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INTRODUCTION
This Timesaver has been created after some experecience with my students. I hope it helps other teachers as much as it has helped me. Since it is photocopiable, it will save time to busy teachers.
Each unit contains a brief and simple explanation of the Grammar point with a set of exercises where students can show their knowledge.
Thanks mom, you've always believed in me.
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INDEX
Present Simple.......................................................................................... 3
Present Continuous................................................................................... 5
Exercises Present Simple-Present Continuous................. 8
Past Simple................................................................................................. 10
Irregular Verbs...................................................................... 13
Past Continuous........................................................................................ 15
Future with Going to................................................................................. 18
Future with Will........................................................................................ 20
Comparatives & Superlatives............................................................. ... 21
Present Perfect............................................................................................ 22
Past Perfect................................................................................................. 26
Conditionals............................................................................................... 27
Reported Speech....................................................................................... 29
Passive Voice............................................................................................. 33
Check-out Exercises................................................................................. 37
Verb Review............................................................................................... 40
Grammar Review...................................................................................... 41
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PRESENT SIMPLE
FORMS:AFFIRMATIVE QUESTION NEGATIVE
I workYou workHe/she/it worksWe workYou workThey work
Do I work?Do you work?Does he/she/it work?Do we work?Do you work?Do they work?
I don’t/do not workYou don’t/do not workHe/she/it doesn’t/does not workWe don’t/do not workYou don’t/… workThey don’t/… work
SPELLING (3rd p. singular):Most of verbs: add –S
work works rain rainsread reads make makesplay plays live lives
Verbs ending in –S,-Z,-CH,-SH,-X: + esmiss misses push pushesbuzz buzzes fix fixeswatch watches
Verbs ending in cons.+Y: i + escry crieshurry hurriestry tries
Exceptions:have hasgo goesdo does
USES: To talk about things that happen regularly, repeatedly or always and about general truths and opinions.Ex.:
He takes a shower every night.Water boils at 90ºCelsius.Alice works in a big company.I like red wine.
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EXERCISES:
Complete when it’s necessary with the correct form of the present simple:I belive__ you.She go__ to the beach.
Sarah _____ a lot of exams. (to have)John frequently forget__ the key of the car.He speak__ Japanese.How much do__ it cost?Peter watch__ TV during the night.You never want__ to study.Nina’s father smoke__.She do__ not/ _____ like apples.Where do__ they live?
This glue fix__ everything What do__ you think?
He _______ more money. (not have) Brian drive__ the car very fast.
You _____ a good student. (to be) They go__ to Seville every year.
He push__ the glasses to open the window. Mary always finish__ her homework.
Choose the correct form:
The baby cry/ cries/crys every morning.She go/goes to the swimming pool on Tuesdays.They study/studys/studies English literature.Anne haves/has/ have/ too much homework.Do/does she want/wants more water?Peter play/plays/playes the guitar.I tries/ tryes /try to finish my homework.Where does/ do they live/lives?Do/does you have/has a pen?What kind of salad do/does he prefers/prefer?She don’t/doesn’t/do not like/likes vegetables.He miss/misses his girlfriend.It snow/snows/snowes a lot in Finland.I has/have more toys than you.Why doesn’t/don’t you like chocolate?This mosquito buzz/buzzs/buzzes like a hundred of bees.
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PRESENT CONTINUOUS
FORMS:
AFFIRMATIVE QUESTION NEGATIVEI’m/am workingYou’re/are workingHe/she/it’s/is workingWe’re/are workingYou’re/are workingThey’re/are working
Am I working?Are you working?Is he/she/it working?Are we working?Are you working?Are they working?
I’ m/am not workingYou are not/aren’t workingHe/she/it is not/isn’t workingWe are not/aren’t workingYou are not/aren’t workingThey are not/aren’t working
SPELLING:Most of verbs: add –ing
work working go goingread reading play playing
Verbs ending in –e: lose –e and add-ingmake makinglive living
Verbs ending in ie: change ie into Y+ingdie dying lie lying
Verbs ending in –P, –R, –L,-T, -M usually double the consonant before ingswim swimming travel travelling stop stopping sit sitting
USES:
To talk about an action that is happening at the time of speaking.Ex.:
Someone is making noise outside. I’m waiting for the train to arrive.
To talk about a planned action that will take place in the near future.Ex.:
We are meeting Paul tonight.Mary is coming to the pub with us.
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EXERCISES:
Write the requested form of the next sentences:
I’m doing my homework right now.
NEG.:___________________________________________________________
QUEST.:________________________________________________________?
You aren’t making a great work in the company.
AFFIRM.:________________________________________________________
QUEST.:________________________________________________________?
He is writing a letter for his friend.
NEG.:___________________________________________________________
QUEST.:________________________________________________________?
We are having a nice dinner altogether.
NEG.:___________________________________________________________
QUEST.:________________________________________________________?
They are waiting for the exam results at this moment.
NEG.:___________________________________________________________
QUEST.:________________________________________________________?
Are you waiting for the train during long time?
AFFIRM.:________________________________________________________
NEG.:__________________________________________________________?
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She is not coming to the concert next Monday.
AFFIRM.:________________________________________________________
QUEST.:________________________________________________________?
