Grassland Conservation - Alberta€¦ · The South Saskatchewan Regional Plan (SSRP) came into effect on September 1, 2014. The regional plan provides strategic direction for the

NOVEMBER 2018

Grassland ConservationTools Project: Summary Report

Alberta Environment and Parks, Government of Alberta November 2018 Grasslands Conservation Tools Project: Summary ReportISBN 978-1-4601-3999-8 © 2018 Government of Alberta

Policy and Planning Division, Planning Branch 3rd Floor, South Petroleum Plaza9915-108 Street, Edmonton, Alberta T5K 2G8

Photo Credit: Ian Dyson: Cover Image

Recommended citation:Alberta Environment and Parks. 2018. Grasslands Conservation Tool Project: Summary Report. Government of Alberta.https://open.alberta.ca/publications/9781460139998ISBN 978-1-4601-3999-8 (Online)

Grassland Conservation Tools Project | Summary Report 1

Table Of Contents

Introduction ....................................................................................................................................2

Project Objectives ..........................................................................................................................2

Methodology ...................................................................................................................................3

Tool Categories ...............................................................................................................................4

Categorization ...........................................................................................................................4

Multiple Tool Interactions ..........................................................................................................6

Future Research Recommendations .............................................................................................7

Additional Work in Progress ..........................................................................................................7

Acknowledgments ..........................................................................................................................8

Selected Resources Bibliography .................................................................................................8

Table 1: Categorization or Group based on tool function ..........................................................11

Grassland Conservation Tools Project | Summary Report2

IntroductionThe South Saskatchewan Regional Plan (SSRP) came into effect on September 1, 2014. The regional plan provides strategic direction for the region to achieve long-term economic, environmental and social goals. As part of the management intent for the South Saskatchewan Region, the Government of Alberta committed to numerous strategies to support biodiversity and ecosystem function, including long-term planning around management and conservation of the grasslands.

Strategy 3.14 of the SSRP provides direction to “Explore opportunities for further conservation management approaches using a collaborative approach in areas of grasslands” (SSRP, 72). This strategy is divided into Strategy 3.14 a) “explore the potential for additional conservation areas”, and Strategy 3.14 b) “work collaboratively with stakeholders and partners to explore and implement other conservation approaches and expand the range of tools used to conserve grasslands” (SSRP, pg.72).

Project ObjectivesThis Grasslands Tools Project will assist with the implementation of Section 3.14 b). More specifically this project conducted initial research on conservation tools that currently exist and/or could be applied to Alberta’s grasslands. These could then be used by provincial and municipal governments, non-government agencies and private land owners. This project delivered on three objectives:

1. A broad three categorization of tools;

2. A spreadsheet summarizing the types of tools complete with examples; and

3. A brief explanation of each conservation tool type and discussion on the potential for combining conservation tools.

Essentially, this project examined the intent for each type of tool, who is involved, whether it is market or non-market, and provides links to examples found here in Alberta, North America, and internationally (e.g. grass meadows) where grassland and grass management is occurring.

The Grasslands Tools Project has not addressed the following items: making recommendations as to a preferred suite of tools; outlining the economic, social, or environmental benefits of each tool; and providing a decision-making matrix for tool choice or selection. It simply provides an overview of what is being used as a grasslands conservation tool (or other types of conservation tools that are adaptable to grasslands conservation) and how tools may be combined. The categorization provides the lens for the project. This report provides a summary of that compilation of work including an outline of potential future research direction and a bibliography of selected resources.


MethodologyInformation for this project was collected from various provincial, national, and international resources including the internet, knowledgeable Government of Alberta staff, and grassland organizations’ literature. It was reviewed for relevance and current or potential use in Alberta’s grasslands conservation efforts.

In order to understand the objective of this grassland tools project, a review of the relevant legislation including the Alberta Land Stewardship Act (ALSA) and the SSRP was completed. The Alberta Land Stewardship Act identifies provisions to explore and test market-based conservation products (ALSA, pp. 26-43). The Act specifically identifies conservation easements, conservation directives, and exchange/conservation units/conservation off-set programs as three tools that can be supported (ALSA, pp. 27-36). It also provides the mechanism for three other avenues for conservation. These are:

• Market-based and non-market based instruments - allows support, “research and development into the creation, application and implementation of instruments, including market-based instruments…” (ALSA, pg. 26).

• Regional Plan Support - through the establishment, support or participation in programs and other measures to implement the regional plans in accordance with the Act and other legislation and policies (ALSA, pg. 26).

• Funding and Cost-Sharing – to support conservation, environmental, and agricultural values that provides protection, conservation, and/or enhancement of the environment, natural scenic or esthetic, and agricultural values and purposes (ALSA, pg. 27).

The SSRP (pg. 72) identifies provisions for collaborative work with stakeholders and partners including:

• Grazing communities

• Grazing associations

• Energy industry

• Conservation organizations, and

• Stewardship groups and other local groups

The regional plan also notes that groups such as MULTISAR and the Prairie Conservation Forum are to be given consideration in their approaches for managing and protecting grasslands on public land (SSRP, amendment 2017, pg. 73).

Projects and approaches to conservation available for grasslands conservation in Alberta and beyond were next identified. This was completed by reviewing the webpages of the types of stakeholders identified in the SSRP, local, provincial, municipal and federal government


departments involved in grasslands protection, and identifying any program, approach, or tool the organization is currently using for grassland conservation. Information collection was expanded to include communications with key Government of Alberta grassland staff experts and further expanded to include organizations and government departments outside of Alberta that also have an impact on grasslands conservation. Additional information identifying conservation projects, approaches, and tools for other types of resources that could be adapted for grassland conservation were also reviewed.

The final step was to compile the results into a comprehensive and easy to follow document. However, upon review of each program, project or approach collected, it was observed that slightly different terminologies, methods to implementation and, in some cases, grouping of tools, exist. The information was then sorted into a categorization to uncover commonalities amongst the tools, as this would provide some order to the listing of tools and provide clarity for each type of tool. To sort the projects, questions were asked:

1. What is the purpose of this project?

2. Who is involved (government, industry, landowner, land trust, etc.)?

3. What other conservation tools might be involved?

4. Are there similarities to other projects?

Tool CategoriesCategorizationWhen identifying grasslands conservation tools used in various projects and approaches, it became apparent that each could be grouped with other tools into a typology based on common attributes. The tools were first sorted into one of three broad categories or groups based on tool function. These are 1) Foundation tools, 2) Extension tools, and 3) Socio-Economic.

