Grammar - The Basics[1]

8/6/2019 Grammar - The Basics[1]

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Grammar: The Basics


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This or That ?

A vase or two faces?

Which image do you see?

A young girls face or an old

womans face?


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Sentences Construction

Objective

Understand the difference betweenSVO / SOV

Use the ruleeffectively forSentenceconstruction


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SentenceStructure

Subject +Verb+Object

I + eat + food

Subject +Object +Verb

I + food + eat


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GamerGrammar

Objective

Identify thecommonly made mistakes while

speaking in English

To increase fluency in English


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Building Bl c


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Parts OfSpeech

Noun

Noun: is a word used as thename, animal,place, orthing.

Person: man, woman, teacher, John, Mary

Place: home, office, town, countryside

Animal:dog, cat, horse, monkey

Thing: book, pen, room, tree


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Parts OfSpeech

Noun

Types OfNouns

Common Noun Proper Noun

Collective Noun

Abstract Noun

Countable / Uncountable Nouns


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Parts OfSpeech

Noun

Common Noun

Is a namegiven incommon toevery person or thing ofthe

same class orkind.

E.g.City, man, boat, and radio


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Parts OfSpeech

Noun

ProperNoun

Name of a specific person, place

orthing.

E.g.

Eiffel Tower, India,

Mr. Will Smith, Nokia


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Parts OfSpeech

Noun

Collective Noun

Name of a number( or collection) ofpersons orthings taken together and

spoken of as a whole.

E.g.

ACrowd-a collection of people

An Army- collection of soldiers


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Parts OfSpeech

Noun

Abstract Noun

Is usually thename of a quality, action, orstate.

E.g.

Quality- kindness,darkness, honesty Action - laughter, theft

State - sleep, sickness


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Parts OfSpeech

Noun

Countable Noun

(orcountables) are thenames of objects, people,etc. that wecancount.

E.g. book, pen, apple, boy

Uncountable noun(oruncountables) are thenames of things which

cannot count.

E.g. milk, sugar, gold, oil


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Parts OfSpeech

Noun

Lisa works as aprogrammerat

Microsoft.

Let's havelunch at McDonalds.Mc Donalds

Mc Donalds


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Parts OfSpeech

Noun

Thesun sheds its beams on rich and

poor alike.

Edwardwas a great king.

The rose smells sweet.

Aflockofsheep is passing by. George was a brave soldier.


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Name,Place,Animal, Thing

Fun time

Lets play Name,Place,Animal, Thing with a difference

Proper

Noun

Common

Noun

Collective

Noun

Abstract

Noun

Peter Postman Poultry Prayer


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Parts OfSpeech

Pronoun

Pronoun: is a word used instead of a noun.

E.g.

Tim is absent, becausehe is ill.

This book is mine. Itis doubtful whether he will come for the party.

Bob is a kind boy. He has lent his bicycle to Alice.


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Parts OfSpeech

Pronoun

E.g.

Do you think Mary is pretty? I think Mary isbeautiful.

With pronouns, we can say:

Do you think Mary is pretty? I think she is

beautiful.


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Parts OfSpeech

Pronoun

Personal Pronoun:

I, we, you, he, (she, it), arecalledPersonal Pronounsbecause they stand for threepersons.

E.g.

The person speaking This is mybook

The person spoken to Those are yourbooks

The person spoken of- That is herbook


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Parts OfSpeech

Pronoun

Indefinite Pronoun

Refers to noun that are indefinite.

E.g.

One evening a beggarcame to my door.

Somebodystole the mangoes.

Anybody

Each

Either

None

Someone

One

Few


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Parts OfSpeech

Pronoun

Relative Pronoun- such as that, who,

which, whose andwhom which giveextrainformation about the subject.

E.g.

The womanwho interviewed me was veryfriendly.

I can't standdogs thatbark loudly.

This, That

These, Those

Who,Whom

Whose,Which

What


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Parts OfSpeech

Pronoun

Reflexive Pronoun

Pronouns combined withselforselves to emphasize the subject of

the verb.

E.g.

I hurt myself.

