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GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION
1 .Translation of verb ‘BE’2. Translation of verb ‘DO’3. The translation of verb ‘HAVE’4. The Translation of Modals
5 .Translation of questions
6 .Translation of negation
7 .Translation of word order
8 .Translation of adjectives
9 .Translation of tenses
10.The change of word classes
Translation 1 (Eng 212)
Dana Al-Sudairi
1 .Translation of verb ‘BE’(am , is , are / was , were / be , been )
I am a student.
He is eating an apple.
They are put in the same situation.
0 طًالبًا أكون Xأنًا
يأكل يكون Xهو
. نفسه الموقف في يوضعون يكونون Xهم
am, is, are (present)
It is mostly unacceptable and poor in Arabic grammar to translate the present verb ‘be’ into
يكون
The child was ill.our guests were praying.But:The food was eaten.The boys were dismissed.
. 0 مريضًا الطفل كًان. يصلون ضيوفنًا كًان
. 0 مأكوًال الطعًام Xكًان . مطرودين األوًالد Xكًان
Was, were
The past simple of ‘be’ are translated literally into كان
Yet literal translation is unfavorable when these verbs are used as auxiliaries to form the past passive voice.
Where have you been?
0؟ كًائنًا كنت Xأين
been
be
He will be with us. . معنًا يكون سوف
- The dictionary meaning of ‘been’ as .is strictly not advisable to use كائن
-The full form of the verb ‘be’ is always literally translated.
2 .Translation of verb ‘DO’(do, does, did)
That girl doesn’t comb her hair.The horse does not fall down.The horse did not fall down.
تمشط ًال الفتًاة تلكشعرهًا.
. الحصًان يسقط لم. الحصًان سقط مًا
Do and did in the negative
Do and did in the question
0؟ بًاكرا تنًام هلليلة علي انتظرك هل
أمس؟
Do you sleep early?Did Ali wait for you last night?
I will do my best.Some students do their homework quickly.
. بوسعي مًا سأفعلالطلبة/ بعض يكتب يعمل
. بسرعة واجبًاتهم
Do as a main verb
At translating verb DO, the translators see whether it has a grammatical function (i.e. auxiliary), or as a main verb .
As an auxiliary, it has no lexical meaning in Arabic, but implies the grammatical question particle
هل
As a main verb, it has a full lexical meaning.
Muslims do recite the Holly Koran everyday.The girls did behave well.
كل القرآن المسلمون يتلو. بًالتأكيد يوم
zأحسن قد الفتيًات أن شك ًالالتصرف.
Do as an emphatic device
Arabic emphatic words and phrases: , , , , , ال, فيه شك ال مما شك ال المؤكد من بالتأكيد Eحقا Eفعًال. ذلك, إلى وما ريب
3 .The translation of verb ‘Have’(have, has, had)
The worker has left today.The patient has had the medicine.
. اليوم 0 بًاكرا العًامل غًادرالمريض/ تنًاول أخذ
الدواء.
Have as an auxiliary
Verb HAVE used as an auxiliary is meaningless in Arabic.
She has money.She has her breakfast at 7 AM everyday.She has just had the ticket.She had a telephone call.She had a nice holiday.Have a good journey.
. / نقود معهًا نقود لديهًا. السًابعة السًاعة عند فطورهًا تتنًاول
. للتو التذكرة على حصلت. هًاتفية مكًالمة تلقت. جميلة عطلة قضت
/ برحلة استمتع ممتعة رحلة لك أتمنىجميلة.
Have as main verb
What helps students to distinguish between these meanings of " have" is the consideration of the word immediately after the object. Together with object " have " makes a special combination in Arabic
4 .The Translation of Modals (can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to)
He will forgive me!! / يسًامحني/ لي يغفر سوف سـ
will , would , shall
(future particles)can , may , must
(literal translation)
Shall , should (Obligation= must)
could , would , might (possibility)
يجب / / يمكن يستطيعwe may walk. نمشي. أن يمكننًا
The defendant shall appear before the court at once.
يمثل أن عليه المدعى على يجبالمحكمة أمًام 0 فورا
I should believe my parents
والدي أصدق أن علي يجب
she could blame herself.she would blame herself.she might blame herself.
نفسهًا / تلوم أن يمكن قد
They must have finished work.
