$ f!t!re dep"etion of stratospheric o+one.0/ eteoro"ogica""$ ind!ced changes in the concentration of o+one in the stratosphere tend to cance"

the%se"es o!t oer a period of ti%e.

E/ So"ar radiation not on"$ prod!ces and destro$s +one b!t a"so poses a ha+ard to h!%an "ife.

1. The processes that deter%ine the a%o!nt of o+one in a gien portion of the stratosphere %ost rese%b"e'hich of the fo""o'ing3

A/ A!to%obi"e e%issions and seasona" fog that create a "a$er of s%og oer a cit$

)/ 6"anting and haresting actiities that prod!ce a crop 'hose si+e is a"'a$s abo!t the sa%e

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C/ (ithdra'a"s and deposits %ade in a ban# acco!nt 'hose aerage ba"ance re%ains abo!t the sa%e

0/ Assets and "iabi"ities that deter%ine the net 'orth of a corporation

E/ 9igh grades and "o' grades %ade b$ a st!dent 'hose aerage re%ains abo!t the sa%e fro% ter% toter%

24. According to the passage* 'hich of the fo""o'ing has the JEAST effect on the a%o!nt of o+one at a gien"ocation in the !pper at%osphere3

A/ Jatit!de)/ (eather

C/ Season

0/ Gro!nd-"ee" o+one

E/ So"ar actiit$

21. The a!thor proides infor%ation that ans'ers 'hich of the fo""o'ing ,!estions3

I. (hat is the aerage thic#ness of the stratospheric o+one "a$er3

II. (h$ does increased expos!re to !"traio"et radiation da%age %an$ "iing organis%s3

III. (hat is the ro"e of ox$gen in the prod!ction of stratospheric +one3

A/ I on"$)/ II on"$

C/ III on"$

0/ I and II

E/ II and III

22. In exp"aining 'hat deter%ines the a%o!nt of o+one in the stratosphere* the a!thor describes nat!ra"processes that for%

A/ an interactie re"ationship

)/ a red!ctie s$ste%

C/ a "inear progression

0/ a set of rando%"$ occ!rring pheno%ena

E/ a set of sporadica""$ rec!rring eents

ee"ings of hope"essness a%ong %ediea" 'or#ers trapped in the poert$ c$c"e grad!a""$ "essened as it beca%e possib"e for'o%en&s "abor to s!pp"e%ent a fa%i"$&s %one$ inco%e b$ %ore than pennies. )$ 1?44* 'o%en spinners co!"d be fo!nd 'or#ing ontheir o'n for 'ea"th$ sponsors* een after the introd!ction in Ita"$ and rance of prohibition against adancing %one$ for s!pp"ies to'o%en spinners. 9istorians hae !s!a""$ interpreted this prohibition si%p"$ as eidence of 'o%en&s econo%ic s!b:ection* since itob"iged the% to t!rn to !s!rers= ho'eer* it 'as a"so a"%ost certain"$ a response to a trend to'ard differentia" re'ard for 'o%en&shigher s#i"". arn can be sp!n irreg!"ar"$ and "!%pi"$* b!t perfect"$ s%ooth $arn is 'orth %ore. (or#ing for %erchant entreprene!rson ti%e rates* 'o%en had been paid hard"$ %ore than chi"dren= 'or#ing as entreprene!rs the%se"es and prod!cing good 'or# b$ thepiece* the$ co!"dbrea# into the rationa" s$ste% of differentia" re'ards.

