Grants (Grant-in-Aid Programs)• Money paid to states by national government.

• 1915-1925 $6 million--$115 million• 16th Amendment: Income Tax

• 1960-1966 Amount doubled• 1966-1970 Amount doubled• LBJ: Great Society/ “War on Poverty”

• 2006 $225 billion

Types of Grants• Categorical Grants:• Specific purpose; conditions-of-aid

• Block Grants:• General purpose; fewer conditions of aid by national govt.

• Revenue Sharing:• Funds given with no restrictions• State discretion

New Federalism• Ronald Reagan-Bill Clinton (1980-2000)• Devolution• More state/local control• More block grants

• What type of grant would U.S. Congress prefer?• Categorical• Control Money

“Homeland Security Grants Rile D.C., NYC”1. What is the Grant?2. What is the Criteria used to determine who gets the

money?3. Who allocates the money?4. How did the government justify cuts to D.C. and NYC?5. What are the conditions of aid?

Mandates• Federal govt. makes rules. States must abide.• Can be funded, underfunded, or unfunded.

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA),1990• Businesses, state, and local governments must provide the

disabled to equal services, equal employment, equal access to buildings, and equal transportation systems.

ADA and Golf Courses• During the debate on the ADA, no one mentioned golf

courses. Nevertheless, the ADA has changed the way the public golf courses are administered. There is an Association of Disabled American Golfers and a National Blind Golfers Association. The March 1993 issue of Golf Course News offered the following guidelines to public course operators, who must comply with the ADA:

• Reserve one or two handicapped parking spaces near the bag drop rather than next to the clubhouse.• Cut out spots on raised curbs so carts can pass

through.• Build ramps to tees where possible.• Provide a spot for disabled golfers to get in and out

of the bunker. • Keep bunker grades no more than one foot of

elevation for every five feet of length. • Install a Telecommunication Device for the Deaf in

the reservation office so the hearing impaired can make tee-time reservations by phone.

• Taken From: Wilson, James and John DiIulio. American Government: Institutions and Policies. 1998.

No Child Left Behind (NCLB)

• George W. Bush-- (2002)• Ted Kennedy in the Senate (very liberal)

• Approx. 13 billion in aid per year to the states.• States set academic standards• National Govt. sets benchmarks to compare the states’

standards.• States test annually• Must show Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) toward state

objectives.• 100% efficiency by 2014• States can restructure “under performing schools.”

No Child Left Behind (NCLB)• Why has education traditionally been a state issue?• Why is the federal government assuming more control?• Explain how both political parties have seemingly switched

ideological positions.• What do you consider to be the strongest arguments for and

against NCLB?

South Dakota v. Dole (1987)• History: • Fed. Highway Funds• Drinking age 21

• Constitutional ?• Am. 21 • Spending Clause

• USSC:• BROAD interpretation of

Spending Clause• Ability to attach Conditions

of Aid

• Conditions are Constitutional when:• Pursuant to General

Welfare• Unambiguous• Related to national

interest/fed. Projects

• No violation of 21st

• States don’t HAVE to change