Foundation tools: are the legislation, regulation, plan, and policy documents that provide the foundation for grasslands conservation. Interprovincial and international treaties, agreements, and commissions that operate to provide a larger scale information exchange and/or governance mechanisms that impact grasslands conservation.

Extension tools: are the organizations, physical tools, and knowledge building blocks that provide the understanding and perform the outreach for grasslands conservation.

Socio-Economic tools: are the market and non-market tools that start and keep the act of conservation continuing.

A descriptive listing of the tool types was created with additional information including ‘common names’, a description of each, notes, and examples (Table 1).


Foundation Tools• Acts, Regulations, Policies, and By-laws

• Land-use (Zoning), legal land designations (e.g., grassland protected areas); municipal, Sub-regional and Regional Management Plans, Conservation Directives

• Species Management Plans

• Interprovincial and International Agreements

Extension Tools• Volunteer Conservation Groups and Conservation Non-Governmental Organizations

• Land Stewardship Programs

• Information Management Systems; Environmental Reporting; Monitoring Services

• Range Management Plans

• Education and Outreach; Demonstration Sites; Guideline Documents: Beneficial Management Practices/Sustainable Practices; Communication Pathways; Technical Training and Support; Toolbox Development

• Public Acknowledgement

• Building Social License

Socio-Economic Tools• Land Donations

• Land Purchases

• Land Exchange; Resource Allocation Trading

• Conservation Easements

• Payments for Ecosystem Services; Land Conversion Programs

• Conservation Offsets; Credit Banking Systems; Land/Grass Banking Systems; Development Credits

• Tax Credits; Tax Breaks; Tax Differentiation

• Event Specific Taxes (Carbon/Biodiversity/Zoning)

• Restoration and Reclamation Fees; Performance Bonds/ Deposit Refund Systems; Area Use Permits; User Fees and Fines

• Grants, Subsidies, Low-Interest Loans

• Certification and Labeling


Multiple Tool InteractionsWhen sorting the individual programs into the tool types, two things became apparent, 1) many of the tools can and are used in conjunction with one or more tools /combination with other tools, and 2) one person or institution cannot do conservation alone. For example, a conservation easement might be initiated by a land owner, but the government creates the foundational pieces - the legislation - that allow for the easement to exist. The government also runs the land titles office which records the event. The easement would be administered and monitored by a land trust. Further to this, the land owner, by placing a conservation easement on their own property, may then qualify for reduced grazing fees in another non-governmental organization owned grass bank system (such as the case with Montana’s Matador Grass Bank) or a tax credit (such as Ontario’s land tax incentives program). In other words, because of the strong connections that exist among some tools, using one tool for conservation does not exclude the use of other tools (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Depiction of how conservation tools can be combined to achieve grassland conservation.


Future Research RecommendationsThere are three avenues for future research on grassland conservation tools. These opportunities could be completed by a number of agencies that are interested in pursuing a specific tool or approach, including government, academia and other interest groups (i.e. The Land Stewardship Centre).

1. Research the effectiveness, the cost, ease of use/adoption, and the policy requirements of each of the tool types. Each tool would need to be evaluated on its potential social, environmental and economic performance before determining its applicability and practicality to Alberta. A policy analysis, including policy gaps, would be needed as well as policy development.

2. Determine the benefit – neutral, positive or negative – of each tool. As a tool can be both positive and negative – depending on the stakeholder – what is a positive incentive or benefit to the land owner may be a negative benefit to the government. For example, payment for ecosystem services is a benefit to the land owner but a cost to whoever is paying for the service.

3. Create a decision-making matrix for determining choice or selection of a tool from the perspective of the government, the non-governmental organization or land trust, the business or industry, and from the landowner. As each type of stakeholder (government, non-governmental organization or land trust, business or industry, and landowner) would have different needs and access to different resources, a multi-perspective matrix would better assist in evaluating and determining the appropriate tool for conservation for the stakeholder in question.

Additional Work in ProgressInformation from the initial stages of this Grasslands Tools Project was shared with the Great Northern Landscape Conservation Cooperative (GNLCC) as a contribution to the terrestrial connectivity toolbox for the Alberta portion of the GNLCC. The GNLCC is currently building a framework for classifying action across the GNLCC, particularly related to connectivity conservation. Their framework is adapted from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) – The Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation’s Actions Classification (The Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation, 2016,

http://cmp-openstandards.org/using-os/tools/actions-taxonomy/) and includes information from regional examples, such as this grasslands tool project. Good partnerships are essential for ensuring conservation actions are effective across landscapes.


AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgements to the following Government of Alberta staff who contributed to the input, writing and version edits of this project: Linda Cerney, Amber Zary, Ian Dyson (retired), Sam Wirzba (retired), Heather Sinton (retired), Christine Sweet, Anish Neupane, Karen Raven, Karen Sundquist, Amanda J. Miller, Craig DeMaere and Mike Alexander. Illustration built by Jamin Doherty.

Selected Resources BibliographyBeaver Hills Initiative. (2016). Home page. www.beaverhills.ca/

Center for Land Use Education. (2006). Planning implementation tools: Conservation design. University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, 4p. www.uwsp.edu/cnr-ap/clue/Documents/PlanImplementation/Conservation_Design.pdf

City of Edmonton. (2017). Environmental stewardship. www.edmonton.ca/programs_services/environmental/environmental-what-you-can-do.aspx

Commission for Environmental Cooperation. (2017). CEC’s grasslands work. www.cec.org/tools-and-resources/grasslands-tool/grasslands-beneficial-management-practices-tool

Community conserve (2017). ALSA’s conservation tools for municipalities: A webinar series. www.communityconserve.ca/completed-projects/alsatoolswebinars/

Credit Valley Conservation. (2015). Bird-friendly certified hay. https://secure.creditvalleyca.ca/your-land-water/grassland-bird-recovery-program/bird-friendly-certified-hay/

European Commission. (2015). Environment: LIFE program: Home: Habitats: Grasslands. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.getProjects&themeID=88&projectList

Furber, D. (2014). Fee-for-service conservation. Canadian Cattlemen (Aug 21, 2014). www.canadiancattlemen.ca/2014/08/21/fee-for-service-conservation/

Good, K and R. Haddock. (2012). Grassland stewardship conservation programming on natural grasslands used for livestock production: Grasslands stewardship certification schemes. Miistakis Institute, Alberta: 39p. www.rockies.ca/project_info/Grassland_Stewardship_Conservation_Programming_CBP_SEP_2013.pdf


Government of Alberta. (2013). Alberta land stewardship act: Statutes of Alberta, 2009: Chapter A-2.8: Current as of December 11, 2013. Queen’s Printer, Edmonton, AB: 56p.