Myself

Yourself

Himself

Ourselves

Themselves


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Parts OfSpeech

Pronoun

Person and Number Subjective Possessive ubjective

First PersonSingular I Mine Me

First PersonPlural We Ours Us

SecondPersonSingular You Yours You

SecondPersonPlural You Yours You

ThirdPersonSingular He / she / it His / hers / its Him / her / it

ThirdPersonPlural They Theirs They


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Liedetector

Lets have some fun

I love

Chinese

Food

I am born in

New York

I love

scuba

diving


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Parts OfSpeech

Adjectives

An adjective is a word that tells us more about a noun,

pronoun or another adjective. An adjective"qualifies"or

"modifies"a noun. Adjectives can be used before a

noun or aftercertain verbs. Wecan often use two or

more adjectives together.

E.g.

Abigcar

I likeChinese food

It is a tough decision

Abeautiful young French lady


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Parts OfSpeech

Adjectives

Adjective Patterns:

Adjectives cancome beforenoun: a newcar

Adjectives cancome afterverbs: such as be, become,

seem, look,etc.: that car looks fast

They can be modified by adverbs: a veryexpensivecar


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Name Chain Fun Time

Hi! Im

Witty

William

Hi! This is

my friend

Witty William

And I am

Energetic

Esther

Hi! Thats Witty

William, this is

Energetic

Esther and I am

Helpful Henry


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Parts OfSpeech

Verb

Verb: is a word that tells

something about a

person or thing.

E.g.

The sunshines brightly. Harry laughs.


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Parts OfSpeech

Verb

Types ofVerbs

Auxiliary Verbs

RegularVerbs

IrregularVerbs

Modal Verbs


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Parts OfSpeech

Verb

Auxiliary Verb: To Do, Be and Have are the English

auxiliary verbs / helping verbs used in a negativestructure, a question or to show tenses.

Modal Verb: Modal verbs are used to express ideas

such aspossibility, intention, obligation and necessity.

E.g.

Can, Could, May, Might, Will, Would, Shall, Should


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Parts OfSpeech

Verb

RegularVerb: A regular verb is one that follows the

pattern of taking-ed for thepast simple andpastparticiples.

E.g. walk / walked / walked

IrregularVerb: An irregular verb is one that does nottake the-edending for thePast Simple andPast

Simple forms. Some verbs do not change.


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Parts OfSpeech

Verb

IrregularVerbs

Base Form Past Tense Past Participle

Shut

Read

Shut

Read

Shut

Read

SitBuild

SatBuilt

SatBuilt

Know

See

Knew

Saw

Known

Seen

Types ofVerbs


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Parts OfSpeech

Verb

Characteristics ofVerbs

Verbs usually come after the subject of the sentence.E.g. Chrispaints well.

Verbs must agree in person(first, second,etc.) and

number(singular and plural) with the subject of the

sentence.

E.g. Shesings sweetly.

They singsweetly.


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Parts OfSpeech

Adverb

Adverb - Anadverb is a word that tells us

more about a verb. An adverb "qualifies" or"modifies" a verb. But adverbs can also

modify adjectives, oreven otheradverbs.

E.g.

The manran quickly.

Tara is reallybeautiful.

The Cell phone works very well.


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Parts OfSpeech

Adverb

Characteristics ofAdverb

1. FunctionThe main job of an adverb is to modify (give more

information about) verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.

Modify a verb:

- Johnspeaks loudly. (Howdoes John speak?)

- Mary lives locally. (Where does Mary live?)

- Sheneversmokes. (When does she smoke?)(In the followingexamples, the adverb is in red and the word that it modifies is inpurple.)


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Parts OfSpeech

Adverb

2. Form

Many adverbs end in-ly.

E.g. quickly,softly, strongly, honestly, interestingly.

But not all words that end in-ly are adverbs.

E.g. "Friendly", is an adjective. Some adverbs haveno particular form.

E.g. well, fast, very, never, always, often, still


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Parts OfSpeech

Adverb

3.Position

Adverbs have three main positions in the sentence:

Front (before the subject):

- Nowwe will study adverbs.

Middle(between the subject and the main verb):

- We often study adverbs.

End(after the verb or object):

- We study adverbs carefully.


