Grammar Punctuation -Rules

8/13/2019 Grammar Punctuation -Rules

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,Punctuation, and Sentence

tructurear anne a a,

Mana er and Senior Medical Writer

Scientific Publications

Texas Heart Institute at

.Houston, Texas

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Writing good paragraphs

Word choice

Punctuation

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This is a very well written BRP proposal to develop anovel cardiac replacement device (from the Overall

"The manuscript effectively conveys the authors' data andconclusions. I have no changes to recommend and

(Reviewer, J Thorac Cardiovas Surg, on "A SingleNucleotide Polymorphism )

The manuscript is well written. . . . I have no concernsw any aspec o s manuscr p . ev ewer, oracCardiovasc Surg, on Transcutaneous Near-InfraredSpectroscopy Detects Preliminary ExperimentalResults

Dr. J Michael Duncan and his associate have presented awell written case report of a patient with thrombus (Reviewer,Ann Thorac Surg)

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SENTENCE

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SENTENCE STRUCTURE

Place the message in the powerful

places: subject, verb, and completer

Topic = the subject (noun)

Action = the verb

Object = the completer (noun)

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u v w u

-tion, -ment, -ence, -al

Measurement

Assessment

Occurrence

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SENTENCE STRUCTURE Place the message in the subject, verb,

Of the religious groups, their animal fat

Americans.

RevisionSeventh-Day Adventists consume less animal

fat than other Americans.

The patient showed no change in symptoms.

Revision

2009

The patients symptoms did not change.


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immediately by the verb

therapy in patients undergoing coronary

thrombolysis was emphasized by theresults of the ISIS-2 trial.

Revision

The ISIS-2 trial showed the importance of

concomitant antiplatelet therapy

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SENTENCE STRUCTURE

OLD TO NEW

Remember the 2 most important positions:

beginning and end

ace o , prev ous y s a e n orma on

that links backward in the topic position

.

Place new information that you want to

em hasize in the com leter ie the stress

position (end of clauses and sentences)

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SENTENCE STRUCTURE

OLD TO NEW

The hypothesis that the extent of myocardialinjury reflects the degree of imbalance

e ween myocar a oxygen supp y an

oxygen requirements from Braunwald,

, .

in the 1970s as a result of observations in

ex erimental animals and atients.

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Revision

As a result of their observations, Braunwald andassociates hypothesized that the extent of myocardial

degree of imbalance between myocardial oxygen

supply and oxygen requirements. This hypothesisgained widespread acceptance in the 1970s.

The hypothesis that the extent of myocardial injury reflects the degree of imbalance

,

Maroko, et al. gained widespread acceptance in the 1970s as a result of

observations.

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ACTIVE VS. PASSIVE VOICE

Which is better?

We found that

It was found that

Active voice: sub ect erforms the action

Passive voice: subject is acted upon

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ACTIVE VOICE

More vigorous than passive voice Ex resses confidence in our research

Trend in scientific writing toward active voice

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WHEN DO YOU USE PASSIVEVOICE?

When the recipient of the action is moreimportant:

The patient was injected with the test drug.

When it does not matter who erformedthe action or when who performed the

action is not important:

The patient was transported to the hospital by

ambulance.

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-

The subject and verb must agree in number

Singular subject (no s)/singular verb (s) Plural subject (s)/plural verb (no s)

Ignore intervening phrases

The factor that affected study results was Treat collective nouns as singular, unless the

individual members are emphasized

The team responds to emergency calls.

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- Compound subjects (joined by and) require plural

verbs:

The patient with the Jarvik 2000 and the patient with theHeartMate II run 2 miles per day.

ompoun su ec s o ne y or or nor can e

singular or plural, depending upon the nearest element:

Neither the hos ital nor the h sicians were res onsible.Neither the physicians nor the hospital was responsible.

Indefinite pronouns (some, any, none, all, and most) can

,

Some of the values are correct.

Most of the manuscript was written by 1 author.

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To study the mechanisms involved in the

ene c a e ec s o y ra az ne on

ventricular function in patients who have,

assessment of ventricular function was

insufficiency, functional class I or II, at rest

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REVISED SENTENCE:

IDEAS SEPARATED

We assessed the mechanisms involved in the beneficial

effects of hydralazine on ventricular function in patients

.

assessment, we performed radionuclide studies of

ventricular function in 15 atients at rest and durintreadmill exercise. All patients had pure aortic

insufficiency and were in functional class I or II.