2?. The pri%ar$ p!rpose of the passage is to

A/ propose and defend a theor$ abo!t the conse,!ences of a certain historica" eent)/ present historica" facts and offer a broader interpretation of those facts than has been offered in the past

C/ describe the socioecono%ic effects of a 'ide"$ he"d attit!de d!ring a partic!"ar historica" period

0/ de%onstrate the s!periorit$ of !sing an econo%ic approach to historica" ana"$sis

E/ ca"" attention to the inf"!ence of the texti"e ind!str$ on societ$ d!ring a partic!"ar historica" period

2@. It can be inferred fro% the passage that the a!thor ie's the s$ste% of pa$ing a"" 'or#ers e,!a""$ on ti%erates as

A/ !nfair and not rationa"

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)/ !ndesirab"e b!t !naoidab"e

C/ efficient and profitab"e

0/ adantageo!s to %ost 'o%en 'or#ers

E/ eidence of a trend to'ard a %ore %odern 'age s$ste%

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its freedo% and res!"ted in efforts to reso"e that contradiction.

0/ The (ar of Independence proo#ed strong criticis%s b$ %an$ A%ericans of the instit!tion of s"aer$*b!t prod!ced "itt"e s!bstantie action against it.

E/ The (ar of Independence rene'ed the efforts of %an$ A%erican gro!ps to'ard achieing )"ac#e%ancipation.

1. The passage contains infor%ation that 'o!"d s!pport 'hich of the fo""o'ing state%ents abo!t the co"onies

before the (ar of Independence3A/ The$ contained organi+ed antis"aer$ societies.

)/ The$ a""o'ed indiid!a"s to o'n s"aes.

C/ The$ prohibited re"igio!s gro!ps fro% po"itica" action.

0/ The$ 'ere inconsistent in their "ega" definitions of s"ae stat!s.

E/ The$ enco!raged abo"itionist societies to expand their inf"!ence.

1. According to the passage* the (ar of Independence 'as e%barrassing to so%e A%ericans for 'hich of thefo""o'ing reasons3

I. It ino"ed a str!gg"e for %an$ of the sa%e "iberties that A%ericans 'ere den$ing to others.

II. It ino"ed a str!gg"e for independence fro% the er$ nation that had fo!nded the co"onies.

III. It ino"ed a str!gg"e based on inconsistencies in the participants& conceptions of freedo%.

A/ I on"$

)/ II on"$

C/ I and II on"$

0/ I and III on"$

E/ I* II* and III

24. (hich of the fo""o'ing state%ents regarding A%erican societ$ in the $ears i%%ediate"$ fo""o'ing the (arof Independence is best s!pported b$ the passage3

A/ The !nexpected s!ccesses of the antis"aer$ societies "ed to their grad!a" de%ise in the Eastern states.

)/ So%e of the ne'"$ independent A%erican states had beg!n to %a#e progress to'ard abo"ishing s"aer$.C/ A%ericans "i#e Abigai" Ada%s beca%e disi""!sioned 'ith the s"o' progress of e%ancipation and

grad!a""$ abandoned the ca!se.

0/ E%ancipated s"aes grad!a""$ 'ere accepted in the Eastern states as e,!a" %e%bers of A%ericansociet$.

E/ The abo"ition of s"aer$ in %an$ Eastern states 'as the res!"t of c"ose cooperation bet'een re"igio!sgro!ps and free )"ac#s.

The eo"!tion of sex ratios has prod!ced* in %ost p"ants and ani%a"s 'ith separate sexes* approxi%ate"$ e,!a" n!%bers of %a"esand fe%a"es. (h$ sho!"d this be so3 T'o %ain #inds of ans'ers hae been offered. One is co!chedin ter%s of adantage topop!"ation. It is arg!ed that the sex ratio'i"" eo"e so as to %axi%i+e the n!%ber of %eetings bet'een indiid!a"s of the oppositesex. This is essentia""$ a gro!p se"ectionH arg!%ent. The other* and in %$ ie' correct* t$pe of ans'er 'as first p!t for'ard b$ isher