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Dumbverb

Lets have some fun

Enact thegiven adverbs while theclass guesses thesame.

E.g.

Harry andSally dance gracefully.


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Parts OfSpeech

Prepositions

Prepositions: are words that wecan use to

indicate time, place and space.

PREPOSITIONS

Period/Point of TimeDuring

Throughout

At

PositionIn,Under,Over, Beside,

Between,Opposite,

Among, Between

DirectionTowards

Past

Around


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Parts OfSpeech

Prepositions

Commonly used Prepositions

Aboard About Above Across AfterAgainst Along Among Around At

Before Behind Below Beneath Beside

Between Beyond By Down During

Except For From Into Like

Of On Over Since To

Within In Up Over Off

Towards Under Until Upon With


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Parts OfSpeech

Prepositions

We went to school on Monday.

My plane stoppedatWashington and New

Jersey and arrivedin New York two hourslate.


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Lord of theAd world

Fun Time

Identify slogans with Prepositions in them

E.g.

Lets go in anALTO Maruti

Kingofgood times - Kingfisher


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Parts OfSpeech

Conjunctions

Coordinating Conjunctions -

are used tojoin two parts of a sentencethat aregrammatically equal. The two

parts may be single words orclauses.

E.g.

Jack andJill went up the hill.

The water was warm butIdidn't go

swimming.

F For

A And

N Nor

B But

O Or

Y Yet

S - So


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Parts OfSpeech

Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions -

A word or words used toconnectunequal parts of a

sentence.

E.g.I went swimming,although it was

cold.

Since, Because,

If,After,Until,

Although, Before,

As Though, Though,

When,Unless

As


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Parts OfSpeech

Conjunctions

Correlative Conjunctions

A pair ofconjunctions used to show acomparison. (They are also known as

paired conjunctions)

E.g.Not onlyis she rich,but also

intelligent.

Both-and

Either-or

Neither-nor

Since-therefore

If-then

Not only-but also


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Conjingle

Fun time

And

Also

ButNor

SoFor


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Parts OfSpeech

Interjection

Interjection: is a bigname for a little word. Interjections

are short exclamations likeHello!, Bravo!,Alas!orAh!

They haveno real grammatical value but we use them

quite often, usually more in speaking than in writing.

When interjections are inserted into a sentence, theyhaveno grammatical connection to the sentence. An

interjection is followed by anexclamation mark (!) when

written.


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Parts OfSpeech

Interjection

E.g.

"Hey !look at that!"

(calling attention )

"Hi !What's new?"

(expressinggreeting )

"Well !what did he say?"

(introducing a remark )

Well!what did he

say?

Hi !

What's new?


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Subjects and Verbs

Objective

Identify thecorrect usage ofSubject andVerb in a

sentence

Identify thecorrect usage ofSubjects andVerbs whilespeaking in English


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Subjects and Verbs

Verb: The part of speech that expresses action, or state

of being.

Subject: The part which names the person or thing we

are speaking about in a sentence.


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Subjects and Verbs

Subject and VerbAgreement

TheVerb agrees with theSubject in Number and

Person

E.g. Sam and Harry are friends.


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Subjects and Verbs

Harry Potteris an interesting

book.

Every boy andgirl is ready to

run for the marathon.

Harry

Potter


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Articles

Objective

Identify the mechanisms to use articles

appropriately.


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Articles

Articles: areDeterminers.

Types OfArticles

Indefinite A /AN

Definite THE


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Articles

Indefinite Article (A)

Adog is a faithful animal.

A man is known by thecompany hekeeps


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Articles

Indefinite Article (AN)

An Apple

An Honest Man


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Articles

Definite Article (THE)

Lets go to the Golf Club.

The SolarSystem.


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Articles

Lets have fun

Identify articles in the songs

(Clips to be added)


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Tenses

Objective

Identify thecorrect usage of Tense in a sentence

Identify thecorrect usage of Tense while speaking in

English


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Tenses

The Tense of a verb shows thetime of action orevent.

Verb tenses are tools that English speakers use to

express time in language.


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Tenses

There arethree main Tenses:

Present Tense: a verb that refers to the present time.E.g. I write a letter.