Is Peter working now?
AFFIRM.:________________________________________________________
NEG.:__________________________________________________________?
Alice and Peter are painting the roof.
NEG.: ___________________________________________________________
QUEST.:________________________________________________________?
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EXERCISES: PRESENT SIMPLE -PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Complete this chunk of a tour speech with the correct form of the verb (present simple or present continuous) in the brackets.
Hello and welcome to the Western Studios tour. At the moment we
_____________ (go) into Studio A. In this building on the left they ____________
(make) several TV drams, but they ______________ (not film) today, because the
workmen ______________ (build) the scenery for a new series of Harper Street. Over
a hundred builders, painters, joiners and electricians _____________ (work) here at
Western TV Studios. Now we _____________ (leave) studio A and we
_____________ (go) past the costume department. The people here _____________
(make) and ____________ (repair) the clothes for the actors and actresses. This room
_____________ (contain) over 2,000 dresses. And now we _____________ (come) to
Studio B, but we have to wait for the green light. The red light means that they
_____________ (shoot) a film. While we _____________ (wait) let me tell you some
things about Western TV. We _____________ (make) programmes for television and
we ______________ (sell) them to TV stations here and around the world. We
normally _____________ (film) an episode of San Francisco Night. Well, now we’ve
go the green light and…
Complete with the present simple or present continuous form of the verb in the brackets:
She usually ______________ (eat) fish.
The sun ___________ (set) in the west.
I rarely ____________ (see) Peter these days.
John always _______________ (ask) questions about the lesson.
_______ Betty ________ (work) now?
We ____________ (go) to the cinema occasionally.
My sister _______________ (live) at home for the moment.
Mary ____________ (play) the piano.
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Mary ______________ (play) the piano at this moment.
Sometimes he _____________ (play) cards.
What _____ you _______ (do) this weekend?
I _____________ (not go) out tonight.
She ___________ (take) her son to school everyday.
My dog ____________ (bark) now.
He always ____________ (pay) his bills.
Where ________ she ________ (have) dinner tonight?
I ______________ (not belive) this story.
Why _________ he _________ (leave) the party now?
The Earth _________ (go) around the Sun.
She __________ (play) in a football team.
What _________ they __________ (think) about the film?
________ they _________ (live) in your house during these weeks?
He ___________ (have) a new bicycle.
The baby ___________ (cry) every night.
Harry never ____________ (finish) her homework.
They _________ (visit) London every year.
My father ____________ (smoke)
My father ____________ (smoke) a cigarette in the room.
I ____________ (wait) for the bus, but it _____________ (not come).
_______ you __________ (like) apple pie?
He ____________ (not have) enough money to buy the book.
My mom _____________ (cook) a cake for me next Saturday.
Martin ____________ (have) a lot of friends.
I _____________ (work) hard at the moment because I _________ (have) a lot of
exams.
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PAST SIMPLE
FORMS:
AFFIRMATIVE QUESTION NEGATIVEI workedYou workedHe/she/it workedWe workedYou workedThey worked
Did I work?Did you work?Did he/she/it work?Did we work?Did you work?Did they work?
I didn’t/did not workYou didn’t/did not workHe/she/it didn’t/did not workWe didn’t/did not workYou didn’t/did not workThey didn’t/did not work
SPELLING OF REGULAR VERBS: Most of verbs: add –ed
visit visited rain rainedhelp helped show showed
Verbs ending in –e: add –dlive lived hope hopeddecide decided change changed
Verbs ending in cons.+Y: i + edcry criedhurry hurriedtry tried
Verbs ending in a stressed vowel+consonant (except W or Y): double the consonant and add –ed
shop shoppedrefer referredplan planned
USES:
To talk about past events, to make reference to finished periods.Ex.:
Peter broke a window last night.I saw John yesterday morning. Alice worked in a big company eight years ago.I spent all my childhood in Scotland.
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EXERCISES:Write the requested form of the next sentences:
She spent more than she had.
NEG.:___________________________________________________________
QUEST.:________________________________________________________?
He didn’t travel to Norway last summer.
AFFIRM.:________________________________________________________
QUEST.:________________________________________________________?
The stone didn’t destroy the car.
AFFIRM.:________________________________________________________
QUEST.:________________________________________________________?
Did they plan the robbery?
AFFIRM.:________________________________________________________
NEG.:________________________________________________________?
Write the past of the next verbs in the correct columns:
ARRIVE – START – RAIN – MOVE – MARRY – SCORE – FIRE – STOP- VISIT – SLIP WORRY – DIE – SNOW - TRAVEL – ASK – HURRY – CLEAN – FINISH – PLAY- REGRET – DECIDE – REFER
-d -ed -y to -ied Double the letter
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Put the words in the right order to make coherent sentences:
move / you/ did /when / here ?
_______________________________________________________________________
America / did / discover / when / Columbus ?
__________________________________________________________________________
at / arrive / today / when / she / did / school ?
__________________________________________________________________________
do / night / did / last / what / they ?
__________________________________________________________________________
many / how / women / he / marry / did ?
__________________________________________________________________________
happened / yesterday / what ?
__________________________________________________________________________
time / she / homework / start / what / her / did ?
