Richard Hollis

Graphic Design

A Concise History

Revised and expanded edition

With over 800 illustrations, 29 in colour

@ Thames a Hudson world of art

Introduction 7 ,

From Graphic Art to Design 1890 to.1914 1 The Art Poster . I I

Two-Dimensional Design and Graphic Reproduction/Information Design Bauhaus Typography/Photography and Sequence/Printing Technique and Design/Colour and Visual Clues/Production and New Technology . 17

2 The Beginnings of Design in Europe .25

3 War and Propaganda 1914 to the 1920s. 32

fhe Avant-Garde and the Origins of Modernism 1914 to 1940 4 Futurism and Italy ( 37 5 Soviet Russia 1 44 6 Germany ( 52 7 The Netherlands 1 68

National Tendencies until 1940 8 Switzerland 1 76 9 France 1 83

10 Britain 1 89

The Designer and the Art Director 11 The United States in the 1930s 1 97 12 War and Propaganda 1920s to 1945 1 104 13 .The United States 1945 to the 1960s I 112

Variants of Modernism in Europe 14 Switzerland and Neue Graphik I 130 15 Italy and the Milanese Style 1 138 16 France ( 147 17 Northern Europe ( 155

Psychedelia, Protest and New Techniques 18 The Late 1960s ( 179

New Waves: Electronic Technology 19 The 1970s and 1980s 1 186 20 From 1990 to the New Millennium 1 216

Bibliography and Sources 1 224 Index 1 229 C

Index

Periodicals

Those whith haveceased publication are shown in brackets Note: Since the first edition of this hookan 'encyclopaedia' of 20th-century graphic design journals appeared in the first issue ofDotDotDot, Leipzig, Spring zoo0

AIGA Journalof GraphicDesign, New York

(Art and Industry, London) Art Dzrection, California (Arts et mittersgraphiques, Paris) (CommercialArt, London) Communi~ation Art.7, California Communicattons, Paris Der Druckspzegel, Cologne DeszgnQunrterIy, Cambridge, Mass. Eye, London Gebrauchsgraphik, Munich (Graphic Deszgn,Tokyo) (Grphzsche Nnchnchten, Berlin) Idea, Tokyo Infirmatzun DeszgnJournal, Reading JuurnalofDeszgn History, Oxford Linea Grufica, Milan (Neue Grafik, Zurich) (Octavo, London) Pagzna, Milan Prznt, New York Projekt, Warsaw Signes, Paris Studzes in Visual Communzcat~on,

Philadelphia Techn@ue.~graphzques, Paris Typographzca, London TypographischeMonatsblatter, St Gallen Vzsible Language (formerly TheJournal

of TJ'pograph~ Research), Cleveland, USA

Further Sources Art directors' clubs and designers' associationsin most countries publish annuals. Selected work also appears in vearbooks (such as Modern Publiczty, ond don, and Graphts Annual, Zurich).

Original material

Many museums, particularly of design, decorative and applied arts, have collections of graphic work. Intended to be ephemeral, the paper is often brittle and yellowed, and the colours unevenly faded.

It is difficult to examine work more than a few decades old, especially by the most prominent designers, which can have a high market value. Anti- quarian booksellers and auction houses provide occasional access to material (though details of work in their cata- logues are not necessarily reliable).

Designers, design groups, studios, agencies and significant clients. Where designers' dates are not known,

the country and period in which their work was most prominent are given. Page numbers in ztnlic indicate illustrations.

References normally appear in the text on the same page.

Arlbuster.7 2 r 6 Blechman, Nicholas [USA, rggos] 219 AEG (Allgemeine Elektricitats Boggeri, Antonio [igoo-] 138

Gesellschaft) 30,65,68 (see also Studio Boggeri) Agha, Mrhemed Fehmy [1896-19781 Bnhm, Adolf [1861-1gz~] 28

97,98,99,101 Boller, Harry [Switzerland, 1960~1 135 Aicher, Otl [19~~-1991]168,~05,~06 Bona, Enrico [rgoo-1976]43 Albers, Josef [1888-19761 j4,101,102 Bonini, Ezio [1923-19881 141,143 Allner, Walter H. [b.~gogl 127 Bonnard, Pierre [186j-i94j112,17 Amster, Mauricio [Spain, 1930~1 10; Bonnell, Wilburn [h.1948] 212