Government of Alberta. (2017). South Saskatchewan regional plan 2014-2024: An Alberta land-use framework integrated plan. Amended February 2017. Edmonton, AB. 207p. https://landuse.alberta.ca/LandUse%20Documents/South%20Saskatchewan%20Regional%20Plan%202014-2024%20-%20February%202017.pdf

Government of Georgia. (2014). Low interest loans for land conservation projects. https://glcp.georgia.gov/sites/glcp.georgia.gov/files/related_files/document/Low%20Interest%20Loans.pdf

Government of Ontario. (2015). Ontario conservation land tax incentive program. www.ontario.ca/environment-and-energy/conservation-land-tax-incentive-program

Greenway, G. and K. Good (2008). Transfer of development credits in Alberta: A feasibility review. Miistakis Institute, Alberta: 65p. www.rockies.ca/project_info/TDCFeasibilityReviewMiistakis.pdf

Land Trust Alliance. (2015). Home page. www.landtrustalliance.org/

Minnesota Prairie Plan Working Group. (2018). Minnesota prairie conservation plan, 2nd edition. Minnesota. 71p. www.nature.org/media/minnesota/mn-prairie-conservation-plan.pdf

MULTISAR. (2017). Partnering with landowners to conserve grassland species at risk in Alberta. http://multisar.ca/

Nature Conservancy. (2015). Matador grassbank. www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/montana/placesweprotect/matador-grassbank.xml

Nature Conservancy of Canada, Alberta Region. (n.d.) Stewardship Credit Program Pilot Project: A How-to Guide for Implementation. 47pp. www.flagstaff.ab.ca/images/Nature-Conservancy-of-Canada-Stewardship-Credit-Program.pdf

Ontario Power Authority and Independent Electricity System Operator. (2014). Conservation first framework. www.ieso.ca/sector-participants/conservation-delivery-and-tools/conservation-first-framework

Pannell, D. J. (2008). Public: Private benefits framework version 3. INFFER Working Paper 0805, University of Western Australia. www.ceep.uwa.edu.au/publications/benefits


Pennsylvania Land Trust Association. (2015). Library of Resources. http://conservationtools.org/library_items

Prairie Pothole Joint Venture. (2015). Home page. http://ppjv.org/

Stirrett, S., R. Rolfe, and S. Shewchuk. (2012).The invisible hand’s green thumb: Market-based instruments for environmental protection in Alberta. Canada West Foundation: 47p. http://cwf.ca/research/publications/the-invisible-hands-green-thumb-market-based-instruments-for-environmental-protection-in-alberta/

The Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation. (2016). http://cmp-openstandards.org/using-os/tools/actions-taxonomy/

United States Natural Resources Conservation Service. (2015). Home page. www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/site/national/home/

Village of Breton. (2015). Coyote Lake nature sanctuary. www.village.breton.ab.ca/coyote.html


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lant

s/d

ocum

ents

/SA

R-S

mal

l-flo

wer

edS

and

Verb

ena-

Rec

over

yPla

n-O

ct20

12.

pd

f

Foun

dat

ion

Inte

rpro

vinc

ial

& In

tern

atio

nal

Agr

eem

ents

an

d

Par

tner

ship

s

Agr

eem

ents

or

par

tner

ship

s b

etw

een

gove

rnm

ents

- e

ither

p

rovi

ncia

lly o

r na

tiona

lly -

tha

t p

rom

ote

and

enc

oura

ge t

he

man

agem

ent

of a

res

ourc

e or

la

rge-

scal

e ar

ea.

Pro

vinc

ial

Gov

ernm

ent

Mon

itorin

g or

gani

zatio

ns;

Con

serv

atio

n G

roup

s

No

dire

ct g

rass

land

s ag

reem

ents

b

etw

een

Alb

erta

and

oth

er p

rovi

nces

or

sta

tes.

Ind

irect

ly, t

he N

orth

Am

eric

an

Wat

erfo

wl M

anag

emen

t P

lan

(NA

WM

P) w

orks

to

reta

in im

por

tant

ha

bita

t of

mig

rato

ry w

ater

fow

l, in

clud

ing

gras

slan

d w

etla

nds.

Ther

e is

a t

ri-co

untr

y co

mm

issi

on -

Th

e C

omm

issi

on fo

r E

nviro

nmen

tal

Coo

per

atio

n (C

EC

) - w

hich

is a

p

artn

ersh

ip b

etw

een

Can

ada,

the

U

S, a

nd M

exic

o fo

r th

e C

entr

al

Gra

ssla

nds.

Tran

sbou

ndar

y G

rass

land

s P

artn

ersh

ip b

etw

een

Alb

erta

, S

aska

tche

wan

and

Mon

tana

with

in a

d

efine

d b

ound

ary

(initi

ated

).

NA

WM

Pht

tp:/

/naw

mp

.w

etla

ndne

twor

k.ca

/wha

t-is

-naw

mp

/

CE

Cw

ww

3.ce

c.or

g/is

land

ora/

en/it

em/1

964-

gras

slan

ds-

tow

ard

-nor

th-a

mer

ican

-co

nser

vatio

n-st

rate

gy-e

n.p

df

Tran

sbo

und

ary

Gra

ssla

nds

Par

tner

ship

ww

w.a

lber

tap

cf.

org/

tran

sbou

ndar

y/tr

ansb

ound

ary


Cat

ego

riza

tio

nC

ons

erva

tio

n To

ol N

ame

Wha

t it

Do

esW

ho is

In

volv

edO

ther

Co

nser

vati

on

Too

l Co

mp

one

nts

No

tes

Web

site

Res

our

ces

(Exa

mp

les)

Ext

ensi

onVo

lunt

ary

Con

serv

atio

n G

roup

s an

d

Con

serv

atio

n no

n-go

vern

men

t

orga

niza

tions

Non

-pro

fit o

rgan

izat

ions

, oft

en

regi

ster

ed u

nder

Alb

erta

’s

Soc

ietie

s A

ct a

lthou

gh t

here

ar

e in

form

al g

roup

s th

at

have

a m

and

ate

focu

sed

on

cons

erva

tion.