__________________________________________________________________________
Complete this chart:
PRESENT does don’t do doesn’t go get have hasn’t is aren’t
PAST
How many verbs in the past tense can you find in this word square?
L I D I D N T C U MA N Q B S X P T D BD J W S A I D F R OO F E A I E W A S US O T W E R E A B GP U T H D P N V O HZ N H A G O T W D TE D I D E G J Y K OR E K M H E A R D N
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IRREGULAR VERBS
INFINITIVE PAST SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE TRANSLATION
BeBecomeBeginBiteBreakBringBuildBuyChooseComeCutDoDrawDrinkDriveEatFeelFindForgetForgiveGetGiveGoHaveHearHideHitHoldKeepKnowLeaveLoseMakeMeetPayPutReadRunSay
Was / wereBecameBeganBitBrokeBroughtBuiltBoughtChoseCameCutDidDrewDrankDroveAteFeltFoundForgotForgaveGotGaveWentHadHeardHidHitHeldKeptKnewLeftLostMadeMetPaidPutReadRanSaid
BeenBecomeBegunBittenBrokenBroughtBuiltBoughtChosenComeCutDoneDrawnDrunkDrivenEatenFeltFoundForgottenForgivenGotGivenGoneHadHeardHiddenHitHeldKeptKnownLeftLostMadeMetPaidPutReadRunSaid
Ser, estarConvertirse, llegar a serEmpezarMorderRomperTraerConstruirComprarEscogerVenirCortarHacerDibujarBeberConducirComerSentirEncontrarOlvidarPerdonarConseguirDarIrTenerOírEsconderGolpearSostenerGuardar, mantenerSaberDejar, salirPerderHacer, fabricarConocer, encontrarsePagarPonerLeerCorrerDecir
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INFINITIVE PAST SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE TRANSLATION
SeeSellSendSingSitSleepSpeakSpendStealSwimTakeTeachTellThinkUnderstandWinWrite
SawSoldSentSangSatSleptSpokeSpentStoleSwamTookTaughtToldThoughtUnderstoodWonWrote
SeenSoldSentSungSatSleptSpokenSpentStolenSwumTakenTaughtToldThoughtUnderstoodWonWritten
VerVenderEnviar, mandarCantarSentarseDormirHablarGastarRobarNadarCogerEnseñar (profesor)Contar (historias, etc.)PensarEntenderGanar (juegos)Escribir
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PAST CONTINUOUS
FORMS:
AFFIRMATIVE QUESTION NEGATIVEI was workingYou were workingHe/she/it was workingWe were workingYou were workingThey were working
Was I working?Were you working?Was he/she/it working?Were we working?Were you working?Were they working?
I was not/wasn’t workingYou were not/weren’t workingHe/she/it wasn’t workingWe weren’t workingYou weren’t workingThey weren’t working
SPELLING:Most of verbs: add –ing
work working go goingread reading play playing
Verbs ending in –e: lose –e and add-ing(but not –ee: see seeing)
make makinglive living
Verbs ending in ie: change ie into Y+ingdie dying lie lying
Verbs ending in –P, –R, –L,-T, -M usually double the consonant before ingswim swimming travel travelling sit sitting stop stopping
USES:
To talk about something in progress around a particular past time.
Ex.:What were you doing at eight o’clock yesterday evening? I was watching
TV.This morning the sun was shining and birds were singing.
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NOTE!! The Past Continuous refers to a longer action or situation; the Past Simple refers to a shorter action or event that happened in the middle of the longer action.Ex.:
The phone rang while I was having dinner. He came into my room when I was studying
EXERCISES:
Write the requested form of the next sentences:
Mozart was composing the Requiem when he died.
NEG.:___________________________________________________________
QUEST.:________________________________________________________?
Was she still waiting when the bus came?
AFFIRM.:________________________________________________________
NEG.:___________________________________________________________They were walking down the road, so they saw him.
NEG.:___________________________________________________________
QUEST.:________________________________________________________?
The children weren’t cleaning their rooms when you came
AFFIRM.:________________________________________________________
QUEST.:________________________________________________________?
Past Simple or Past Continuous?
I ___________ (not live) in Germany when I ___________ (meet) my husband.
Our team ____________ (play) really well. We _____________ (win) at half a
time, but in the end we ______________ (lose) 3-2.
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Jack _______________ (play) happily with his toys when his big brother
___________ (hit) him on the head and ___________ (make) him cry.
It ______________ (snow) when I _____________ (get up) this morning. The
children ______________ (make) a snowman, so I quickly ___________ (put) on
some warm clothes and _______________ (run) outside to help them.
We ____________ (walk) across a field and suddenly a bull ____________
(attack) us.
When I ____________ (come) back home I ______________ (find) that the water
_______________ (run) down.
The man ___________ (fall) down because he ______________ (wear) his
wooden leg.
I ________________ (read) Tolstoy’s War and Peace on the flight.
Mary ______________ (not go) to the barbecue tonight.
He _____________ (fall) down and _____________ (break) his arm when
he____________ (skate).
He ____________ (have) enough time but he ______________ (not finish) his
work.
I _______________ (dial) your telephone number just when you ____________
(come).