Anceschi, Giovanni [h.1939] 203 Bonsiepe, Gui Lb.1934 203 Apeloig, Philippe [b. I 9601 198 Booker-Cook, P. [Britain, 19 jos] 15 j Apollinaire, Guillaume [188o-19181 37 Boom, Irma [h.1960] 219 Archztectural Reotem 95, I 56 Bosshard, Hans-Rudolf [b. rgzg] zoo Atelier Populaire 154,184 Bradbery, Ian [rg18-1993] 158 Auriol, George [1863-19381 12 Bradley, Will [1868-19641 15,16 Ayer, N.W. &Son IOO Brandt, Pieter [USA, 1g70s]18j Azari, Fedele [1895-1930140 Brangwyn, Frank [1867-19561 3q.33 Azcuy, Rent [Cuba, 1g6os]180 Brattinga, Pieter [b.1931] 177

Bremner, Francis [USA, 1940~1 I I I

Bachs, Eduardo [Cuba, 1960~1 180 Brodovitch, Alexey [1898-1971]8j,X8, Ball, Alan [Britain, 1950~1 157 99,101,117,118 Balla, Giacomo [1871-1958139 Brody, Neville [b.1957] 192, 221

Ballmer, Walter [h.1923] 143,203 Bronnjohn, Robert [1925-1970] 123,160 Barnhrook, Jonathan [b.1966] 220 Brucher, Ernst [Germany, 1960~1 171 Bass, Saul [I~ZO-19661 IZI,IPZ, Brusse, Wim [ I ~ I O - I ~ ~ X ] 72,176

180,~06,209 Bubbles, Barney (Colin Fulcher) Bassett Gray, see Gray, Milner [1942-19831 188,189,192 Bauhaus rg,117,1zg,130,157 Burchartz, Max [188j-1961]54~9,60, Baumherger, Otto [1889-19611 66,79,167

76,77)78,79 Burg~n, V~ctor [h.r941] 217 Baumcister, Willi [1889-19551 Burns, Aaron [ i g z z - ~ g g ~ ] 123

5 8 ~ 9 ~ 6 6 , 1 6 8 Buro Destruct [founded 19971 223 Bayer, Herbert [1900-19851 19, jq , Burtin, Will [1908-1g72] 1oo,114,1rj, 55,62,63,64,%101,110,127,12Q, 127,128,135 129,156,159,248

BDhlW Associates [founded 19601 I 59 Cahn, Henny [b.1908] 72,73 Beach Culture 219 Calabresi, Aldo [b.1930] 143 Beall, Lester [1903-19691 IOI,IOZ, Calvert, Margaret [b.1936] 162

1o3,108,115,123,128,180 Cangiullo, Francesco [1888-1977]38 Beardsley, Auhrey [187~-1898] Canis, Johannes [Germany,iggos]

16,25,26,27,132 j8,59,79 Beck, Henry C. [1903-1974] 18,94 Cappiello, Leonetto [187j-1942] 13,41, Beck, Maurice [Britain, 1g3os]gj 80,84,85,86147,207 Beeke, Anthon [b.1940] 195 Carboni, Erberto [1899-19841 110,139, Beggarstaffs 16,zj,30,31,94 “ F y 4 3 Behrens, Peter [1868-1940]29,30, Card~naux, Emile [18jj-1936176

53,65,68 Carlu, Jean [I~OO-19971 85,105,108 Bcltran, Pelix [b.1938] 180,181 109,127,148 Benetton 218 Carnase, Tom [b.1938] 210 Berlage, Henrikus [1856-19341 Carqueville, William [1871-19461 15

68,70,71 Carson, David [h.1957] 218 Berlewi, Henryk [1894-19671 172 Carter, Matthew [b.1937] no-221 Berman, Mieczyslaw [1903-197j] I 72 Cassandre (Adolphe Mouron) Bermann, Leonid [Germany, 1930~1 67 [I~OI-19681 83,84,85,86,87,92,94,99, Bernard, Pierre [b.1942] 196 loo, I O I , I O ~ , I ~ O , I ~ ~ , I ~ Z

(see also Grapus) Castellano, Mimmo [b. 19321 204 Bernhard, Lucian [1883-1973]30,32, CHS (Columbia Broadcasting System)

34,52,67 125,126,149,165 Bill, Max [1908-19941 zo,z1,81,82, CCA (Container Corporation of