To study the mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of hydralazine on ventricularfunction in patients who have chronic aortic insufficiency, a radionuclide assessment of

ventricular function was performed in 15 patients with pure aortic insufficiency, functional

class I or II, at rest and during simple treadmill exercise.

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There had been ma or chan es in our resentation

related to the data accumulated as a consequence ofexhaustive study of the results of treatment in cancers of

, , .

Revision

, ,

to, by, at, through, from, with, away, etc.)

We changed our presentation after exhaustively studying

the results of treated cancers of the head and neck,breast, and gynecological tract.

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Her ob was to teach the basic

fundamentals of pharmacology. The cells were red in color.

The beakers were filled to capacity.

,combine together, completely empty, eliminatealtogether, fellow colleagues, fewer in number,

, , ,shape, very unique, younger than 50 years ofage, prior history

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needless to say

it may be said that

it was demonstrated

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due to the fact that (because)

an increased number of (more)

the majority of (most)

as e resu o ecause

at this point in time (now)

in regard to (about)

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,

was demonstrated that the echocardiogramcorrectly predicted a large vegetation (15 mm)

attached to the right coronary cusp but failed to

detect three 4- to 5-mm lesions found during theme a surgery was e ng per orme on e

remaining two cusps, whereas in another patient,

on all 3 cusps, and herein we will describe these

three cases.

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HOW WOULD YOU REVISE

THE EXAMPLE

Long, wordy sentences are difficult to

rea un ess ey are very we wr en

Aim for 25-30 words per sentence, orless

Include onl 1 idea er sentence

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In one atient who had numerous ve etations the

echocardiogram correctly detected a large vegetation (15mm) attached to the right coronary cusp but failed to detect

- -

2 cusps. However, in another patient, the echocardiogram

correctly detected lesions on all 3 cusps. This reportdescribes these cases.In one patient who had numerous vegetations, it was demonstrated that the

echocardiogram correctly predicted a large vegetation (15 mm) attached to the

r g coronary cusp u a e o e ec ree - o -mm es ons oun ur ng

the time that surgery was being performed on the remaining two cusps,

whereas in another patient, the echocardiogram correctly predicted lesions on

all 3 cus s, and herein we will describe these three cases.

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WHAT CHANGED?

Three sentences instead of one

Periods broke up ideas

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ACTION INAPPROPRIATELY IN

SUBJECT n ncrease n ear ra e occurre .

Revision Heart rate increased.

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PLACED IN SUBJECT

Measurements of blood pH were made .

Revision Blood pH was measured with a

radiometer capillary electrode.

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PLACED IN OBJECT

X drug caused a decrease in heart rate.

Revision

en pa en s were g ven rug, e r

heart rate decreased.

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INDICATE RELATIONSHIPS

Transitions are im ortant for lo ical flow of

sentences and paragraphs

Use transitions to indicate how sentencesand paragraphs are related

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the sentence

sentence that connects it to the previous

Transitional sentences: sentences used

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EXTERNAL TRANSITIONS

For conclusions: therefore, thus

In a sequence: first, second, then

To contrast: however, in contrast

Others: for exam le in addition

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INTERNAL TRANSITIONS

Individual residues in the repeated-sequenceblocks had diver ed. Althou h the individual

residues diverged, the patterns of amino

acids were identical.

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EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL

TRANSITIONS

B widenin our focus to the entire trachea we

were able to see that most ganglion cell bodies(72%) were located in the neural plexuses, and

along the longitudinal nerve trunks.

Furthermore, we were able to see that most ofthe ganglia contained only 1-4 ganglion cellbodies. Thus, ganglia along the longitudinal

-bodies, as previously reported, are not typicalof most tracheal ganglia.

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TRANSITIONAL SENTENCES

(With an External and Internal

End of a paragraph:

evidence to support Duncan and Levys

.

In contrast, we reviewed several studies that

su orted the alternate h othesis ro osed b

Bjornson et al . . .