The private investigator ________________ (not realize) that she
_____________ (lie) me when she _____________ (tell) him about her life.
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FUTURE WITH GOING TO
FORMS:
AFFIRMATIVE QUESTION NEGATIVEI am going to workYou are going to workHe/she/it is going to workWe are going to workYou are going to workThey are going to work
Am I going to work?Are you going to work?Is he/she/it going to work?Are we going to work?Are you going to work?Are they going to work?
I’ m not going to workYou aren’t going to workHe/she/it isn’t going to workWe aren’t going to workYou aren’t going to workThey aren’t going to work
STRUCTURE:Pronoun + be going to + verb (Infinitive)
USES: To talk about plans and intentions
Ex.: I’m going to buy a car next week.John is going to paint the room next Saturday.Mary’s going to have a baby in June.
To talk about things that we can see or feel about the future.Ex.:
Look at those clouds! It’s going to rain.Things are going to get better soon.I feel terrible! I think I’m going to be sick.
EXERCISES: Write the words in the correct order:
we / photographs / to / aren’t / any / going / take
_____________________________________________________________
are / to / when / have / we / lunch / going?
____________________________________________________________ ?
not / going / drive / to / to / I’m / London
_____________________________________________________________
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tonight / you / see / I / to / am / going?
____________________________________________________________ ?
to / you / going / letter / ‘re / write / a?
____________________________________________________________ ?
Delete the incorrect form:
This year I’m going to / will work much harder.
There’s someone at the door. I’m going to / will go.
The telephone is ringing. Can you get it? I’m going to / ‘ll have a shower.
Why are you polishing your car? We’re going to / will sell it.
Can you call him back? We are just going to / will just have lunch.
Complete the following sentences using will or going to:
A I __________________ make myself a sandwich. Do you want one?
B No thanks. I __________________ have something later.
A Helen and Les ___________________ visit Paris on their holidays.
B How wonderful! They __________________ love it, especially Disneyland.
A Bye, Mum. I ________________ meet Tom and Mel. I
_______________ be back at about ten o’clock.
B Have a good time, but don’t be late again or I ______________ be
furious.
A I’m tired. I think I ________________ go to bed.
B Goodnight. I ___________________ watch the news, then I ______________
join you.
A John ________________ be angry with me when he find out I’ve smashed
the car.
B He _______________ understand. Just tell him that it wasn’t your fault.
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FUTURE WITH WILL FORMS:
AFFIRMATIVE QUESTION NEGATIVEI ‘ll / will workYou ‘ll / will workHe/she/it ‘ll / will workWe ‘ll / will workYou ‘ll / will workThey ‘ll / will work
Will I work?Will you work?Will he/she/it work?Will we work?Will you work?Will they work?
I won’t / will not workYou won’t / will not workHe/she/it won’t / will not workWe won’t / will not workYou won’t / will not workThey won’t / will not work
USES: To make predictions or general statements about the future.
Ex.: Soon everybody will have a computer at home.All the people will be at the wedding.In thirteen minutes the alarm will go off.
To express a decision made at the moment of speaking.Ex.:
I think I’ll go to bed.The TV is very loud. I’ll turn it down.
EXERCISES: Complete using will and the verb between brackets:
Would you like to fly a plane?
We ____________________ (give) you the chance, because we’re offering a free
lesson. First your instructor ______________________ (teach) you some important
things about flying and safety. Then you ______________________ (be)
ready for a flight in one of our planes. And you _______________________ (take)
the controls of a short time. Don’t worry! The instructor _____________________
(have) controls, too. You ___________________ (not belive) it until you try. In fact
we think you ______________________ (enjoy) it so much that you
________________________ (want) to book more lessons. So fill in the form and we
________________________ (arrange) your free lesson.
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COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES
FORMS:ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
ONE SYLLABLE tallcold
tallercolder
the tallestthe coldest
ONE SYLLABLE: VOWEL + ONE CONSONANT
hotthinbig
hotterthinnerbigger
the hottestthe thinnestthe biggest
TWO SYLLABLES:
CONSONANT + Y
heavypretty
heavierprettier
the heaviestthe prettiest
TWO or MORE SYLLABLES
modernexpensive
more modernmore expensive
the most modernthe most expensive
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
goodbadfar
betterworsefurther
the bestthe worst
the furthest
A comparative adjective is usually followed by than.Ex.: Peter is taller than John.
We also use the construction as/so … as … (= tan … como…) to make comparisons.Ex.: His house is as big as mine.
Silver isn’t so expensive as gold.
EXERCISES:
Complete putting the adjectives between brackets in the comparative or superlative:
Which is __________________ (high) mountain in the world?
Which animal is ________________ (fast), a monkey or a lion?
Which is __________________ (big) island in the world?
Which country has __________________ (large) population in the world?
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Write the comparative and superlative of these adjectives:ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVEInteresting
Expensive
Thick
Friendly
Fine
Thin
Difficult
Easy
Wonderful
Sunny
Fat
Long
Warm
Wise
Old
Happy
Slim
Shot
Nice
Relaxed
Fit
Complete the rules and illustrate the with examples:
To make comparatives we usually add ___________ to the adjective.