130,136,140,168,zoo America) I O O , I O ~ , I ~ ~ , I ~ ~ Birdsall, Derek [h.1934] I 59,162 Cheremnykh, Mikhail[1890-1962145 Birkhauser, Peter [h.191 I] 77 Cheret, Jules [1836-193~] I I, 12, Black, Misha [ig10-1977] 156 13,14,17

X Chermayeff, Ivan [b.1932] (see below) 4 Chermayeff & Geismar [founded 19601 C 1 2 ~ , I 2 9 , 1 5 3 , 2 I 2 , 1 ~ 9 , 1 8 ~ , 2 0 ~ , 2 1 0

Cieslewicz, Roman [1930-19961 152, 172,173

Citroen 88

! Cittato, Giulio [1936-19861 204 Clavel, Gerard-Paris [b.1943] 196,217

(see also Grapus) Clough, Stanley T . [USA, 193osI IOI

Coca-Cola yy, 186,210 Coiner, Charles [1898-19891 100,108 Colin, Paul [1892-1985]8j,148 Culurs 218 Comte, Pierre [b.1gz7] 15' Conde Nast 97,99,125 Confalonieri, Giulio [b.1926] 143 Conklin, Lee [USA,196os] 182 Cooper, Muriel[1925-1994] 210,214 Cranbrook Academ?- of Art, 214 Crane, Walter [1845-1915126 Crawford, W.S. (Crawfords) 95,157,159 Cresset Press 96 Crouwel, Wim [b. 19281 177,193,194,

195 (see also Total Design) Curwen Press 96 , Cyan [founded 19921 222

Cyliax, Walter [1899-19451 131 Czeschka, Car1 Otto [IS$-19601 28

DA (Disegno Ambientale) 204 D'Albisola, Tullio [1899-1971141 Danziger, Lou(is) [b.1gz3] 129 Darche Jacques [? -19651 151 Daulby, George [b.1928] 159

(see also BDMW) Day, Robin [b.1915] 155 Deberny & Peignot 78,138,147 D e Groot, Lucas [b.1963] 221

Delpire, Robert [b.1926] 154 Deni, Victor [1890-1946]44,45 Denison-Hunt, John [1920-1993] 163 Depero, Fortunato [189z-19601

39!4=',42 Des~gn Research Unit (DRU)

[founded 19431 155,156,157,159, 162 Des~eners Re~ublic . The [founded . . .

1~8%]zz3 Dexel, Walter [1890-1973]57,58,66 Di Sciullo, Pierre [b.1941] 221

Diulgheroff, Nicolay [I~OI-19821 41,42 Dlugach, Mikhail[1893-1989]50 Doesburg, Theo van [1883-1931];7,59,

68,69,73,7~,102,194 Domela, Cesar [I~OO-19921 72 Dorfsman, Lou [b.1918] 126,207 Dorland Studio 21,65,67,159 Doyle Dane Bernbach [founded 19491

133,160 Draeger, Freres 87 Driver, David [b.1942] 191 Droit, Jean 33 Dudovich, Marcello [1878-19621

13,14,41 Dumbar, Gert [b.1940] 193,194,195,

213 (see also Studio Dumbar)

Eames, Charles [1917-19781 117, 118,122,211

Eames, Ray [I~IS-19881 117,118 Eckersley, Tom [1914-1997] 93,155 Eckmann, Otto [1865-1goo]z8,30

Ehmcke, Fritz Helmuth [1878-19651 T h7 - -

Elfer, Arpad [Britain, ~ggos] 157, 158,165

Elffers, Dick [I~IO-19901 72,176,177

~ m i ~ r e 214

Engelhard, Jullus [1883-1964136 Engelmann, Michael [b.1928] 169,170 Erbar, Jacob [1878-19351 j q Erdt, Hans Rudi [1883-1918131~2 Erni, Hans [b.~gog] 13 Escher, Gielijn [h.194;] 195 Esquire I O ~ , I Z ~ , I Z ~ , I ~ ~ , 163,165,

168,190 Evora, Tony [b.1939] 181,182 Excoffon, Roger [I~IO-19831 147,153

Facetti, Germano [b.1gz6] 162,163 Fangor, Wojciech [b .~gzz] 173 Faucheux, Pierre [1924-1999] 149,1,$o Federico, Gene [1918-19991 113,114 Fella, Edward [b.1938] 220

Fiedler, Detlef, see Grappa Fior, Robin [b.1935] 159 Fiore, Quentin [b.~gzo] 2,179 Fix-Masseau, Pierre [b.~gos] 86 Flagg, James Montgomery [1877-19601