The

se g

roup

s d

eliv

er o

n th

eir

man

dat

e th

roug

h p

roje

cts,

ed

ucat

ion

and

out

reac

h p

rogr

ams,

res

earc

h, p

ublic

aw

aren

ess

cam

pai

gns,

etc

. S

ome

of t

he n

on-g

over

nmen

t or

gani

zatio

ns a

re L

and

Tru

sts

and

pra

ctic

e co

nser

vatio

n th

roug

h p

urch

ase

of la

nd, t

he

pur

chas

e an

d a

dm

inis

trat

ion

of

cons

erva

tion

ease

men

ts, a

nd

agre

emen

ts w

ith la

ndow

ners

.

Land

Ow

ners

; In

div

idua

ls;

Bus

ines

s C

omm

unity

; N

on-P

rofit

O

rgan

izat

ions

; In

dus

try

Gov

ernm

ent

Ther

e ar

e m

any

non-

gove

rnm

ent

orga

niza

tions

and

vol

unta

ry

cons

erva

tion

grou

ps

invo

lved

in

gra

ssla

nds

cons

erva

tion

in

Alb

erta

. Exa

mp

les

of v

olun

tary

an

d n

on-g

over

nmen

t co

nser

vatio

n gr

oup

s in

clud

e th

e A

lber

ta P

rairi

e C

onse

rvat

ion

Foru

m, A

lber

ta

Nat

ive

Pla

nt C

ounc

il, a

nd t

he

Foot

hills

Res

tora

tion

Foru

m, N

atur

e C

onse

rvan

cy o

f Can

ada,

Can

adia

n P

arks

and

Wild

erne

ss S

ocie

ty

(CPA

WS

), an

d D

ucks

Unl

imite

d.

Alb

erta

Pra

irie

C

ons

erva

tio

n Fo

rum

ww

w.a

lber

tap

cf.o

rg/h

ome

Alb

erta

Nat

ive

Pla

nt

Co

unci

lht

tp:/

/anp

c.ab

.ca/

Foo

thill

s R

esto

rati

on

Foru

mht

tps:

//fo

othi

llsre

stor

atio

n fo

rum

.ca/

Ext

ensi

onIn

form

atio

n M

anag

emen

t S

yste

ms;

E

nviro

nmen

tal

Rep

ortin

g;

Mon

itorin

g S

ervi

ces

This

sui

te o

f too

ls a

re u

sed

for

gath

erin

g, r

ecor

din

g, r

epor

ting,

an

d m

onito

ring

info

rmat

ion

for

cons

erva

tion

need

s, g

oals

and

ob

ject

ives

, etc

.

Gov

ernm

ent;

N

on-P

rofit

O

rgan

izat

ions

; In

dus

try

Mon

itorin

g or

gani

zatio

ns;

Con

serv

atio

n G

roup

s;

pro

gram

dev

elop

ers/

te

chni

cian

s; e

tc.

Ther

e ar

e m

any

tool

s ou

t th

ere

to c

olle

ct, a

naly

ze, m

anag

e,

and

mon

itor

info

rmat

ion

and

/or

cons

erva

tion

site

s. T

hese

too

ls

rang

e fr

om G

IS-b

ased

ap

plic

atio

ns

to t

he fo

rms

to c

olle

ct d

ata,

to

the

dat

abas

es u

sed

for

dat

a an

alys

is

and

ret

entio

n. T

hey

can

be

cust

om-

dev

elop

ed a

nd s

uite

d t

o a

par

ticul

ar

orga

niza

tion

or p

roje

ct n

eed

suc

h as

th

e G

rass

land

s Ve

geta

tion

Inve

ntor

y or

the

y ca

n b

e ‘o

ff-th

e-sh

elf’

suc

h as

p

rogr

ams

like

Mar

xan.

Gra

ssla

nds

Veg

etat

ion

Inve

nto

ryw

ww

.alb

erta

pcf

.org

/nat

ive-

pra

irie-

inve

ntor

ies/

gvi

Mar

xan

ww

w.u

q.e

du.

au/m

arxa

n/


Cat

ego

riza

tio

nC

ons

erva

tio

n To

ol N

ame

Wha

t it

Do

esW

ho is

In

volv

edO

ther

Co

nser

vati

on

Too

l Co

mp

one

nts

No

tes

Web

site

Res

our

ces

(Exa

mp

les)

Ext

ensi

onE

duc

atio

n an

d O

utre

ach;

D

emon

stra

tion

Site

s; G

uid

elin

e D

ocum

ents

; B

enefi

cial

M

anag

emen

t P

ract

ices

or

Sus

tain

able

P

ract

ice

Ste

ps;

Ran

ge

Man

agem

ent

Pla

ns;

Com

mun

icat

ion

Pat

hway

s;

Tech

nica

l Tr

aini

ng a

nd

Sup

por

t;

and

Too

lbox

D

evel

opm

ent

Thes

e ar

e th

e to

ols

that

tr

ansl

ate

the

regu

lato

ry

and

non

-reg

ulat

ory

pie

ces

into

act

ual o

n-th

e-gr

ound

p

roce

sses

. It

incl

udes

the

d

ay-t

o-d

ay c

onse

rvat

ion

man

agem

ent

pra

ctic

es a

s w

ell

as t

he e

duc

atio

n an

d o

utre

ach

(incl

udin

g d

emon

stra

tion

site

s)

pro

gram

s an

d t

ools

. The

se a

re

the

tool

s th

at h

elp

the

peo

ple

in

volv

ed in

con

serv

atio

n to

p

erfo

rm t

heir

dai

ly w

ork.

Gov

ernm

ent;

N

on-P

rofit

O

rgan

izat

ions

; In

dus

try;

La

ndow

ners

; La

nd T

rust

s

Ed

ucat

ion

spec

ialis

ts;

writ

ers;

faci

litat

ors

Thes

e to

ols

rang

e fr

om b

est

man

agem

ent

pra

ctic

es s

uch

as

how

to

eval

uate

, pla

n an

d e

xecu

te

a co

ntro

lled

bur

n to

doc

umen

ts

pro

vid

ing

guid

elin

es o

n re

clam

atio

n to

ed

ucat

iona

l pro

gram

s. T

his

suite

of

too

ls in

clud

e p

ublic

ed

ucat

ion/

par

ticip

atio

n ac

tiviti

es s

uch

as

gras

slan

ds

tour

s or

inva

sive

wee

d

pul

l eve

nts

as le

arni

ng d

evic

es s

uch

as t

he A

lber

ta W

eed

Sp

otte

r ap

p fo

r sm

artp

hone

s.