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WRITING A GOOD

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GOOD PARAGRAPHS

Tell a story

With organized ideas

ideas

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GOOD PARAGRAPHS

Include

A to ic sentence

Supporting sentences with transitions

A concluding sentence with transition

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Gives an overview of all the other

States either the general topic or the

Is placed first

(or summary) sentence at the end

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A paragraph should have supportingsentences that

Say something specific about the topic

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EXAMPLE: PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE

There are 3 different theories regarding the slow relaxation ofcatch muscles of molluscs. (topic sentence) One theory holdsthat catch is due to some unusual property of myosin in these

muscles that produces a slow rate of detachment.12 (states firsttheory) In this theory, paramyosin would have no special roleeyon a o prov ng e sca o ng on w c e myos n s

positioned. (detail for previous sentence) The second theory

holds that the tension is developed by actin-myosin interaction. s a es secontheory) Because the thick filaments are of limited length,interaction would have to occur through fusion of thick

14. ,which I subscribe, pictures a structural change in theparamyosin core affecting the rate of breaking of myosin-catch

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CONTINUITY IN PARAGRAPHS

ont nu ty: t e smoot ow o eas rom

sentence to sentence (and from paragraph to

What is the point of each sentence?

What does each sentence contribute to the

story?

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Keep a consistent order

Put parallel ideas in parallel form

Signal the subtopics of a paragraph,

ie, first, second, finally

Use transitions to indicate relationshipsbetween ideas

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Key terms: words or phrases that name importantideas dealt with in a manuscript

Repeating key terms exactly from sentence to

providing continuity (ie, if you start with a term

like restenosis, use restenosis throughout) Use category terms plus this or these toavoid too much repetition

details from a previous sentence, ie,quantitative cell-based bioassay becomes

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Di italis increases the contractilit of the

mammalian heart. This change in inotropicstate is a result of changes in calcium fluxroug e musc e ce mem rane.

Revision

mammalian heart. This increasedcontractilit results from chan es in

calcium flux through the muscle cellmembrane.

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sentence, explain them in supportingsentences in the same order

Supporting sentences should include all

sentence and not add anything not

mentioned in the to ic sentence

Avoid interrupting the sequence ofex lanations with other information

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. , ,

shape of ganglion cell bodies in the trachealneural plexus, we examined individual cell

bodies in their entirety at 100-400x with a

compound light microscope. B. For the

assessmen o s r u on, rs eac gang on

cell body was classified C. For the

ganglion cell body, the major and minor axes ofthe cell bod were measured

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POINT OF VIEW

Sentences with the same topics should have

the same subject

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CONSISTENT?

A. Propranolol had variable effects on the-

flow. B. In the cerebrum, the increase in blood

flow caused by hypoxemia was not significantlyaltered by propranolol. C. However, in other

organs, such as the gut and the kidneys, and in

e per p era c rcu a on, proprano o cause a

more severe decrease in blood flow than did

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KEEP A CONSISTENT

POINT OF VIEW

Revision

Propranolol had variable effects on the

ypoxem a- n uce c anges n reg ona oo

flow. In the cerebrum, propranolol did not

caused by hypoxemia. However, in other

organs, such as the gut and the kidneys, and in

the peripheral circulation, propranolol caused amore severe decrease in blood flow than did

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P T PARALLEL IDEA INPARALLEL FORM

Parallel sentences have the sameatterns. Parallel form is effective forpresenting similar or contrasting

informationWe were able to see that most ganglion cellbodies (72%) are located ... and only a small

longitudinal nerve trunks. Furthermore, wewere able to see ...

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PUT PARALLEL IDEAS IN PARALLEL FORM

But, do not use parallel form for nonparallel ideas

To determine whether cholinergic or adrenergic nerves

mediate secretion of fluids from tracheal submucosal

glands, we did experiments on glands excised fromferrets. To induce secretion, we stimulated the tissue both

electrically and pharmacologically. To inhibit secretion, we

added X to the bathing solution.

Revision To determine whether cholinergic or adrenergic nerves

mediate secretion of fluids from tracheal submucosal

lands we did ex eriments on lands excised from

ferrets. We induced secretion by stimulating the tissueboth electrically and pharmacologically. We inhibited

secretion b addin X to the bathin solution.

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MISTAKES IN WRITING

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Com arative terms hi her reater lower less

increase, or decrease) use than, not compared to

Ex erimental rabbits had a 28% reater

decrease in alveolar phospholipid as compared

to control rabbits during normal ventilation.