33,34 Fleckhaus, Willy [I~ZS-19831 168,

169,171 Fleming, Allan [1929-1~77] 186 Fletcher, Alan [b.1931] 159,160

(see also below) Fletcher/Forbes/Gill160,161 Follis, John (USA, 1960s-70s) 210

Forain, Jean Louis [I~SZ-19311 32 Forbes, Colin [b.1928] 160 (see also

Fletcher/Forbes/Gill) Form+Zweck zzz Forster, Gerhard [1937-19861 143 Fortune Ioo,Ior,Irr,I14,127 Fougasse (C.K. Bird) [1887-19651106 Franpois, Andrc [b.1y15] 143,148 Frankji~rter Registers8 Friedman, Dan [1945-1995] 212

Fronzoni, A.G. [b.1gz3] 204 Froshaug, Anthony [I~ZO-19841

1j6,168 Frutiger, Adrian [b.1yz8] 152,153 Fukuda, Shigeo [b.1932] 206,208 Fuse 221

Games, Abram [1914-19961 106,107, 155,162,165,176

Gan, Alexe~ [1893-19401 49 Garland, Ken [b.~gzg] 158,166 Garrett, Malcolm [b. 19561 192 Garretto, Paolo [1903-1989198 Gebrauchs~raphrk 67,101,128 Geigy 128 Geismar, Thomas [b.1931] 212

(see also Chermaqeff & Geismar) General Dvnamics 121

Gerstner, Karl [h 19301 130,131,135, 136,198,207

G G K (Gerstner. Gred~neer and ~ u t t i r ) 13 I , zoz

Gill, Bob [b.1931] 160 Gill, Eric [188~-1940] 90,91,94 Gipkens, Julius [1883-1968]31,32,,?5 Gispen, Willem H. [1890-1981174

Glaser, Milton [b.~gzy] 127, ZIO,ZI I

Golden, William [ I ~ I I - I ~ s ~ ] 125, 126 Gonda, Tomas [19z6-1988]203 Gould, JJ. [USA, 1890~115 Graeff, Werner [I~OI-19781 60 Graphicteam [founded 19641 170,171 Graphis 128 Graphistes Associes [founded 19891 197 Grappa [founded 19891 222

Grapus [founded 19701 23,173,196, '97 '99

Grasset, Eugkne [IQ-19171 13,14,76 Gray, Milner [1899-19971 96,110,

156,162 (see also Design Research Unit)

Greiman, April [b.1948] 24,212 Grignani, Franco [b.1908] 137,144,f45.146,156,198,204

Gronowsk~, Tadeusz [1894-19901172 Gropius, Walter [1883-1969]63,69 Grosz, George [1893-1959152 Gurovich, Igor [Russia 1990~1 zzz Gotschow, Harald [Germany, 1950s ]

'67

Hadank, Otto [1889-19651 167 Hamilton, Richard [b .~gzz] 1 6 j Hara, Hiromu [ ~ . I ~ o I ] 206 Hard Werken [founded 19781 194 Harling, Robert [Britain, from 1930~1

96 Hurper'r I;

Hurperi Bazaar 1o1,117,rzj Haufe. Daniela. see Cvan Havinden, ~ s h i e y ( I G ~ - I ~ ~ ~ ]

95,96,1~7,160 Hawkey, Raymond [b.1930] 164 Heartfield, John 11891-19681 51, j2,6o,

61,62,78,171,176 Heine, Thomas Theodor [1867-19481

'4 Hellendoorn, Jacobus [1878-1959170 Henrion, F.H.K. [1914-1990]7,8,107,

108,155,163 Herdeg, Walter [b.1908] 79 Hiestand, Ernst [b.1935] and Hiestand,

Ursula [b.1936] 197,199 Hillman, David [b,1943] 159 Hillmann, Hans [b.~gz;]

I ~ ~ , I ~ I , Z O I , Z O Z Him, George [~goo-19821 176,177 Hodler, Ferdinand [1853-1918176 Hoffmann, Josef [1870-1956] 27 Hofmann, Armin [ ~ . I ~ z o ] 134,21 I Hohenstein, Adolfo [1854-6.193 S] 13 Hohlwein, Ludwig [1874-1949]8,3 I ,