in 1?4. This geneticH arg!%ent starts fro% the ass!%ption that genes can inf"!ence the re"atie n!%bers of %a"e and fe%a"eoffspring prod!ced b$ an indiid!a" carr$ing the genes. That sex ratio 'i"" be faored 'hich %axi%i+es the n!%ber of descendants anindiid!a" 'i"" hae and hence the n!%ber of gene copies trans%itted. S!ppose that the pop!"ation consisted %ost"$ of fe%a"esB thenan indiid!a" 'ho prod!ced sons on"$ 'o!"d hae %ore grandchi"dren. In contrast* if the pop!"ation consisted %ost"$ of %a"es* it'o!"dpa$to hae da!ghters. If* ho'eer* the pop!"ation consisted of e,!a" n!%bers of %a"es and fe%a"es* sons and da!ghters 'o!"dbe e,!a""$ a"!ab"e. Th!s a one-to-one sex ratio is the on"$ stab"e ratio= it is an eo"!tionari"$ stab"e strateg$.H A"tho!gh isher 'rotebefore the %athe%atica" theor$ of ga%es had been dee"oped* his theor$ incorporates the essentia" feat!re of a ga%e;that the beststrateg$ to adopt depends on 'hat others are doing.

Since isher&s ti%e* it has been rea"i+ed that genes can so%eti%es inf"!ence the chro%oso%e or ga%ete in 'hich the$ findthe%se"es so that the ga%ete 'i"" be %ore "i#e"$ to participate in ferti"i+ation. If s!ch a gene occ!rs on a sex-deter%ining F or /chro%oso%e* then high"$ aberrant sex ratios can occ!r. )!t %ore i%%ediate"$ re"eant to ga%e theor$ are the sex ratios in certain

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parasitic 'asp species that hae a "arge excess of fe%a"es. In these species* ferti"i+ed eggs dee"op into fe%a"es and !nferti"i+ed eggsinto %a"es. A fe%a"e stores sper% and can deter%ine the sex of each egg she "a$s b$ ferti"i+ing it or "eaing it !nferti"i+ed. )$ isher&sarg!%ent* it sho!"d sti"" pa$ a fe%a"e to prod!ce e,!a" n!%bers of sons and da!ghters. 9a%i"ton* noting that the eggs dee"op 'ithintheir host;the "ara of another insect;and that the ne'"$ e%erged ad!"t 'asps %ate i%%ediate"$ and disperse* offered a re%ar#ab"$cogent ana"$sis. Since on"$ one fe%a"e !s!a""$ "a$s eggs in a gien "ara* it 'o!"d pa$ her to prod!ce one %a"e on"$* beca!se this one%a"e co!"d ferti"i+e a"" his sisters on e%ergence. Ji#e isher* 9a%i"ton "oo#ed for an eo"!tionari"$ stab"e strateg$* b!t he 'ent a stepf!rther in recognizingthat he 'as "oo#ing for a strateg$.

21. The a!thor s!ggests that the 'or# of isher and 9a%i"ton 'as si%i"ar in that both scientists

A/ cond!cted their research at approxi%ate"$ the sa%e ti%e

)/ so!ght to %anip!"ate the sex ratios of so%e of the ani%a"s the$ st!died

C/ so!ght an exp"anation of 'h$ certain sex ratios exist and re%ain stab"e

0/ st!died ga%e theor$* thereb$ proiding i%portant gro!nd'or# for the "ater dee"op%ent of strateg$theor$

E/ st!died reprod!ction in the sa%e ani%a" species

22. It can be inferred fro% the passage that the a!thor considers isher&s 'or# to be

A/ fa""acio!s and !nprofessiona"

)/ definitie and thoro!gh

C/ inacc!rate b!t pop!"ar* co%pared 'ith 9a%i"ton&s 'or#0/ ad%irab"e* b!t not as !p-to-date as 9a%i"ton&s 'or#

E/ acc!rate* b!t triia" co%pared 'ith 9a%i"ton&s 'or#

2?. The passage contains infor%ation that 'o!"d ans'er 'hich of the fo""o'ing ,!estions abo!t 'asps3