An

exam

ple

is t

he A

ntel

ope

Cre

ek

Ran

ch –

for

rang

e m

anag

emen

t p

lann

ing

with

in a

hab

itat

dev

elop

men

t ar

ea.

Co

nser

vati

on

and

R

ecla

mat

ion

Gui

del

ines

fo

r N

ativ

e G

rass

land

s ht

tp:/

/aep

.alb

erta

.ca/

land

/pro

gram

s-an

d-

serv

ices

/rec

lam

atio

n-an

d-

rem

edia

tion/

cons

erva

tion-

and

-rec

lam

atio

n/ge

nera

l-gu

idel

ines

-te

chni

cal-

reso

urce

s/d

efau

lt.as

px

Bes

t M

anag

emen

t P

ract

ices

fo

r P

ipel

ine

Co

nstr

ucti

on

in N

ativ

e P

rair

ie E

nvir

onm

ents

ww

w.a

er.c

a/d

ocum

ents

/ap

plic

atio

ns/

Bes

tMan

agem

ent

Pra

ctic

esP

ipel

ine.

pd

f

Alb

erta

Wee

d S

po

tter

(a

pp

fo

r p

hone

)ht

tps:

//itu

nes.

app

le.c

om/c

a/ap

p/

alb

erta

-wee

d-s

pot

ter/

id88

9877

970?

mt=

8

Ant

elo

pe

Cre

ek R

anch

ww

w.a

ntel

opec

reek

ranc

h.ca

/

Ext

ensi

onP

ublic

A

ckno

wle

dge

-m

ent

Pub

lic a

ckno

wle

dgi

ng

ind

ivid

uals

, com

pan

ies,

or

gani

zatio

ns, d

epar

tmen

ts, e

tc.

that

hav

e m

ade

achi

evem

ents

in

con

serv

atio

n or

tha

t ha

ve

sup

por

ted

con

serv

atio

n as

a

way

to

enco

urag

e fu

rthe

r co

nser

vatio

n, a

nd a

lso

a w

ay

to b

uild

pos

itive

soc

ial l

icen

se.

Eve

nts

can

be

loca

l, re

gion

al,

pro

vinc

ial o

r na

tiona

l.

Gov

ernm

ent;

La

nd O

wne

rs;

Bus

ines

s C

omm

unity

; N

on-P

rofit

O

rgan

izat

ions

; In

dus

try

Com

mun

ity le

ader

s an

d m

emb

ers

Pub

lic a

ckno

wle

dge

men

t ca

n b

e as

si

mp

le a

s lis

ting

don

ors

to a

pro

ject

in

a p

rese

ntat

ion

or b

roch

ure

to

gala

eve

nts

that

dra

w in

the

bro

ader

p

ublic

. An

exam

ple

of a

pro

vinc

ial

awar

d/a

ckno

wle

dge

men

t p

rogr

am

is A

lber

ta’s

Em

eral

d A

war

ds

and

the

P

rairi

e C

onse

rvat

ion

Aw

ard

.

Em

eral

d A

war

ds

http

://e

mer

ald

foun

dat

ion.

ca/e

mer

ald

-aw

ard

s/

Pra

irie

Co

nser

vati

on

and

E

ndan

ger

ed S

pec

ies-

P

rair

ie C

ons

erva

tio

n A

war

ds

ww

w.p

cesc

.ca/

awar

ds/

pra

irie-

cons

erva

tion-

awar

ds.

asp

x


Cat

ego

riza

tio

nC

ons

erva

tio

n To

ol N

ame

Wha

t it

Do

esW

ho is

In

volv

edO

ther

Co

nser

vati

on

Too

l Co

mp

one

nts

No

tes

Web

site

Res

our

ces

(Exa

mp

les)

Ext

ensi

onB

uild

ing

Soc

ial

Lice

nse

Soc

ial l

icen

se is

the

com

mun

ity

or s

ocie

ty’s

acc

epta

nce

or

app

rova

l of s

omet

hing

tha

t ha

s im

pac

t on

ind

ivid

uals

, co

mm

uniti

es, o

r so

ciet

y as

a

who

le. I

t is

oft

en u

sed

in

refe

renc

e to

res

ourc

e ex

trac

tion

situ

atio

ns w

here

com

mun

ity

rese

rvat

ion

is o

verc

ome

thro

ugh

ongo

ing

sust

aine

d

inve

stm

ent

and

rel

atio

nshi

p

bui

ldin

g. A

lthou

gh in

tang

ible

an

d o

ften

info

rmal

, act

ions

ce

nter

ed o

n tim

ely

and

effe

ctiv

e co

mm

unic

atio

n, t

rans

par

ency

, m

eani

ngfu

l dia

logu

e, a

nd e

thic

al

and

res

pon

sib

le b

ehav

ior

are

core

to

bui

ldin

g so

cial

lice

nse.

W

hile

it is

mos

t of

ten

refe

rred

to

in r

esou

rce

extr

actio

n, it

is a

lso

a ke

y re

qui

rem

ent

for

any

pro

ject

th

at n

eed

s b

road

com

mun

ity

acce

pta

nce

in o

rder

to

be

acco

mp

lishe

d. A

reas

tha

t ar

e se

eing

an

incr

easi

ng n

eed

for

soci

al li

cens

e in

clud

e ag

ricul

ture

, go

vern

men

t, n

eigh

bor

hood

d

evel

opm

ent/

rene

wal

s, w

aste

m

anag

emen

t, a

nd c

onse

rvat

ion/

gree

n p

rogr

ams.

Gov

ernm

ent;

B

usin

ess

Com

mun

ity;

Non

-Pro

fit

Org

aniz

atio

ns;

Ind

ustr

y

Com

mun

ity le

ader

s an

d m

emb

ers

Bui

ldin

g so

cial

lice

nse

is m

ore

abou

t th

e ac

tions

of t

hose

invo

lved

in t

he

pro

ject

or

situ

atio

n ra

ther

tha

n th

e in

tent

of t

he p

roje

ct o

r si

tuat

ion.

In

oth

er w

ord

s, w

hat

is s

aid

and

d

one

is m

ore

influ

entia

l tha

n w

hat

is

pro

mis

ed.