To make superlatives we usually add _____________ to the adjective, as for example: _______________ - _______________ - ____________________
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PRESENT PERFECT
FORMS:
AFFIRMATIVE QUESTION NEGATIVEI have workedYou have workedHe/she/it has workedWe have workedYou have workedThey have worked
Have I worked?Have you worked?Has he/she/it worked?Have we worked?Have you worked?Have they worked?
I haven’t/have not workedYou haven’t/have not workedHe/she/it hasn’t workedWe haven’t workedYou haven’t workedThey haven’t worked
STRUCTURE:Pronoun + to have (present) + verb (past participle)
USES:The Present Perfect links the “recent” past with the present:
PAST PRESENT
If we say that something has happened, we are thinking about the past and the present at the same time.Ex.:
Our dog has died. ( Our dog is dead now)I have broken my leg. ( My leg is broken now)Mary has have a baby. ( Mary has a baby now)We have lived here for two years. ( We still live here now)
Note that the event starts in a “recent” past but it continues in the present.
EXERCISES:
Complete the rules with the names of the tenses:
We use the _______________________ to talk about an action which started in the past and continues in the present.
We use the _______________________ to talk about an action whichstarted and finished in the past.
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We use the _______________________ to talk about an action at anindefinite time up to the present.
We use the ___________________ to talk about an action at a definite timein the past.
Find the past participle of the next verbs in the word square:LEAVE – RUN – BE – THROW – PUT – TAKE – OPEN – NEED – WIN – WRITE – LOSE - SEE – BREAK – WANT – GO – HAVE – DRIVE – LEAD – DROP – EAT – STEAL – LIVE - DECIDE – CHANGE – DO – FORGET – RIDE – LAND - TELL
B U F T M D W I W O W A CK L E F T F S E O W R U NM O N B V B E E N S I S RT S I B L V E W S F T K IR T H R O W N E P U T A SH I P O L A J G E G E E FH T A K E N Y O P E N E DC K S E D T H N P L M N EH B N N E E D E D M H G CA F F X Z D C Z O Y T L IN B O N H I R P N M H A DG M R Y D R I V E N I P EE C G U I H D D A T L E DD R O P P E D I J L A N SA N T E L L E A T E N E EE S T O L E N E O B D J PI N E D O M A B L E E U HK E N Y L I V E D U D O N
Write dialogues using the given information:
see the new Disney’s film/ see it on Saturday.Have you seen the new Disney’s film?Yes, I saw it on Saturday.
try the new Italian restaurant/ eat there yesterday.
____________________________________________________________ ?
_____________________________________________________________
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be in Brazil/ go there last year.
____________________________________________________________ ?
_____________________________________________________________
ever ride a horse/ go riding once on holiday.
____________________________________________________________ ?
_____________________________________________________________
read this magazine/ read it last night.
____________________________________________________________ ?
_____________________________________________________________
ever run a marathon/ do the London marathon two years ago.
____________________________________________________________ ?
_____________________________________________________________
Read the text and choose the correct tense:
WHO WANTS TO BE A MILLIONAIRE?
Last February Bert and Emily Atkins won / have won 1 million $ on the lottery.
How have their lives changed /did their lives change since then? Well, the simple
answer is their lives haven’t changed / didn’t change at all! They still live / have
lived in their little house. “We don’t want to move” says Emily. “We ‘ve lived / live
here since 1970, and all our friends are around here”. Bert didn’t give up / hasn’t
given up his job at the local factory. He works / has worked there for thirty years. So
what difference has the money made / did the money make to their lives? “Well, we
buy / have bought a car” says Emily. “And we have booked / booked a holiday in
Florida. We never went / ‘ve never been abroad and I ‘ve always wanted / always
wanted go to Florida. My sister’s family have gone / went last year. They have had /
had a lonely time. We ‘re going /go next year.
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PAST PERFECT
FORMS:
AFFIRMATIVE QUESTION NEGATIVEI had workedYou had workedHe/she/it had workedWe had workedYou had workedThey had worked
Had I worked?Had you worked?Had he/she/it worked?Had we worked?Had you worked?Had they worked?
I hadn’t/had not workedYou hadn’t/had not workedHe/she/it hadn’t workedWe hadn’t workedYou hadn’t workedThey hadn’t worked
STRUCTURE:Pronoun + to have (past) + verb (past participle)
USES:The Past Perfect describes an event that occurred before another event in the
past.Ex.:
Mary went to the hospital because she had had an accident.I thought that he had sent the letter last week.When I arrived to the party, Lucy had already gone.
EXERCISES:
Delete the incorrect tense.
I hadn’t been / wasn’t hungry at lunchtime because I ‘d had / had something earlier.
We hadn’t had / didn’t have any lunch yesterday. When we had come / came home we had found / found that the dog ate / had eaten it.
I had met / met an old school friend last week. I hadn’t seen / didn’t see her for years.
We had gone /went to Rome last year. I had never been / was never there before.
Bruce Springsteen had become /became famous with his record Born in the U.S.A., but in fact he had already made /already made several records before then.
When Margaret Thatcher had resigned / resigned in 1990, she had been / was Prime Minister for eleven years.
