Graphing & Graphing & ReinforcementReinforcement

Things to Consider When Things to Consider When GraphingGraphing Have I labeled my axes? Do I have a full range? Is the graph clear? Have I labeled my key clearly? Do I have title?

Things to Consider When Things to Consider When Graphing ContinuedGraphing ContinuedDo I have my aim line pointed to my

performance criteria and labeled with and A.

Did I select the median value to start my aim line?

Is my performance graph a line graph?

Did I draw a mastery performance line?

Things to Consider When Things to Consider When Graphing ContinuedGraphing ContinuedDoes my main graph depict

objective success? Is my graph aligned with my

objective? Do I need multiple line graphs to

show undesired behavior? Do I need bar graphs or line

graphs to show teacher behaviors (e.g., prompting)

GraphingGraphingTime 7Time 8

30753030

0102030405060708090

100

on-task

on-task

ABaseline

IntermittentIntermittent Schedule of Schedule of ReinforcementReinforcementRatio Schedule: reinforcer delivered per NUMBER

◦Fixed: Only after a specific number of tasks are completed

◦Variable: Delivered following an average number of occurrences

Interval Schedule: reinforcer delivered per TIME

◦Fixed: Only after a specific number of minutes have passed

◦Variable: Delivered following an average number of minutes

Token Economy Token Economy Reinforcement ProgramReinforcement ProgramIt is a symbolic reinforcement

system where students receive tokens for specific appropriate behaviors, which may be exchanged for objects or activities that have been identified as reinforcing.

As students learn to associate the tokens with the purchase of reinforcers, the tokens themselves become reinforcing.

What students need to know What students need to know about a token systemabout a token systemWhat students need to know

◦What do I have to do to get one?◦What can I buy with them?◦How much does everything cost?◦When can I buy something?

What teachers need to think about◦How you are going to collect the

information◦How are you going to build in choice◦What reinforcers are available at what

times

Sample Token SystemSample Token SystemBehavior Required: Raise your

hand and provide answer or contribution to class discussion…only when called upon.

Back up reinforcers: candyCost: one ticket per piece of

candyWhen can tokens be exchanged?: at the end of class

Demonstrate your knowledge of schedules of Demonstrate your knowledge of schedules of reinforcement- Develop a reinforcement program and reinforcement- Develop a reinforcement program and then pose an idea on how you would fade your program then pose an idea on how you would fade your program

Group A: ContinuousGroup B: Fixed- RatioGroup C: Variable-RatioGroup D: Fixed- IntervalGroup E: Variable- Interval

Ideas for fading: Changing the schedule, self-reinforcement, slowly moving to natural reinforcement