Revision

Alveolar phospholipid decreased 28% more in

rabbits.

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UNLIKE THINGS

These results are similar to previouss u es.

Revision These results are similar to the results

.

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, Compare 1 thing or person with another to

examine similarities or differences in detail

(usually in science, with is correct)

treated with X drug with those in patientstreated with Y drug.

Compare 1 thing or person to another onlywhen describing a single striking similarity ordissimilarit

We compared heart transplant patients tocoronary bypass patients in terms of rates of

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.

MISPLACED AND DANGLING


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MISPLACED AND DANGLING

MODIFIERS

Dangling modifier: a word or phrase that is not attached to any word in the sentence or is

attached to the wrong word

, .

Revision

The surgical team decided to bypass the artery because it was totally occluded.

Blood flow was allowed to return to baseline before roceedin with the next occlusion.

Revision

Blood flow was allowed to return to baseline before the next occlusion was begun.

,

directions.Revision

2009

,

noticeably in all directions.


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IN TITLES

Isolation of Antigens From MonkeysUsin Com lement-fixation Techni ues

Revision

Isolation of Antigens From Monkeys by

Using Complement-fixation Techniques

Use of Complement-fixation Techniques

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KEEP PRONOUN


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KEEP PRONOUN

ANTECEDENTS CLEAR

n an ece en s e wor a pronoun re ers o.

If the antecedent is unclear, the reader may notbe able to understand the sentence

Tyson et al. abruptly occluded the venae

cavae before anal zin the heart beats. As aresult of this, the volume of the right heartrapidly decreased.

Clarify the antecedent with a category termAs a result of this rocedure or occlusion

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CASE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS

ronouns rep ace nouns

Subject case: I, he, she, we, who, whoever, they

them

Give the award to whomever you prefer.

(Objective case: the object of you prefer)

Give the award to whoever will benefit most.

Whom did you consult?

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CASE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS

When using personal pronouns in

questions, you can choose the correct

pronoun by answering the question

Who would be the best reviewer for this

paper

She would be the best reviewer. (Not her)

To whom should I give the award?I should give it to him. (Not he)

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PARALLEL STRUCTURE

Parallel ideas are ideas that are equal in logicand importance. Parallel ideas should be written

in parallel form, either as a pair or in series

and to improve survival.

than renal blood flow.

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E. coli than the group with Pseudomonas.

Cardiac output was less in the group

.Pseudomonas.

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NONPARALLEL ELEMENTS


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NONPARALLEL ELEMENTS

IN A SERIES .

cysteine HCL, 50 mg of methionine, andhas a final volume of 115 mL.

Revision

e mo ca on con a ns . mg o

cysteine HCL and 50 of methionine; its

.

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WORD CHOICE

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LABORATORY VALUES


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LABORATORY VALUES

Be Precise

Hemoglobin level

Prothrombin time

Pulse rate

Total serum cholesterol value Creatinine level or clearance

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USE PRECISE WORDS

The bilirubin has been elevated for severalhours.

Revision

e ru n eve as een e eva e or

hours.

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, ,

serotonin was associated with an increase

in microvascular pressure.

Revision

er sero on n n us on, m crovascu ar

pressure increased 10% in isolated,

.

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,

females (except when male and femaleare used as adjectives, e.g., male donor,male children; when children and adultsare mixed, females, aged 12 to 25)

se e , no exp re

Use humanely euthanized (AMA style:

studies, not sacrificed

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or unusual use- -

questionnaires specifically designed for

we utilized one designed for patients

with con estive heart failure.

For any other purpose, use is best

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DATA, CRITERIA, MEDIA

Data is the plural of datum

Media is the plural of medium

Data, criteria, and media all take PLURAL

. .

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,

Prior to vs before ,

read everything I could find on the topic.

Following vs after

w u y,

Phineas Gages behavior changed

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All heat-stable materials utilized in the

isolation and assay of solutions weres er ze pr or o use.

Revision

All heat-stable materials used in the

isolation and assa of solutions were

sterilized before use.

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v

equalna

unanimous

unique

original

expert

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,

was placed on a Harvard ventilator.

The trachea was intubated, and the lamb

was ven a e w connec e o a arvarventilator.