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CONDITIONALS
IF- CLAUSES:
FIRST CONDITIONAL SECOND CONDITIONAL
FORMS:
IF-CLAUSE Present Simple
MAIN CLAUSE Future with will
Ex.:
If you study hard, you’ll pass the exam.
I’ll spend all my money if I don’t save it.
USES: First Conditionals predict the effects of a real or probable action or event.
Ex.: We won’t go out if it rains.
If I see him, I’ll tell him.
FORMS:
IF-CLAUSE Past Simple
MAIN CLAUSE Conditional (would)
Ex.:
If I had money, I’d buy a new car.
I wouldn’t ask you if I knew the answer.
USES: Second Conditionals describe unreal, improbable or imaginary situations.
Ex.: If we won a lot of money, we would be
rich.
If I saw a ghost, I would shout.
NOTE! First & Second Conditionals refer to present or future. The difference is how probable the action is.
Ex.: If I win the competition, I’ll be the champion. (I think it is possible that I win)
If I won the competition, I’d be the champion. (I think it is improbable)
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EXERCISES:
Match clauses in box A with those from box B:
A BIf I found a credit card,I’ll play the guitarIf it’s sunny tomorrow,I’ll tell him your newsIf I wasn’t at work,I’d go round the worldIf the TV doesn’t workWe won’t go to the beachIf Sarah got the job,If someone tried to steal by bag,
You won’t watch the football match.I’ll be very happy.I would call the police.If it rains tomorrow.If I see him.I wouldn’t use it. If you sing.She’d be very happy.If I was rich.I’d go windsurfing.
Put the verbs into the correct form:
If I ______________ (have) a computer, I ________________ (get) more
work done. 2nd CONDITIONAL
Dennis _______________ (be) a lot happier if he _________________ (live)
in a warmer country. 1st CONDITIONAL
People _____________ (save) a lot of money if they _______________( not
smoke). 2nd CONDITIONAL
If we ______________ (buy) an answer phone, we __________________
(not miss) so many phone calls. 2nd CONDITIONAL
You ________________ (not have) toothache if you ________________ (not
eat) so many sweets. 1st CONDITIONAL
We ____________________ (go) on holiday if we ________________ (can)
afford. 2nd CONDITIONAL
If she ___________________ (not be) ill, I ________________ (go) to Jenny’s
birthday party. 1st CONDITIONAL
If she _______________ (have) a brother she ________________ (have)
someone to play with. 1st CONDITIONAL
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REPORTED SPEECH
FORMS:DIRECT INDIRECT
PRESENT SIMPLEHe said, “ I write letters.” He said that he wrote letters.He said, “ I don’t write letters.” He said that he didn’t write letters. ( Present Simple) ( Past Simple)
PRESENT CONTINUOUSHe said, “ I am writing letters.” He said that he was writing letters.He said, “ I’m not writing letters.” He said that he wasn’t writing letters. ( Present Continuous) ( Past Continuous)
PRESENT PERFECTHe said, “ I have written letters.” He said that he had written letters.He said, “ I haven’t written letters.” He said that he hadn’t written letters. ( Present Perfect) ( Past Perfect)
PAST SIMPLEHe said, “ I wrote letters.” He said that he had written letters.He said, “ I didn’t write letters.” He said that he hadn’t written letters. ( Past Simple) ( Past Perfect)
PAST CONTINUOUSHe said, “ I was writing letters.” He said that he had been writing letters.He said, “ I wasn’t writing letters.” He said that he hadn’t been writing letters. ( Past Continuous) ( Past Perfect Continuous)
PAST PERFECTHe said, “ I had written letters.” He said that he had written letters. ( Past Perfect) ( Past Perfect)
FUTURE with WILLHe said, “ I will write letters.” He said that he would write letters.He said, “ I won’t write letters.” He said that he wouldn’t write letters. ( Future with WILL) ( Conditional: WOULD)
FUTURE with GOING TOHe said, “ I am going to write letters.” He said that he was going to write letters.
IMPERATIVEHe said, “ Write letters.” He said to write letters.He said, “Don’t write letters.” He said not to write letters.
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NOTE!!In Reported Speech we usually use the verbs tell, say and ask.
When we use tell or ask we have to specify who are you talking with.Ex.: The policeman told us that everything was right. Mary asked him if he loved her. She said that the exam was very difficult.
When we use tell or say, the indirect speech is introduced by that. Sometimes this particle can be omitted. We don’t use that with the imperative.Ex.: John told us that he had been training hard last week. You said (that) Helen had painted her house. He said to shut up.
When we report questions, we use ask. In this case the indirect speech is introduced by if.Ex.: I asked him if he wanted more coffee. He asked me if I would go with him to the party.but: I asked them what did they want. He asked me when had you left the country.
OTHER CHANGES IN REPORTED SPEECHDIRECT INDIRECT
Time expressions:Now Then, in that moment
Today That day
Yesterday The day before, the previous day
Tomorrow The next /following day, the day after
Next week / month The next week, the following month
Last week / month The previous week, the month before
A week ago The week before
Demonstratives:This That
These Those
Here There
Pronouns:
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The change in pronouns will depend on the person being referred to in the indirect speech.Ex.:“I give you my pen”, Sally said to Peter. Sally told Peter that she gave him her pen.