32,35,52,66,67,85,92,94 Hollenstein, Albert [France, 1960~1 152 Holtom, Gerald LBritain,~gsos] 180 Holzer, Jenny [b.1g50] 217 Hosoya, Gan [b.193;] 206,208 Huber, Max [1919-1992]

I40>'4'>'42,'43, 145,156,159,206,215

Huszar,Vilmos [1884-19601 h8,72 Hyde, Karl [b.1955] 223

IRhl (International Business Machines Corporation) I 19,120, 143,210

ICOGRADA, 166,167 Ifert, Gerard [b.~gzg] 152

Isotype 18,127 Itten, Johannes [1888-1967153

Jacno, Marcel[1yo4-1989]147 Jacobson, Egbert [1893-19891 IOO

Johnston, Edward [18j~-1944] 90,94

Jones, Terry [h.1945] 191,192

kAk 222

Kalman,Tibor 11949-19991 212

Kamekura,Yusaku [1915-1997] 206,207,208

Kapitzki, Herbert [b.~gz;] 168 Kashimoto, Kazuo Uapan, 1970s1206 Kassak, Lajos 11887-19671 57 Katsumie, Masaru [1909-19831

1 3 6 , ~ o j Kauffer, E. McKnight [1890-19541

92>93>94 Keedy, Jeffery [b.1957] 220

Keller, Ernst [I@-19681 82,134 Kepes, Gyorgy [b.1906] I O I

Kieser. Gdnther lb.10201 160 ~i1jan;Gerard [ I ~ ~ I - I ~ X ~ ] ;2,7; Kindersley, David [1915-1995] 161 King, David [b.1943] 164,190 Kinneir, Jock [1917-1994] 161 Klein, Cesar [1876-1954152 Klier, Hans von [Italy, ~ g j o s ] 203 Klimt, Gustav [1862-1918126 Klinger, Julius [1876-19~0]8,3j Klutsis (Klucis), Gustav t1895-19441

48,49,62,104,"0 Knapp, Peter [France, I ~ ~ O S ~ I ~ I , I ~ Z Knoll I 18,120, 121,215 Koch, Rudolf 11876-1934154 Kokoschka, Oskar [1886-1980128 Kollwitz, Kathe [186j-19451 104,105 Koolhaas, Rem [b. 19441 219 Kosalapov, Alexander [b.1943]217 Kosstrin, Jane [USA, 198osIz13 Kozlinzky, Vladimir [1889-1967146 Krimpen, Jan van [189~-1958] 176 Krone, Helmut [19~5-1996] 113 Kruger, Barbara [b.1945] 21 j Kuelling, Ruedi [b.1935] 137 Kuhlman, Roy [USA, ~ggos] 127 Kunz, Willi [USA, 1980s]zrz

Landor, Walter (Landor Associates) [1913-19951129,187

La Rinascente 141,142 Larisch, Rudolf von [1856-1934]27,28 Laubi, Hugo [1888-1959176 Lauweriks, Johannes L.M 11864-19321 68

Leandri [Italy, 1930~1 42 Lebedev, Vladimir [1891-1964146 Lee-Elliot, Theyre [Britain,~gjos]

92>93>95 Leete, Alfred [188z-1933133 Leibowitz, Matthew [h.1918] 100,109 Leistikow, Hans [189z-19621 58,167 Lenica, Jan [b. 19281 172,173,207 Leupin, Herbert [b.1916] 136 Lewis, P. Wyndham [1884-19571 89 Licko, Zuzana [b.1961] 213 Lienemeyer, Gerhard [b.1936] zo1,zoz

(see also Rambow) ~ i o n n i , Leo [ ~ . I ~ I O ] 108,109 Lipinsky, Eryk Henryk [b.1go8] I jz

Lissitzky, El (Lazar) [1890-1941] 20, 47,48,51,56,62,64,69,71,156,194

Lodge, Bernard [b.1933] 166 Loesch, Uwe [b.1943] 203 Locwy, Raymond [1893-1986]97,99,

IOO,I29,Ij3 Lohse,Richard Paul [1goz-1988]

132,133 Lois, George [b.1931] 23,124,125,

126.16~. 100 > d. , Lombers, Eric [Britain, rggos] 93 Loos,Adolf [1870-1g33] 28 Loupot, Charles [1892-19621 Rj, 148 Low, Joseph [ ~ . I ~ I I ] 127 Lubalin, Herb [1918-1981]8,123,124,