Res

earc

h ar

ticle

ww

w.a

lber

tafa

rmex

pre

ss.

ca/2

016/

04/0

6/gr

azin

g-gr

assl

and

s-is

-goo

d-f

or-

the-

envi

ronm

ent-

stud

y-fin

ds/

Soc

io-

Eco

nom

ic

Non

-Mar

ket

Land

Don

atio

ns

/ gi

fts

The

land

ow

ner

initi

ates

the

p

roce

ss w

ith e

ither

a le

vel o

f go

vern

men

t or

with

a n

on-p

rofit

la

nd t

rust

. Lan

d is

don

ated

for

the

pur

pos

e of

con

serv

atio

n an

d

can

be

calle

d a

nat

ure

rese

rve,

na

ture

san

ctua

ry, c

onse

rvat

ion

area

, etc

.

Pro

vinc

ial

Gov

ernm

ent,

Lo

cal

Gov

ernm

ent;

La

nd T

rust

s;

Land

Ow

ners

Land

Titl

es; L

and

Z

onin

g; L

and

-use

, S

ub-R

egio

nal,

and

Reg

iona

l M

anag

emen

t P

lans

Exa

mp

les:

Coy

ote

Lake

Nat

ure

San

ctua

ry, A

nn a

nd S

and

y C

ross

C

onse

rvat

ion

Are

a, O

H R

anch

(nea

r Lo

ngvi

ew)

Ant

elop

e H

ill L

and

don

atio

n (3

80

hect

ares

) of u

ndis

turb

ed n

ativ

e gr

assl

and

tha

t b

ecam

e A

lber

ta’s

76

Pro

vinc

ial P

ark

ww

w.v

illag

e.b

reto

n.ab

.ca/

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tml h

ttp

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ww

.al

ber

tap

arks

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te-

lake

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x

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w.a

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arks

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alb

erta

par

ksca

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Wha

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Do

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volv

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mp

one

nts

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Web

site

Res

our

ces

(Exa

mp

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Soc

io-

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nom

ic

Mar

ket

Land

P

urch

ases

Gov

ernm

ents

may

pur

chas

e p

rivat

e la

nd fo

r a

spec

ific

cons

erva

tion

pur

pos

e, o

ften

us

ed a

s a

last

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Lan

d

trus

ts a

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non-

gove

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niza

tions

(e.g

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atur

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onse

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cy) m

ay a

lso

pur

chas

e p

rivat

e la

nd.

Con

serv

atio

n O

rgan

izat

ions

, P

rovi

ncia

l G

over

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t;

Loca

l G

over

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ivid

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iona

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mp

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non-

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fit

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ks U

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anad

a (D

UC

): La

ndow

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gram

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d P

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am

whe

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UC

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chas

es la

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hen

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it w

ith a

con

serv

atio

n ea

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ent.

Priv

ate

ind

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may

als

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ase

land

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mot

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into

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izat

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to

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Mar

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Land

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la

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itiat

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anad

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anch

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th

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toric

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serv

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cons

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ts w

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re t

he p

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of a

larg

e p

ortio

n of

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erta

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ativ

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per

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the

gras

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per

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whe

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alb

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ture

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roje

cts/

wal

dro

n/

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salts

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tect

/

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w.a

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com

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nom

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men

ts fo

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re u

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w la

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lso

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op

tion

to r

enew

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allo

w

an in

div

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l to

sub

mit

a b

id t

o ca

rry

out

cons

erva

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actio

ns

on t

heir

pro

per

ty a

nd d

eter

min

e th

e co

st o

f car

ryin

g ou

t th

is

wor

k; t

his

pro

vid

es in

cent

ives

fo

r p

rivat

e p

artic

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whi

le

utili

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fund

s fo

r co

nser

vatio

n.

Pro

vinc

ial

Gov

ernm

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Lo

cal

Gov

ernm

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La

nd O

wne

rs;

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Tru

sts;

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on-P

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rgan

izat

ions

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Titl

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and

-use

, S

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nal,

and

Reg

iona

l M

anag

emen

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lans

Ther

e ar

e no

gov

ernm

ent-

led

p

rogr

ams

at t

his

time

in A

lber

ta.

Tria

ls o

f an

Eco

syst

em S

ervi

ces

app

roac

h in

Alb

erta

are

: 1) t

he

Eco

syst

em S

ervi

ces

Ap

pro

ach

Pilo

t on

wet

land

s (in

an

area

on

the

east

sid

e of

Cal

gary

) in

2010

-201

1 to

hel

p p

rovi

de

info

rmat

ion

for

wet

land

man

agem

ent

and

tes

t ho

w

the

Eco

syst

em S

ervi

ces

app

roac

h ca

n su

pp

ort

dec

isio

n-m

akin

g, a

nd

2) c

urre

nt w

ork

on v

ario

us p

roje

cts

rela

ted

to

how

Eco

syst

em S

ervi

ces

asse

ssm

ents

can

be

used

for

spec

ific

pro

ject

s (L

ower

Ath

abas

ca

regi

on) (

e.g.

LE

AP

Alg

ar p

roje

ct).

Exa

mp

le: A

lber

ta n

on-g

over

nmen

tal

orga

niza

tion

pro

gram

- A

lber

ta

Con

serv

atio

n A

ssoc

iatio

n’s

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owne

r H

abita

t P

rogr

am.

Exa

mp

le: l

and

con

vers

ion/

cons

erva

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pro

gram

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un b

y th

e U

nite

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tate

s D

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t of

A

gric

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re (U

SD

A).

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xam

ple

s: C

onse

rvat

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Auc

tion-

run

by

the

Aus

tral

ian

Gov

ernm

ent–

Bus

h Te

nder

Tria

l and

H

abita

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anag

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gree

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pro

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nom

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nt S

pec

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ities

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ount

of t

ax

pai

d d

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ds

on t

he a

mou

nt o

f ac

tivity

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ind

ivid

ual o

r b

usin

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doe

s.

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leve

ls o

f G

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t;

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owne

rs;

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ustr

y

Fina

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ents

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No

gras

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pro

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s at

thi

s tim

e in

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hrou

gh t

he C

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hang

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d E

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anag

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t Fu

nd w

as a

n ex

amp

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f an

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ac

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sp

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x.

