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What is a graphic?
A rectangular image.
Stored in a file of its own, or …
… embedded in another data file.
Displayed on a monitor screen, or …
… printed on paper by programs.
Manipulated by graphics programs, or …
… graphics tools built into other programs.
Graphics Characteristics
Three properties of a graphic...– Resolution
• how many pixels/dots per inch
– Color Depth or Bit Depth• how many colors
– Size• width and height
Resolution
Number of dots per inch (dpi) used to display or print the image (aka: ppi = pixels per inch).
Monitors: 72± dpi.
Display Resolutions
Monitor Size W by H dpi15” 640 X 480 5515” 800 X 600 7017” 800 x 600 6017” 1024 X 768 8019” 800 X 600 5219” 1024 X 768 7019” 1152 X 864 80
Resolution
Printers: 600 - 2400 dpi (±). Effect:
– Higher resolution = more memory. Question…
– How will the image be used?
Number of dots per inch (dpi) used to display or print the image (aka: ppi = pixels per inch).
Monitors: 72± dpi.
Color Depth or Bit Depth
Number of bits of memory used to store each pixel (dot). Bits Colors
1 22 44 168 25616 32,768
24/32 16,777,216 Effect:– More colors = more memory.
#colors = 2#bits
Overhead … color table.
NOTE: Color may mean “shades of gray.”
Size
Sometimes confused with resolution. Given as an pair of numbers…
– width X height Measured in…
– inches– centimeters– pixels (dots)– picas (1/6”)– points (1/72”)
Compression
Why?– Save memory!
Two methods …– lossless = no loss of data– lossy = discards “unnecessary” or “redundant”
data
Representations of Graphics
Raster (aka: Bit-Mapped)– Each pixel (dot) is represented by a series of bits
(specifies its color) Vector (aka: Object-Oriented)
– Image is composed of discrete objects (lines, ellipses, rectangles, curves, polygons, text, …) represented by mathematical formulas.
Which requires more memory?– Depends on the complexity of the image.
Characteristics ofRaster Graphics Application
– Photo-realistic images Editing Tools
– Paint programs Editing Operations
– Manipulate pixels or groups of pixels. Resizing (primary disadvantage)
– Larger = grainy– Smaller = loss of detail
aka: Bit-Mapped Graphics
Characteristics ofVector Graphics Application
– Diagrams, Logos, and Clipart Editing Tools
– Draw programs Editing Operations
– Manipulate objects Resizing
– Larger or Smaller: No loss of quality.
aka: Object-Oriented Graphics
Output of Graphics
Raster devices…– dot matrix printers– ink jet printers– laser printers– monitors
Vector devices…– plotters
Consequence…– Some translation must occur at the time of output.
Graphic File Formats
TIFF - Tagged Image File Format– most widely supported raster (bit-mapped) format– any resolution– any bit depth (color or gray-scale)– any size– filename extension: .tif
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Graphic File Formats
EPS - Encapsulated PostScript– most widely supported vector (object oriented)
format– for printers only!– can contain a bit-mapped image preview for
display purposes– advantage: scaleable– filename extension: .eps
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Graphic File Formats
JPEG - Joint Photographic Experts Group– raster (bit-map)– primary applications:
• photographs• web pages (one of three formats supported)
– lossy compression (variable)– two forms:
• 256 gray-scale• 16.7 million colors
– filename extension: .jpg
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Graphic File Formats
GIF - Graphics Interchange Format– raster (bit-map)– primary applications:
• diagrams and clipart• web pages (one of three formats supported)
– lossless compression– maximum of 256 colors or grays– special features…
• interlacing• transparent color• animated
– filename extension: .gif
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Graphic File Formats
PNG - Portable Network Graphics– raster (bit-map) GIF look-a-like (royalty free)– primary applications:
• photographs, diagrams, and clipart
• web pages (one of three formats supported)
– lossless compression– three forms…
• gray-scale, 16.7 million colors, 256 colors
– special features…• dual direction interlacing, variable transparency
– filename extension: .png
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Graphic File Formats
BMP - Bit-mapped Graphic– standard raster (bit-map) format for Windows– 16.7 million colors– filename extension: .bmp
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Graphic File Formats
WMF - Windows Meta File– standard vector format for Windows– can contain a bitmap image– filename extension: .wmf
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Graphic File Formats
PICT - Picture– standard graphic format for Macintosh– raster (bit-map) or vector (object-oriented)– 16.7 million colors or 256 grays– filename extension: .pct or .pict
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Graphic File Formats
Others……….– One web site lists over 100 formats!
• http://www.wotsit.org/cgi-bin/search.cgi?graphics
– Most are proprietary. Which format do you use?
– Depends on the application.
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Sources of Graphics
Image Processing Programs– paint for raster (bit-map)– draw for vector (object-oriented)
Scanner Clip-art and Photo Libraries (CD’s) Digital Camera Video Capture Internet (?)
Warning: Graphics
ARECopyrighted!