126,188,210,21 I Lumley, Savile [Britain, from 19101 33 Lupton, Ellen [b.1963]219 Lustig, Alvin [ I ~ I S - I ~ S ~ ] 101,102,

118,1zo,1zj. Lutz, Hans-Rudolf [b. 19391 zoo,

201,213

McCoy, Katherine [b. 19451 21 I , 212,213

Macdonald, Frances [18j4-19211 and Margaret [1865-1933125

Mackintosh, Charles Rennie [1868-1928]25,26,27

Majoor, Martin [b.1960] 221

Maldonado, Tomas [b. ~ g z z ] 203,206 Malevich, Kasimir [18j8-1935146 Mallarmi., Stephane [1842-1898]37,8g Mangold, Burkhard 11873-19501 76 Marber, Romek [b.1922] 162 Marchbank. Pearce lb.1~481 . ,. .

183,190,191 Mari, Enzo [b.1932] 146 hlarinetti, Filippo Tommaso

[1876-1944138,39,41,42,43,89 Martens, Karel [b.1939] 19; Massin, Rohert [b.rgz5] 150 Matsunaga, Shin Uapan, 198os]208 Matter, Herhert [190~1984] 22,78,79,

~ I , I O O , I O I , I O ~ , I I ~ ; I Z O , 188 Mau, Bruce [h.1960] 219 Mayakovsky, Vladimir [1893-19301

45>46,47,48 Mayhew, George 11927-19661 159 Mazza,A. 11884-1964141 Mendell and Oberer 170,203 MetaDesign [founded 19791 222

Metlicovitz, Leopoldo [1868-19441 '3J4

Michel, Hans [b.1930] 169 Miehe, Franyois [h.1942] 196

(see also Grapus) 196 Millais, John Everett [18zy-18961 II

Miller, J.Ahbott [b.1963] 219 Minale, Tattersfield [founded 19641

163 Moholy-Nagy, Laszlo [1895-19461

19>24,~4~j5,57,58,60,62,63~95,101. 127,128,129

Monguzzi, Bruno [b.1941] 198,204 hloor, Dmitri S. 11883-19461 44 Morison. Stanlev I188o-10671 . - , - . -

9I,92,191 Morris, G.R. [Britain, 1940~1 108,155 Morris, William 11834-18961 15,25,

26,29,102 Moscoso, Victor [b.1936] 182

Moser. Koloman (Kola) l1868-10181 ~ ,. , >

26321,28329 Moss, Charles [USA, 196os17 Mount, Reginald [Britain, 1940~1

108,155 hlroszczak, Josef [ I ~ I O - I ~ ~ S ] I 73 Mucha, Alphonse [1860-1939112,

17.26 ~ i i l e r , Lars [b.1955] 220

Miiller, Rolf [b.1940] 201

Miiller-Brockmann, Josef [1914-19961 132,1;3, '34,136,206

Munari, Bruno [1goj-1998] 41,43, 145,146,206

Muratore, Remo [191~-1983] 143

Nagai, Kazumasa [h.~gzg] 206,207,208 Nakagaki, Nobuo napan, 1g80sjzoj Nakata, Robert [b.1960] 195 Negri, Ilio [b.1926] 143 Neuhurg, Hans [1904-1983] 79,80,

132,133,135 Neue GraJik 132,133 Neurath, Otto [1882-1945]18,51,

'27,174 Nicholson, William [1872-1949] 16

(see also Berearstaffs) ~ ' i ~ ~ o n ~ e n t e ; zo6,zog Nitsche, Erik [h.1908] 121

Nizzoli, Marcello 11887-19691 14i Noorda, Bob [h.1927] 143

Odermatt. Sieafried lb.10261 - . * -

131,132,199 Odgers, Jayme [USA, 1970s]z12 Ohchi, Hirochi [h.1908] 205,206 Olivetti 30,135,138,139,142,143 Oorthuys, Cas 11908-19751 I 76 Oppenheim, Louis [18j9-1936] 32,34

Padial [Spain, 1930sl 105 Palka, Julian [h.1923] 172 Palladino, Tony [USABritain,

1960~1160 Papert, Koenig, Lois 160 Papini, Giovanni [188r-1956138 Pellizzari, Antonio [b.rgz3] 145 Penfield, Edward [1866-19251 15 Pennell, Joseph [1857-19261 32,33 Pentagram [founded 19 jz] 187 Persico, Edoardo [1gor-1936] 43 Piatti, Celestino [b.~gzz] I 71 Pic, Pere Catali 11899-19711105,106 Pick, Frank 11878-1941]92,94,110 Piech, Paul Peter [b.1920] 159 Pintori, Giovanni [1912-1999] 142 Pirelli 143,161 Pirtle, Woody [b.1944] 212

