Grammar ReviewGrammar ReviewNounsNouns

Common vs. Proper NounsCommon vs. Proper Nouns

Common NounsCommon Nouns Proper NounsProper Nouns teacherteacher Mrs. RasinenMrs. Rasinen schoolschool Foley High Foley High

SchoolSchool statestate AlabamaAlabama restaurantrestaurant SonicSonic countrycountry ArgentinaArgentina bookbook Brave New WorldBrave New World

Making Nouns PluralMaking Nouns Plural1.1. Add an –s to most nouns to make them plural.Add an –s to most nouns to make them plural.

Ex. dog=dogsEx. dog=dogs test=teststest=tests car=carscar=cars

2.2. Add –es to singular nouns ending in –ch, -sh, -s, -Add –es to singular nouns ending in –ch, -sh, -s, -x, or –z.x, or –z.Ex. bench=benchesEx. bench=benches brush=brushesbrush=brushesdress=dressesdress=dresses box=boxesbox=boxes quiz=quizzesquiz=quizzes

3.3. Change f to v and add –es to the end of most Change f to v and add –es to the end of most singular nouns ending in f, lf, or fe. singular nouns ending in f, lf, or fe. Ex. knife = knivesEx. knife = knives leaf = leavesleaf = leaves

4. Change the y to i and add –es to a singular noun 4. Change the y to i and add –es to a singular noun ending in a consonant followed by y.ending in a consonant followed by y.Ex. fly=fliesEx. fly=fliesbattery=batteriesbattery=batteries penny=penniespenny=pennies

Making Nouns PluralMaking Nouns Plural5.5. Add an –s to a singular noun ending in a vowel Add an –s to a singular noun ending in a vowel

followed by y.followed by y.Ex. day=daysEx. day=days boy=boysboy=boys key=keyskey=keys

6.6. Add –es to most words ending in o and preceded Add –es to most words ending in o and preceded by a consonant.by a consonant.Ex. potato=potatoesEx. potato=potatoes echo=echoesecho=echoes

7.7. Add an –s after the most important word in a Add an –s after the most important word in a hyphenated compound noun or to one written as hyphenated compound noun or to one written as two words to make it plural.two words to make it plural.Ex. brother-in-law=brothers-in-lawEx. brother-in-law=brothers-in-law

computer drive=computer drivescomputer drive=computer drives8.8. Memorize odd or irregular plurals.Memorize odd or irregular plurals.

Ex. man=menEx. man=men woman=womenwoman=women child=childrenchild=childrentooth=teethtooth=teeth goose=geesegoose=geese foot=feetfoot=feet

Give It a Try!Give It a Try!

Make the following nouns pluralMake the following nouns plural lunchlunch - mother-in-law- mother-in-law successsuccess - video game- video game flowerflower - star- star tomatotomato - fox- fox trytry - penny- penny lifelife - toy- toy wifewife - church- church

Give It a Try!Give It a Try!

Make the following nouns pluralMake the following nouns plural luncheslunches - mothers-in-law- mothers-in-law successessuccesses - video games- video games flowersflowers - stars- stars tomatoestomatoes - foxes- foxes triestries - pennies- pennies liveslives - toys- toys wiveswives - churches- churches

Making Nouns PossessiveMaking Nouns Possessive

Possessive nouns show possession or Possessive nouns show possession or ownership.ownership.

Use apostrophes to make nouns Use apostrophes to make nouns possessive, NOT PLURAL.possessive, NOT PLURAL.

NEVER use an apostrophe to make a NEVER use an apostrophe to make a pronoun possessive.pronoun possessive.

Making Nouns PossessiveMaking Nouns Possessive Add an apostrophe and a –s to a singular noun.Add an apostrophe and a –s to a singular noun.

Ex. kitten’s tailEx. kitten’s tail wife’s speechwife’s speech If a singular noun ends in –s and is one syllable, add If a singular noun ends in –s and is one syllable, add

an apostrophe and a –s.an apostrophe and a –s.Ex. dress’s collarEx. dress’s collar glass’s colorglass’s color

If a singular noun ends in –s and is more than one If a singular noun ends in –s and is more than one syllable, add an apostrophe.syllable, add an apostrophe.Ex. business’ strategyEx. business’ strategy

Add only an apostrophe to a plural noun that ends in Add only an apostrophe to a plural noun that ends in –s.–s.Ex. fans’ excitementEx. fans’ excitement students’ scoresstudents’ scores

Add an apostrophe and –s to a plural nouns that Add an apostrophe and –s to a plural nouns that does not end in –s.does not end in –s.Ex. children’s booksEx. children’s books oxen’s stallsoxen’s stalls

Give It a Try!Give It a Try!