USES:Reported Speech is used when someone say, tell or ask us something, and we want to tell it to someone later.Ex.: Yesterday your friend came to you and said: Excuse me, can you lend me some money until next Friday?
Talking about this later, you simply say:My friend asked me if I could lend him/her some money until next Friday.
EXERCISES: Write the following sentences in indirect speech:
” I can’t take the message right now”, the secretary said.
_____________________________________________________________
“Why haven’t you cleaned your room today?” my mother asked.
_______________________________________________________________ “ Did you watch MTV last night?” asked Alex.
_______________________________________________________________
“ Don’t play your music so loudly” my brother said.
_______________________________________________________________
“ Peter has to return my CD next week”, Alan said.
_______________________________________________________________
“ Tom works in a trade company”, Mary told.
_______________________________________________________________
“ Are you going to buy some food for tomorrow?”, Susan asked them.
Rewrite the following sentences into direct speech:
Ian said that he had been playing tennis the night before.
_____________________________________________________________
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Simon asked me if I bought the red sweater.
_______________________________________________________________ My mother told me not to shout at her.
_______________________________________________________________
Sally asked me if she could take the car that night.
_______________________________________________________________
The teacher said that pupils had to complete all the questionnaire.
_______________________________________________________________
Paul said that he was trying to do his homework in that moment.
_______________________________________________________________
He asked Tom when he could come to visit Susan.
Report the next dialogue: Imagine you spoke with a policeman yesterday.
You: “I can smell smoke”.
I said ___________________________________________________________
Policeman: “It’s only some rubbish burning”.
The policeman ____________________________________________________
You: “No, it’s more than that”.
_______________________________________________________________
Policeman: “It isn’t dangerous.”
_______________________________________________________________
You: “It’s getting out of control”.
_______________________________________________________________
Policeman: “I will call the firemen”.
_______________________________________________________________
You: “That’s right! People is shouting”.
_______________________________________________________________
Policeman: “Don’t be afraid. Firemen is already coming.”
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PASSIVE VOICE
FORMS:
ACTIVE PASSIVE
PRESENT SIMPLEPeople from Brazil speak Portuguese. Portuguese is spoken by people from Brazil.Pupils hear teachers. Teachers are heard by pupils. These cars are made in France. Are these cars made in France? ( I am ( You are + past participle) (He/she/it is ...
PAST SIMPLEA burglar stole my bag. My bag was stolen by a burglar. She wasn’t invited to the party. Was your bag stolen? ( I was ( You were + past participle) ( He/she/it was
PRESENT CONTINUOUSPeter is repairing the roof. The roof is being repaired by Peter. Is the roof being repaired? Those houses are being painted. ( I’m being ( You are being + past participle) (He/she/it is being
PAST CONTINUOUSPeople were following the guide. The guide was being followed by people. Was the guide being followed? ( I was being ( You were being + past participle) ( He/she/it was being
PRESENT PERFECTThe police has trapped Charles. Charles has been trapped by the police. His effort hasn’t been rewarded. Has the burglar been captured?
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( I have been ( You have been + past participle) (He/she/it has been
PAST PERFECTThis book had changed his life His life had been changed by this book. I knew why he hadn’t been chosen. ( I had been ( You had been + past participle) ( He/she/it had been
FUTURE with WILLThis exam will affect to your mark Your mark will be affected by this exam. The house will be sold soon. Will the school be opened? ( I / You / … will be + past participle)
FUTURE with GOING TOMary is going to buy a new car. A new car is going to be bought by Mary. Who is going to be invited? ( I’m going to be ( You are going to be + past participle) ( He/she/it is going to beNOTE!!If we want to show who or what does the action, we use by.Ex.: The murderer was captured by the police. The evidences will be examined by forensic sciencist.
USES:
The passive is very common in English. When we say what people or thing do, we use active verb forms like build, spoke,
is repairing, will change, etc.
When we say what happens to people or things, -what is done-, we use passive verb forms like is built, was spoken, is being repaired, will be changed, etc.
EXERCISES:
Rewrite the following sentences into the passive form:
They don’t make Volvos in Norway.
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Volvos __________________________________________________________
They built our house in the 17th century.
Our house _______________________________________________________
Has someone decorated your bedroom?
_______________________________________________________________
Someone is decorating my living room at the moment.
My living room ____________________________________________________
We moved out of our house while they were building the road.
While the road ____________________________________________________
They won’t recognize her with these dark glasses.
She ____________________________________________________________
They have sold all the books of the book shop.
All the books _____________________________________________________
They are offering computers at reduced price.
Computers _______________________________________________________
Specialist will repair the damaged pictures of the museum.
The damaged pictures ______________________________________________
They don’t advertise the Chinese restaurant in this booklet.
The Chinese restaurant _____________________________________________
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense, active or passive:
The robbers ______________________ (catch) when they _________________
(leave) the bank.
Mr. Taylor was furious with me because his correspondence
____________________ (not deliver).
Why _______________ you _______________ (not like) going to the opera? We
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___________________ (see) La Bohème next Saturday.