Porchez, Jean-Fran~ois [b.1964] U

Portfolio I I j Prusakov, Nikolay [I~OO-19521 50 Pryde, James 11866-19411 16 PTT74,j5,176,193,195 Purvis, Tom [1888-1959194 Push Pin Studios [founded 19541

127,180,188

Quarez, Micbel [b.1944] 21 j

Raateland, Ton [b. 1gzz.1 176 Rambow, Gunter [h.1938] 202

(see also below)

?( ~amhow/Lienemeyer/Van de Sand $ 202

C Rand, Michael Lh.19281 164 Rand, Paul r1g14-19961 101,103,112,

Raygun 218 Reed, Ethel[1876-?] 15 Reid. lamie (b 10601 188 ~ e n n e r , Paui [1&8-1~j6] j4,66, 6 7 , ~ 7 ~ Rhead, L o u ~ s J. [1857-19263 15 Ring neuer Werhegestalter 72,7 j Rockwell, Norman [I@-19781 98,99 Rodchenko, Alexander [1891-rgj6]

48,49,50,42,190 Roller, Alfred [1864-1935126 Rosli, Enzo [Switzerland, 195os113j Royen, J.J. van [1878-19421 176 Ruder, Emil[1g14-1970] 130,

199,200 Rudin, Nelly [Switzerland, 1960~1 137

Sachplakat 30,31,32,86 S t John, J.Allen [USA, from 19101 34 Saito, Makoto Uapan, 1980s]zo6 Sand, Michael van de [h.194;] 202

(see alsoRamhow) Sandherg,Willem J.H.B. [1897-19841

23>I74>175,177 Saturday Evenin1 Post 98,99,124 Savignac, Raymond [b.1907] 13,136,

Schawinskv. Xanti l1oo4-107a166.67. > , . , . , , , . , . ,

101,104>'29>'38>~39>173>215 Schiele, Egon [1890-19181 28 Schleper. Hans I18q8-10761 I<.;. 1-78

53>69 Schm~d, Max [h 19211 135 Schm~dt, Joost [1893-1948]j3,54,

62.102 ~cghidt- hen. Helmut lb.1s?61 - .

202,203 Schraivogel, Ralph [b.196ol222 Schreuders, Piet [ b . ~ g j ~ ] 223 Schuitema, Paul 11897-1973]57,72,

74,75,135,175 Schwitters, Kurt [1887-1948]j6,57,

64,66,68,69,71,72,166,200 Scope 115,116 Scotland, Eduard [Germany, ~goos] 8 Seneca, Federico r1891-19761 4 1 , q ~ Sepo (Severo Pozzati) [189j-1983141 Shahn, Ben [1898-1969]100,1og Sironi, Mario 11885-19611 42 Smeijers, Fred [h.1961] 221

Soeda, Takayuki Uapan, 1980s]zo8 Soffici, Ardengo [1881-1964]38,,?9 Spencer, Herbert [b.1gz4] 156,158,

159,160 Spiekermann, Erik [h.19471 zzz Stankowski, Anton [h.1906] 79,80,131,

135,167,170,201 Stazewski, Henrpk 11894-19881 172 Steiner, Alhe [1913-1974] 142,204 Steinlen, Theophile Alexandre

11859-19231 11,32,76 Stenherg, Gyorgy [~goo-19331 j o

. Stenberg, Vladimir [I~OO-19821 j o Stepanova, Varvara [I 894-1958] 44 Sterling, David [h. 19 541 213 Stoecklin, Niklaus [b.1896] 77,79

Strzeminski, Wladislaw [1893-1952] I72

St idlo Boggeri [founded 19331 138,142 Studio Dumhar 193,195 Sugai, Kumi [1919-1996] III

Sugiura, Kohei [h.1932] 206 Sutnar, Ladislav [1896-1976157, I O I

118,119,127,128 Swierzy, Waldemar [h.1931] 172,173 Szczuka, Mieczyslaw [1898-19271 172

Tanaka, Ikko [b.1930] 2 0 6 ~ ~ 0 9 Taylor, Edwin [h.1934] 191 Taylor, Fred [I87 5-1964 95 Teige, Karel [ I ~ o o - I ~ ~ I I ~ ~ Telingater, Solomon [1883-1969149 Tenazas, Lucille [USA, 1 9 8 0 ~ 1 ~ 1 3 Testa, Armando [1917-1995] 143 Testi, C.V. [Italy, 1930~1 42 Thompson, Bradbury [ I ~ I 1-19951

109,116 Thompson, Philip [b.1gz8] 162 Tissi, Rosmarie [h.19371 132,199 Tolmer, Alfred [1876-19571 83,87 Tomaszewski. Henrvk ih.1~141 . , ..