(cookie) decoration(cookie) decoration (cookies) decorations (cookies) decorations

(Joneses) house(Joneses) house (Jones) house(Jones) house

(children) books(children) books (women) clothing(women) clothing

(story) characters(story) characters (stories) characters(stories) characters

(Keats) poems(Keats) poems (containers) lids(containers) lids

Give It a Try!Give It a Try!

cookie’s decorationcookie’s decoration cookies’ decorations cookies’ decorations

Joneses’ houseJoneses’ house Jones’s houseJones’s house

children’s bookschildren’s books women’s clothingwomen’s clothing

story’s charactersstory’s characters stories’ charactersstories’ characters

Keats’s poemsKeats’s poems containers’ lidscontainers’ lids

Joint OwnershipJoint Ownership When showing possession for compound When showing possession for compound

constructions, the placement of the constructions, the placement of the apostrophe s indicates who owns the object.apostrophe s indicates who owns the object.

Joint OwnershipJoint Ownership

My mother and father’s houseMy mother and father’s house

My brother and sister’s treehouseMy brother and sister’s treehouse

Each entity owns each objectEach entity owns each object

My mother’s and father’s housesMy mother’s and father’s houses

Tom’s, Cathy’s, and Casey’s tennis rackets Tom’s, Cathy’s, and Casey’s tennis rackets

Compound NounsCompound Nouns

A compound noun is a noun made up of A compound noun is a noun made up of two or more words.two or more words. OpenOpen

• Gray fox, press secretary, line of sightGray fox, press secretary, line of sight HyphenatedHyphenated

• Father-in-law, tenth-grader, good-byeFather-in-law, tenth-grader, good-bye ClosedClosed

• Headlight, postmaster, policemanHeadlight, postmaster, policeman

Collective NounsCollective Nouns A collective noun refers to a specific group of A collective noun refers to a specific group of

persons or things.persons or things. Ex. Group, club, team, couple, city, congregation, class, Ex. Group, club, team, couple, city, congregation, class,

jury, swarm, flockjury, swarm, flock

The noun is singular if the entire group is acting as The noun is singular if the entire group is acting as one.one. The jury is ready with the verdict.The jury is ready with the verdict. The class averaged a high score.The class averaged a high score.

The noun is plural if the individual members of the The noun is plural if the individual members of the group are acting.group are acting. The jury are discussing their opinions.The jury are discussing their opinions. The class are preparing for their tests.The class are preparing for their tests.

Pronouns – Replace NounsPronouns – Replace Nouns 11stst Person Person

Singular – I, meSingular – I, me Plural – we, usPlural – we, us

22ndnd Person Person Singular – youSingular – you Plural – youPlural – you

33rdrd Person Person Singular – he, him, she, her, itSingular – he, him, she, her, it Plural – they, themPlural – they, them

Possessive Pronouns – Replace Possessive Pronouns – Replace Possessive NounsPossessive Nouns

11stst Person Person Singular – my, mineSingular – my, mine Plural – our, oursPlural – our, ours

22ndnd Person Person Singular – your, yoursSingular – your, yours Plural – your, yoursPlural – your, yours

33rdrd Person Person Singular – his, her, hers, itsSingular – his, her, hers, its Plural – their, theirsPlural – their, theirs

Types of PronounsTypes of Pronouns Personal (I, she, they, him, you)Personal (I, she, they, him, you) Possessive (my, hers, their, theirs, your, our)Possessive (my, hers, their, theirs, your, our) Reflexive and Intensive (myself, himself, Reflexive and Intensive (myself, himself,

themselves)themselves) Demonstrative (this, that, these, those)Demonstrative (this, that, these, those) Interrogative (who, what, whose, whoever)Interrogative (who, what, whose, whoever) Relative (that, whoever, whose, which, who)Relative (that, whoever, whose, which, who) Indefinite (all, any, both, each, one, several)Indefinite (all, any, both, each, one, several)