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open

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/dat

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s-m

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ket,

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serv

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ly o

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p

art)

nega

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imp

acts

tha

t ar

e an

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to

occu

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ano

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stor

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rvat

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pro

ject

s, a

cre

dit

ban

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can

be

used

. Lan

d

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rs, b

usin

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fits,

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ven

cred

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th

e cr

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tem

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othe

rs a

s p

art

of a

con

diti

on

to r

ecei

ve d

evel

opm

ent

per

mits

or

dis

pos

ition

s or

as

soci

al a

ccou

ntab

ility

. Can

b

e d

evel

oped

and

op

erat

ed

by

gove

rnm

ents

, Non

-Pro

fit

Org

aniz

atio

ns, p

rivat

e.

All

leve

ls

Gov

ernm

ent;

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nd O

wne

rs;

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ines

s C

omm

unity

; N

on-P

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O

rgan

izat

ions

; In

dus

try;

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d

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ts

Land

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es; F

inan

cial

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epar

tmen

ts;

Pur

chas

e/Tr

ansf

er o

f D

evel

opm

ent

Rig

hts;

La

nd u

se p

lans

Alb

erta

offs

et e

xam

ple

s: S

outh

east

C

onse

rvat

ion

Offs

et P

ilot;

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land

P

olic

y; C

arb

on O

ffset

Sys

tem

.

Inte

rnat

iona

l Offs

et p

rogr

ams

incl

ude:

Con

serv

atio

n B

anki

ng in

the

U

S; H

abita

ts a

nd B

irds

Dire

ctiv

es in

th

e E

U; B

razi

l - F

ores

t R

egul

atio

n;

Sw

itzer

land

- N

atur

e an

d L

and

scap

e p

rote

ctio

n la

ws.

Can

req

uire

a g

reat

ex

pen

se t

o st

art

up a

nd r

equi

res

long

-ter

m m

anag

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d

finan

cial

sup

por

t (th

roug

h gr

ants

, en

dow

men

ts o

r fo

und

atio

ns) a

s w

ell

as a

n ex

tern

al m

onito

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aud

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sy

stem

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Alb

erta

exa

mp

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f Pur

chas

e or

Tr

ansf

er o

f Dev

elop

men

t R

ight

s/C

red

its: T

wo

coun

ties

have

pol

icie

s th

at in

corp

orat

e so

me

asp

ects

of

this

: Whe

atla

nd C

ount

y an

d B

igho

rn

Mun

icip

al D

istr

ict.

A p

ilot

pro

ject

has

b

een

run

in t

he B

eave

r H

ills

Initi

ativ

e A

rea.

See

als

o “T

rans

fer

of D

evel

opm

ent

Cre

dits

in A

lber

ta: A

Fea

sib

ility

R

evie

w”

pre

par

ed b

y G

reen

away

&

Goo

d -

Miis

taki

s In

stitu

te fo

r G

oA

(htt

p:/

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Feas

ibili

tyR

evie

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f ) a

nd P

ract

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de

to T

rans

fer

of

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men

t C

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its (h

ttp

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The

Nat

ure

Con

serv

ancy

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anad

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CC

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bee

n p

ilotin

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new

co

nser

vatio

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ol –

the

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war

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dit

Pilo

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rogr

am t

hat

pro

vid

es

ince

ntiv

es fo

r p

rivat

e la

nd h

old

ers

who

mai

ntai

n an

d e

nhan

ce t

heir

own

ranc

hes

to o

ff-se

t fe

es t

o gr

aze

on

NC

C la

nds.

So

uthe

ast

Co

nser

vati

on

Off

set

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tw

ww

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tana

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atad

or-g

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ban

k.xm

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Co

nser

vati

on

ban

king

ww

w.w

ildlif

e.ca

.gov

/C

onse

rvat

ion/

Pla

nnin

g/B

anki

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Dev

elo

pm

ent

Rig

hts

Tran

sfer

: Bea

ver

Hill

s In

itia

tive

ww

w.b

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rhill

s.ca

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NC

C-

Ste

war

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ww

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imag

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Pro

gram

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Cat

ego

riza

tio

nC

ons

erva

tio

n To

ol N

ame

Wha

t it

Do

esW

ho is

In

volv

edO

ther

Co

nser

vati

on

Too

l Co

mp

one

nts

No

tes

Web

site

Res

our

ces

(Exa

mp

les)

Soc

io-

Eco

nom

ic

Non

-Mar

ket,

M

arke

t

Res

tora

tion

&

Rec

lam

atio

n Fe

es a

nd W

ork;

P

erfo

rman

ce

Bon

ds/

Dep

osit

Ref

und

S

yste

ms;

Are

a U

se P

erm

its;

Use

r Fe

es &

Fi

nes

Thos

e se

ekin

g to

con

duc

t ac

tiviti

es t

hat

coul

d h

arm

co

nser

vatio

n ef

fort

s p

re-p

ay

and

/or

pay

aft

er t

he fa

ct t

o re

stor

e an

d r

ecla

im a

reas

d

amag

ed.

All

leve

ls o

f G

over

nmen

t;

Land

Ow

ners

; B

usin

ess

Com

mun

ity;

Non

-Pro

fit

Org

aniz

atio

ns;

Ind

ustr

y

Mon

itorin

g or

gani

zatio

nsA

pp

lies

to a

wid

e va

riety

of a

ctiv

ities

fr

om o

il an

d g

as w

ell s

ite/p

ipel

ine

rest

orat

ion

and

rec

lam

atio

n (b

oth

pre

-pay

and

pay

aft

er) t

o re

cycl

ing

fee

atta

ched

to

bev

erag

e co

ntai

ners

(p

re-p

ay).

For

info

rmat

ion

on s

ecur

ity

for

land

rec

lam

atio

n p

erfo

rman

ce in

Alb

erta

: ht

tp:/

/aep

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erta

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land

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gram

s-an

d-

serv

ices

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lam

atio

n-an

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rem

edia

tion/

cons

erva

tion-

and

-rec

lam

atio

n/ge

nera

l-gu

idel

ines

-te

chni

cal-

reso

urce

s/fin

anci

al-s

ecur

ity-f

or-

recl

amat

ion.

asp

x

Soc

io-

Eco

nom

ic

Non

-Mar

ket

Gra

nts,

S

ubsi

die

s,

Low

-Int

eres

t Lo

ans

Gra

nts,

sub

sid

ies,

and

low

-in

tere

st lo

ans

can

pro

vid

e in

cent

ives

to

enco

urag

e co

nser

vatio

n. G

rant

s ca

n co

me

from

all

leve

ls o

f gov

ernm

ent,

b

usin

esse

s, t

rust

s, a

nd n

on-

pro

fit o

rgan

izat

ions

. Thi

s m

anne

r of

fund

ing

can

rang

e fr

om

gran

ts t

hat

are

give

n to

sup

por

t or

gani

zatio

ns in

the

pur

suit

of

cons

erva

tion

to g

rant

s gi

ven

to s

upp

ort

spec

ific

pro

ject

s.