We ____________________ (drive) down a quiet street when suddenly we
__________________ (stop) by the police.
When I ________________ (wake up) this morning, the world looked like
wonderland. It _____________________ (snow) all night.
Don’t worry! When you ________________ (arrive) to New York, you
____________________ (pick up) by one of our drivers.
Lesson 13 _____________________ (explain) during the last class.
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CHECK-OUT EXERCISES
Verb Checking:
Complete with the correct form of the verb in the brackets:
John _____________ (be) angry with me when he find that I _______________
(smash) his new car.
Mary ____________ (play) the piano.
Mary ______________ (play) the piano at this moment.
What _____ you _______ (do) this weekend?
I ______________ (not belive) this story.
The Earth _________ (go) around the Sun.
The baby ___________ (cry) every night.
Harry never ____________ (finish) her homework.
_______ you __________ (like) apple pie?
He ____________ (not have) enough money to buy the book.
It ______________ (snow) when I _____________ (get up) this morning. The
children ______________ (make) a snowman, so I quickly ___________ (put) on
some warm clothes and _______________ (run) outside to help them.
Our team ____________ ( not play) really well. We _____________ (win) at half a
time, but in the end we ______________ (lose) 3-2.
I ___________ (met) an old school friend last week. I ________________ (not see) her for years.
Mary _____________ (have) a baby.
I ____________ (not feel) well! I think I________________ (be) sick.
You _______________ (not pass) the exam if you _________________ (not study)
hard.
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Comparatives & superlatives:
Write the comparative and superlative of these adjectives:
ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVEExpensive
Easy
Wonderful
Fat
Long
Old
Happy
Slim
Relaxed
Strong
Fit
To make comparatives we usually add ___________ to the adjective.
To make superlatives we usually add _____________ to the adjective, as for example: _______________ - _______________ - ____________________
Conditionals:
Put the verbs between brackets into the correct form:
You ________________ (not have) toothache if you ________________ (not
eat) so many sweets. 1st CONDITIONAL
If I ______________ (have) a computer, I ________________ (get) more
work done. 2nd CONDITIONAL
If she ___________________ (not be) ill, I ________________ (go) to Jenny’s
birthday party. 1st CONDITIONAL
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Passive Voice:
Write the passive voice of the following sentences:
They are offering computers at reduced price.
_______________________________________________________________
People from Switzerland speak French and English.
_________________ ______________________________________________
Specialist will repair the damaged pictures of the museum.
__________________ _____________________________________________
The police have captured the burglar.
_______________________________________________________________
Reported Speech:
Rewrite the following sentences into indirect speech:
” I can’t take the message right now”, the secretary said.
_____________________________________________________________
“Why haven’t you cleaned your room today?” my mother asked.
_______________________________________________________________ “ Did you watch the film last night?” asked Alex.
_______________________________________________________________
“ Don’t play your music so loudly” my brother said.
_______________________________________________________________
“ Pupils have to complete this questionnaire” the teacher said.
_______________________________________________________________
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VERB REVIEW
Write the verb between brackets in the correct tense:
Our baby ___________________ (walk) now. He’s just twelve months old.
This T-shirt is 45 €, sir. That’s fine! I _________________ (take) it.
My sister earns a good salary. She _________________ (sell) life insurance policies.
My favourite white shirt is pink because my mother __________________ (wash)
it with a red sweater.
We ________________ (have) a lovely picnic until my wife was stung by a bee.
We __________________ (catch) a taxi outside the restaurant, and it took us to our
hotel.
Harry _______________ (fall) in love with a Greek girl when he
_________________ (work) in Athens.
Kenneth __________________ (have) a very difficult week. On Monday he
______________ (break) a leg and on Saturday his wife ______________ (leave) him.
Mark __________________ (want) to go to Oxford University from he
_____________ (be) a child. Now his dream ___________________ (become) reality
because he ________________ (study) there next semester.
Jane ___________________ (visit) her friend to Bristol. She _________________
(plan) this trip from September.
Paul _________________ (read) a book when I _______________ (arrive) home and
he __________________ ( not realize) that I ________________ (be) there.
The teacher ________________ (say) that I __________________ (work) hard last
semester.
I ____________________ (build) a beautiful sand castle, but the waves
_____________ (come) and _______________ (destroy) it.
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GRAMMAR REVIEW Complete these rules with the correct name of the tenses and give an example:
To talk about things that happen regularly, repeatedly or always we
use_________________________.
Ex.: ___________________________________________________________ .
The _______________________ is the tense that we use to link the “recent”
past with the present.
Ex.: ___________________________________________________________ .
To talk about something in progress around a particular past time we use
_______________________ .
Ex.: ___________________________________________________________ .
To talk about past events, to make reference to finished periods we use
_______________________.
Ex.:____________________________________________________________.
To talk about things that we can see or feel about the future we use
________________________.
Ex._____________________________________________________________.
To talk about a planned action that will take place in the near future we use
________________________.
Ex.: ____________________________________________________________.
To talk about general truths and opinions we use_________________________.
Ex.: ____________________________________________________________.
The _____________________ describes and event that occurred before another
event in the past.
Ex.: ____________________________________________________________.
To make predictions or general statements about the future we
use____________________.
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