. العمل أنهوا أنهم ًالبد
They should have finished work.. العمل ينهوا أن عليهم كًان
Must have, should have
Action which did not took place
Action which took place
5 .Translation of questions
Are you playing tennis?؟ التنس تلعب هل
Have you played tennis?؟ التنس لعبت هل
Do you play tennis?؟ التنس تلعب هل
Why = لمًاذاWhat = مًاذا
Who = منWhen = متىWhere = أين
One word for Yes/No QsDifferent words for
WH Qs
6 .Translation of negation
she cannot pay money.. النقود تدفع أن تستطيع ال
she will not pay money.. النقود تدفع لن
she has not money.. E نقودا تملك ال
All that glitters isn't gold.. E ذهبا يلمع ما كل ليس
Do not, does not = ًالDid not = لم
Many people do not play chess. الشطرنج الناس من الكثير يلعب الThe children did not sleep early yesterday
. باألمس Eباكرا األطفال ينم لم
‘Not’ has more than one equivalent
Negation in English includes the following words "not , do not , does not , did not , never , neither ,
nor & no ."
Do not, does not, did not
+ / + / + 0 أبدا لم 0 أبدا ًال 0 أبدا لنwe never give up.
. أبد نستسلم لن
Neither…nor = وًال..ًال
Either..or = أو.. إمًا
I like neither lying nor cheating.
. الغش وًال الكذب أحب ًالYou can either come with me or stay here.
البقًاء أو معي القدوم بًاستطًاعتكهنًا.
Never Neither…nor, either…or
No
/ / ليس ال ممنوعNo smoking.
. التدخين ممنوعShe has no money.. / 0 نقودا تملك ًال نقود لديهًا ليس
7 .Translation of word order
God likes us.. يحبنا الله
The diplomat left for London.. لندن إلى الدبلوماسي غادر
Nominal word order
The order of the words of the sentence: In Arabic: verb + subject + object/complement.In English: subject + verb + object/complement.
Verbal word order
8 .Translation of adjectives:
That tall man is my cousin.
ابن الطويل الرجل ذاكعمي.
A. An adjective-noun order:
The adjective occurs before the noun in English, whereas in Arabic it comes after the noun.
Throw that small, round ball.
He read a big, popular, useful book.
.) الصغيرة ) المدورة المدورة الصغيرة الكرة تلك ارم
.) ( 0 كبيرا 0 شعبيًا 0 مفيدا 0 مفيدا 0 شعبيًا 0 كبيرا 0 كتًابًا قرأ
B. The ordering of a series of adjectives:
Successive adjectives in English can be translated either from left to right, or from right to left in Arabic.
Her dress is blue, soft, comfortable and cheap. . ورخيص ومريح ونًاعم أزرق ثوبهًا
C. Imitation of the English sequence of adjectives:When ‘and’ is used before the last adjective in English, it is repeated before every adjective in Arabic.
The rich should help the poor. . الفقراء يسًاعدوا أن األغنيًاء على يجب
D. The use of adjectives as nouns:
Adjectives used as collective nouns are translated into plural nouns in Arabic, not into adjectives or singular nouns.
9 .Translation of tenses
The wend is blowing now.اآلن الريًاح تهب
Present simple
present
Present progressive
Simple present and present progressive:
We heard the news.We have heard the news.We had heard the news.
. ) / األخبًار ) سمعنًا لقد قد سمعنًا
Past simple, present perfect and past perfect:
Past simple
Present perfect Past
Past perfect
The horses were jumping.
The soldiers have been fighting.
The tailor had been sewing all night.
. تقفز الخيول كًانت
. اليوم طوال يقًاتلون الجنود كًان
. الليل طوال يخيط الخيًاط كًان
Past progressive, present perfect progressive and past perfect progressive:
Past progressive
مضارع + Present perfect progressiveكانPast perfect progressive
10.The change of word classes:
The president palaceالرئًاسة / قصر الرئًاسي القصر
Nerve cell / خلية أعصًاب خلية
عصبية
Adjectives as nouns
adj → adj / N
Nouns as adjectives
N → N / adj
They gave their agreement.
وافقوا / موافقتهمأعطوا
English is easy to understand.
سهلة تفهم / الفهماًالنجليزية أن
Nouns as verbs
N → N / V
Verbs as Nouns
V → V / N