Past Tense: a verb that refers to the past time.

E.g. I wrote a letter.

Future Tense: a verb that refers to the future time. E.g.

I will write a letter.


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TensesSimple Present Simple Past

Future ContinuousPast ContinuousPresent Continuous

Future PerfectPast PerfectPresent Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous

Simple Future

IstudyEnglish everyday.

IS / AM / ARE +

verb in ING

Iam studyingEnglish now.

WAS / WERE + verb in INGIwas studyingEnglish when you

called yesterday.

HAS / HAVE + P.PIhave studiedEnglish in several

different countries.

HAS / HAVE + BEEN + verb

in INGIhave been studyingEnglish for

five years.

Two years ago, IstudiedEnglish

in England.

HAD + P.P.Ihad studieda little English beforeI moved to the U.S.

HAD + BEEN + verb in INGIhadbeen studyingEnglish for five

years before I moved to the U.S.

Iwillbe studyingEnglish next

year.

SHALL / WILL + BE + verb

in INGIwillbe studyingEnglish when

you arrive tonight.

SHALL / WILL + BE + verb in

INGIwillbe studyingEnglish when you

arrive tonight.

SHALL / WILL + HAS / HAVE +

BEEN + verb in ING

Iwill have been studyingEnglish

for over two hours by the time you

arrive.


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Tense Tenses

Fun Time

Group B write a story in thePast

Group C write a story in theFuture

Group A write a story in thePresent


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Question Tags

Objective

To aid formulating appropriate questions.

To learn to convert ideas or sentences into questions.


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Question Tags

Question tags are a grammatical structure in which a

statement or idea is turned into a question by adding aninterrogative fragment

( tag ).

Their pattern is auxiliary + nt + subject, if the statement

is positive andauxiliary + subject, if the statement is

negative.


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Question Tags

E.g.

Positive Sentence He has left already,hasnt he?

Andrew came to school yesterday,didnt he?

Negative Sentence

Hedoesnt like tea,does he?

Johncant speak English fluently,can he?


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Question Tags Lets have some fun

Peanut

Butter

New

York

Madonna


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Direct And Indirect Speech

Objective

To understand the two ways of relating and quoting

what someone has said.


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InDirect Speech the original speakers exact words are

given and indicated by quotation marks ( )

E.g. I dont know what to do, said Dean.

InIndirect Speech theexact meaning of the speakers

words aregiven, but theexact words arenot directly

quoted.

E.g. Dean said that hedidnt know what to do.


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Some pointers to convert Direct Speech into Indirect

Speech and vice versa.

If the main verb is in the past tense, the present tense

verbs in that sentence must bechanged to past tense.

First and second person pronouns must bechanged to

third person pronouns.


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Voice

Objective

To create awareness that using thePassive Voice

sounds more objective.


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Voice

Active Voice:The verb is active, when the subject

(agent) does the action(verb) to something(object).

E.g. Thedoctor wrote a prescription.

Passive Voice:The verb is passive,

when the subject takes the action upon itself.

E.g. The prescription was written by thedoctor.


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Voice

The refreshmen s are going to be

prepared by Karen

That skyscraper was bui t in 1934.

Grammaris taught tous by Ratna.

By whom was this done?

Jane is helped by red.

Passive Voice

Karenis going to prepare the

refreshments.

They built that skyscraperin 1934.

Ratna teaches us grammar.

hodid this?

red helps Jane.

Active Voice

The refreshments are going to be

prepared by Karen.

That skyscraper was built in 1934.

Grammaris taught tous by Ratna.

By whom was this done?

Jane is helped by red.

Passive Voice

Karenis going to prepare the

refreshments.

They built that skyscraperin 1934.

Ratna teaches us grammar.

hodid this?

red helps Jane.

Active Voice


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Creativity Unlimited

Sell a refrigerator to an Eskimo


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News Time

Aftermath of 9/11 gets film focus

Charles and Camilla's wedding day

Beckham family affairs are fair game for the public

Joseph Ratzinger is the new Pope


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Movie Time


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Thank You

Documents

Grammar - The Basics[1]