Sub

sid

ies

and

low

-int

eres

t lo

ans

typ

ical

ly c

ome

from

go

vern

men

ts; h

owev

er, s

ome

orga

niza

tions

als

o p

rovi

de

thes

e ty

pes

of i

ncen

tives

. C

onse

rvat

ion

sub

sid

ies

are

ofte

n us

ed t

o re

pla

ce in

com

e th

at w

ould

be

lost

due

to

pur

suin

g an

act

ivity

tha

t ha

s ot

her

ben

efits

tha

n ec

onom

ic

(for

exam

ple

, pay

ing

for

fallo

w

field

vs

the

cash

mad

e fr

om

a cr

op).

Low

-int

eres

t lo

ans

are

used

to

imp

rove

or

bui

ld

a b

est

man

agem

ent

pra

ctic

e or

infr

astr

uctu

re o

r to

ass

ist

in t

he p

urch

ase

of la

nds

for

cons

erva

tion.

All

leve

ls

Gov

ernm

ent;

La

nd O

wne

rs;

Bus

ines

s C

omm

unity

; N

on-P

rofit

O

rgan

izat

ions

; In

dus

try

Fina

nce

Dep

artm

ents

; m

onito

ring

orga

niza

tions

Gra

ssla

nd g

rant

s an

d s

ubsi

die

s co

me

in m

any

form

s. E

xam

ple

s in

clud

e:

The

Alb

erta

Eco

trus

t Fo

und

atio

n ha

s m

any

colla

bor

ator

s an

d

fund

ers

for

thei

r p

rogr

am p

rovi

din

g en

viro

nmen

tal g

rant

s to

var

ious

en

viro

nmen

tal n

on-g

over

nmen

t gr

oup

s an

d F

irst

Nat

ions

.

The

Alb

erta

Lan

d T

rust

Gra

nt

Pro

gram

focu

ses

on c

onse

rvin

g ar

eas

of e

colo

gica

l im

por

tanc

e w

ith g

rant

s av

aila

ble

to

land

tru

st

agen

cies

for

new

con

serv

atio

n ea

sem

ents

and

pro

ject

s.

The

Gov

ernm

ent

of C

anad

a al

so h

as

the

Hab

itat

Ste

war

dsh

ip P

rogr

am fo

r sp

ecie

s at

ris

k ha

bita

t p

rote

ctio

n.

Ad

diti

onal

exa

mp

les:

Can

ada-

C

olum

bia

Bas

in T

rust

- G

rass

land

an

d R

ange

land

Enh

ance

men

t p

rogr

am a

nd in

tern

atio

nally

, the

re

are

pro

gram

s su

ch a

s C

ut a

nd C

hew

–

UK

, Geo

rgia

Lan

d C

onse

rvat

ion

Rev

olvi

ng L

oan

Fund

– U

SA

.

Alb

erta

Eco

trus

t E

nvir

onm

enta

l Gra

nt

Pro

gra

mht

tps:

//al

ber

taec

otru

st.

com

/wha

t-w

e-d

o/en

viro

nmen

tal-

gran

ts/

The

Alb

erta

Lan

d T

rust

G

rant

Pro

gra

mht

tp:/

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land

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in

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fund

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pro

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-and

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chew

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ex.p

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g.ht

ml

Geo

rgia

Lan

d

Co

nser

vati

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Rev

olv

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Lo

an F

und

http

s://

glcp

.geo

rgia

.gov

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tes/

glcp

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rgia

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es/L

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tere

stLo

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pd

f


Cat

ego

riza

tio

nC

ons

erva

tio

n To

ol N

ame

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t it

Do

esW

ho is

In

volv

edO

ther

Co

nser

vati

on

Too

l Co

mp

one

nts

No

tes

Web

site

Res

our

ces

(Exa

mp

les)

Soc

io-

Eco

nom

ic

Non

-Mar

ket,

M

arke

t

Cer

tifica

tion

& L

abel

ing

Pro

gram

s

Cer

tifica

tion

and

lab

elin

g p

rogr

ams

can

be

cons

umer

or

ind

ustr

y-d

riven

. Pro

vid

es a

set

of

sta

ndar

ds

and

gui

del

ines

for

a p

roce

ss o

r p

rod

uct

(ser

ies

of

pro

duc

ts) t

hat,

onc

e es

tab

lishe

d,

bec

ome

loca

lly, r

egio

nally

, na

tiona

lly o

r in

tern

atio

nally

re

cogn

ized

(dep

end

ing

on t

he

scop

e). C

an le

ad t

o in

crea

sed

so

cial

lice

nse

and

pos

itive

im

pac

t on

mar

ket

shar

e.

Pro

vinc

ial

Gov

ernm

ent;

La

nd O

wne

rs;

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ines

s C

omm

unity

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on-P

rofit

O

rgan

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ions

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dus

try

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g or

gani

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o d

irect

gra

ssla

nds

pro

gram

at

this

tim

e in

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erta

.

McD

onal

d’s

is p

ilotin

g a

bee

f ce

rtifi

catio

n p

rogr

am fo

r ve

rified

su

stai

nab

le b

eef w

ith t

he C

anad

ian

Rou

ndta

ble

for

Sus

tain

able

Bee

f th

at in

clud

es a

por

tion

on h

ealth

y ra

nge/

gras

slan

ds.

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Ver

ified

S

usta

inab

le B

eef f

ram

ewor

k is

in

tend

ed t

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e co

mp

lete

d fo

r im

ple

men

tatio

n in

201

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or a

rev

iew

of

bee

f cer

tifica

tion

pro

gram

s th

at

have

a c

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asp

ect,

see

re

por

t “G

rass

land

Ste

war

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ip

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serv

atio

n P

rogr

amm

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rass

land

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ard

ship

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tifica

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emes

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y M

iista

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Inst

itute

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An

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ario

exa

mp

le o

f a g

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land

s ce

rtifi

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n p

rogr

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dit

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onse

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pro

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pro

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he S

usta

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ores

try

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ship

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ww

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ject

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land

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adia

n R

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fo

r S

usta

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rsb

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ed

Hay

Pro

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mht

tps:

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