I. 9o' %an$ eggs does the fe%a"e 'asp !s!a""$ "a$ in a sing"e host "ara3

II. Can so%e species of 'asp deter%ine sex ratios a%ong their offspring3

III. (hat is the approxi%ate sex ratio a%ong the offspring of parasitic 'asps3

A/ I on"$

)/ II on"$

C/ III on"$0/ I and II on"$

E/ II and III on"$

2@. It can be inferred that the a!thor disc!sses the genetic theor$ in greater detai" than the gro!p se"ectiontheor$ pri%ari"$ beca!se he be"iees that the genetic theor$ is %ore

A/ co%p"icated

)/ acc!rate

C/ pop!"ar

0/ co%prehensie

E/ accessib"e

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A/ dee"oped b$ scientists 'ith an interest in genetics

)/ adopted b$ 9a%i"ton in his research

C/ he"pf!" in exp"aining ho' genes can so%eti%es inf"!ence ga%etes

0/ based on ani%a"s st!dies cond!cted prior to 1?4

E/ !sef!" in exp"aining so%e bio"ogica" pheno%ena

2. (hich of the fo""o'ing is NOT tr!e of the species of parasitic 'asps disc!ssed in the passage3

A/ Ad!"t fe%a"e 'asps are capab"e of storing sper%.

)/ e%a"e 'asps "a$ their eggs in the "arae of other insects.

C/ The ad!"t fe%a"e 'asp can be ferti"i+ed b$ a %a"e that 'as hatched in the sa%e "ara as herse"f.

0/ So fe' %a"e 'asps are prod!ced that extinction is a"%ost certain.

E/ a"e 'asps do not e%erge fro% their hosts !nti" the$ reach sex!a" %at!rit$.

SECTION )

Tho%as 9ard$&s i%p!"ses as a 'riter* a"" of 'hich he ind!"ged in his noe"s* 'ere n!%ero!s and diergent* and the$ did nota"'a$s 'or# together in har%on$. 9ard$ 'as to so%e degree interested in exp"oring his characters& ps$cho"ogies* tho!gh i%pe""ed "essb$ c!riosit$ than b$ s$%path$. Occasiona""$ he fe"t the i%p!"se to co%ed$ in a"" its detached co"dness/ as 'e"" as the i%p!"se tofarce* b!t he 'as %ore often inc"ined to see traged$ and record it. 9e 'as a"so inc"ined to "iterar$ rea"is% in the seera" senses of that

phrase. 9e 'anted to describe ordinar$ h!%an beings= he 'anted to spec!"ate ontheir di"e%%as rationa""$ and* !nfort!nate"$* eensche%atica""$/= and he 'anted to record precise"$ the %ateria" !nierse. ina""$* he 'anted to be %ore than a rea"ist. 9e 'anted totranscend 'hat he considered to be the bana"it$ of so"e"$ recording things exact"$ and to express as 'e"" his a'areness of the occ!"tand the strange.

In his noe"s these ario!s i%p!"ses 'ere sacrificed to each other ineitab"$ and often. Ineitab"$* beca!se 9ard$ did not care inthe 'a$ that noe"ists s!ch as "a!bert or 7a%es cared* and therefore too# paths of "east resistance. Th!s* one i%p!"se oftens!rrendered to a fresher one and* !nfort!nate"$* instead of exacting a co%pro%ise* si%p"$ disappeared. A desire to thro' oer rea"it$ a"ight that neer 'as %ight gie 'a$ abr!pt"$ to the desire on the part of 'hat 'e %ight consider a noe"ist-scientist to record exact"$and concrete"$ the str!ct!re and text!re of a f"o'er. In this instance* the ne' i%p!"se 'as at "east an energetic one* and th!s itsind!"gence did not res!"t in a re"axed st$"e. )!t on other occasions 9ard$ abandoned a peri"o!s* ris#$* and high"$ energi+ing i%p!"sein faor of 'hat 'as for hi%

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