172,173,196 Tomato [founded 19911 223 Toorn, Jan van [h.1932] 194,195 Toorop, Jan [1858-1gz8] 74 Toscani, Oliviero [h. 19441 217,218 Total Design 177,178,187,194, *

195,196 Toulouse-I.autrec. Henri de

11854-19011 12,1;,16 , +

Tout Pour Plaire 199 Tovaglia, Pino [1923-1977j 143 Trepkowski, Tadeusz [Poland, 1950~1

I72

~ r k u m a n n , Otto [ h . ~ g ~ g l 176,171 Troller, Fred [b .~g jo] 128 Trump, Georg [1896-19851 j j ,66 ,

II9!17' Tschlchold, Jan [1902-1974] ~2,~5,~6,60,62,66,80,@,8~,89,9~, r30,135,157,1;8,162~71

Tufte, Edward [USA, 197o-Tos]zzo

Unger, Gerard [h.1942] 221

Unimark International 146 Upjohn I 15

Vallotton, Felix [1865-1925176 Van Blokland, Erik [h.1967] 221

VanderLans, Rudy [b.1955] 213 Vanzty Fair 40,97,98 Van Rossum, Just [h.1966] 221

Vasarely, Victor [1908-1gg7] 154 Velde, Henry van de [1863-19571

25,26,29 Verberne, Alexander [h. I 9241 I 76 Vierthaler, Ludwig [1875-1967) 67 Vignelli, Massimo [b. 193 I] 146,

212,215 Villemot, Bernard [I~II-19891 148 Vivarelli, Carlo [191g-1986] 132,133,

17-7.141 U " , ,"

Vogue 97,101,191 Vordemberge-Gildewart, Friedrich

[1899-19621 66,168,175,174,200 VormVijf 193,19 j Vuillard, Edouard [1868-1gqo11z

Wagner,Otto 11841-1918127 Walton, George [Scotland, 18gosIz5 Warwicker, John [h.195 j] 223 Watanahe, Kaoru papan, 1gXos]zo8 Weiugart, Wolfgang [b.1941] 24,199,

200,211,212 Weintraub, William H. [USA,

1950s-6osj 112,113 Werkman. Hendrik N. 11892-19451 . . . ..-

73,175 Westva~o Inspirations 109, I 16, I 17 Whistler, James A.M. [!834-19031

89>90 Why Not Associates [founded 19881 216 Widmer, Jean [b.rgzg] 152, I 97,

198,199,211 Wieden & Kennedy [founded 19821

z rh --.

Wiener Werkstatte 27 Wijdeveld, Hendrikus T. [1885-1987170 Wildhur, Peter [b.1927] 159 Wilde Plakken [founded 19771 195 Willimann, Alfred [~goo-19571 134 Wilson, Wes [USA, 1960~1 182 Windlin, Cornel [b. 19641 216,222 Wirth, Kurt [b.1917] 136 Wissing, Benno [h.19~3] 178 Wolf Ferrari. Teodoro [Italy, 19 IOS]

'39 Wolf, Henry [h.19~5] 124,12j, 128 Wolff Olins [founded 19651 163 Wolsey, Tom [h.1gz4] 163,164 Wright, Edward [191z-1989] 16 j Wurman, Richard Saul [h.1935]

214,215,223

Yamana, Ayao [h.1898j 206 Yamashiro, Ryuichi Uapan, 1960~1 z o j Yokoo, Tadanori [h.1936] 17,207,208 Young & Ruhicam loo, zoz

Zamecznik, Stanislaw 11909-19711 173 Zamecznik, Wojciech [b.1923] 172 Zapf, Hermann [b.1918] 171 Zwart, Piet [1885-1977]57,68,70,

i1,74,75,127,156,17j, 176,178, I94>2'4,"'5