GRANDORDER UNGULATA

ORDERS: Condylarthra extinct ancestral Mesonychia ungulates

Perissodactyla “odd-toed” ungulates

Artiodactyla “even-toed” ungulates

Litopterna Notoungulata Pyrotheria extinct South American Xenungulata ungulates Astrapotheria Tubulidentata - aardvark Proboscidea – elephants “subungulate” Hyracoidea – hyraxes orders Sirenia – manatees/dugongs

Cetacea whales

PLACENTAL PHYLOGENY (nuclear genes)

1 species

3 genera, 6 species

PROBOSCIDEAN PHYLOGENY

DEINOTHERIDAE

GOMPHOTHERIIDAE

Gomphotherium

Platybelodon

MASTODONTIDAE

Mammut

ELEPHANTIDAE

PROBOSCIDEAN TEETH

ELEPHANT MASTODON

2 species (1 extinct)

3 species

Arctocyon

Sinonyx

ORDER MESONYCHIA

Pachyaena

Diatryma

ORDER MESONYCHIA

ORDER MESONYCHIA

CETACEAN PHYLOGENY

SUBORDER ODONTOCETI

17 genera, 32 species

4 genera, 6 species

4 genera, 5 species

2 genera, 2 species

6 genera, 19 species

2 genera, 3 species

SUBORDER MYSTICETI

2 genera, 3 species

1 species

1 species

2 genera, 6 species

ODONTOCETES MYSTICETES

SIZE mostly small (<5 m) large males > females in size females > males

VOCALIZATION high-frequency sounds low-frequency (some) echolocation communication & communication

DIET vertebrates filter-feeding

MOVEMENTS mainly local migratory Physeter migratory

SOCIAL STRUCTURE variable in both groups, including harem polygyny, small female kin groups, seasonal migratory groups.