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ABBREVIATIONS

Avoid nonstandard abbreviations; they make

, n v ro ce - ase oassays

PK, pharmacokinetic

TK, toxicokinetic

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MAKE SENSE TOGETHER

The appearance of nondialyzable35

S in.

Revision

The appearance of nondialyzable 35S in

the luminal bath was noted. OR, the

amoun was measure .

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incubated.

The tissue was minced, and the samples

were ncu a e .

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WORDS CARELESSLY

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,se or symp oms, con ons, seases

(they refer to duration, not severity), but not, ,

Long-term treatment

ong- erm mar uana users

Acute renal failure

Acute studies

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, Affect, verbto act on

How smoking affects health is still a matter of

concern to physicians. ,

We studied the effect of epinephrine on glucosekinetics in dogs.

Effect, verbto bring about, to cause

He hoped to effect a change in the system. (Used

Affect, nounemotional state or expressionThe schizophrenic patient had blunted affect.

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, , Can: abilit to do somethin

Homogeneous cell lines of short duration

can be achieved with cloning techniques.

May: possibility or permission

This mechanism ma also be the cause ofthe ozone effect.

Might: smaller possibility

Our findings might one day lead to a bettertreatment.

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,


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,

Com rise: to be com osed of or sim l

include: e u e e eve

highly toxic ingredients.

The quack medication is composed of

several highly toxic ingredients.

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,


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Dose: uantit to be administered at onetime, or the total quantity administered

Dosage: a regimen; the regulatedadministration of individual doses, usually

The atient received an initial dose of 50 m

and, thereafter, a dosage of 25 mg 3 times aday for 6 days.

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substitute caused by

loss of funding.

a loss of funding.

orrec : e a se resu was ue o an

error in the statistical analyses.

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,

separate or related, of a condition or a disease

unknowns.

The cause of his heart failure was acute

m ocardial infarction.

Other abused -ology words: pathology,morphology, histology, symptomatology

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EXAMINE EVALUATE


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EXAMINE, EVALUATE

Patients are examined

Conditions or diseases are evaluated

Not: We evaluated the patient for signs of

heart disease.

But: We examined the patient for signs ofheart disease.

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, , Show: indicate somethin b evidence

The data show that clotting times vary widely.

Reveal: make known something previouslyun nown

Differential staining revealed 3 types of cells.

experiments

By dropping objects from the Leaning Tower of

Pisa, Galileo demonstrated that bodies of

different masses fall with equal velocities and

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LEARN A FEWPUNCTUATION RULES

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-

abbreviations or numerals

IQs

During the 1970s

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H henate 2 words that come before a nounand work together to modify that noun. Do not

hyphenate 2-word modifiers that come after the

Risk-reward ratio (BUT: ratio of risk to reward)

- .The study was double blind.)

Each 96-well micro late assa consisted 8

or 9 samples.

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Hyphenate compound numbers from 21 to99 and fractions used as adjectives, but not

fractions used as nouns Thirty-six patients were examined.

A two-thirds majority was needed.

Three fourths of the questionnaires were

returned.

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joined by hyphens:, , , , , , , ,

infra, inter, intra, micro, mid, non, over, pre,

, , , , , , , ,trans, tri, ultra, un, under

- -

Check journal style

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When two or more hyphenated compoundshave a common base, omit the base in all

but the last compound. In unhyphenated ,

base

Preoperative and postoperative treatment

-

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as units:

open heart surgery

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even when used in a compound modifier

The electrically actuated pump

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are not important to sentence meaning

Do not set off restrictive clauses; restrictive

c auses eg n w t t at

The numbness, which had been apparent for days,.

The numbness that caused the patients death wasattributed to drug therapy.

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, , ,

equivalents: namely, that is, and for

The use of standardized scores, eg, Z

,comparisons.

AMA Style: no periods

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coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for,

or nor et so . This sentence construction

is called a compound sentence

No sub rou of res onders could beidentified, and differences between centers

were so great that no real comparison was

possible.

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Placed around interru tin words and hrases that are

not important to meaning (nonrestrictive)

-

has been developed and validated

At 16 and 32 ng/mL, however, 4 of the 5 curves had

at least 1 predicted concentration that deviated

Sams sister Sarah had 12 children. Johns twin

s s er, ue, a c ren.

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Edwards rhinoplasty was scheduled forAugust 19, 1985, at the Mayo linic.

Exce tion: month and ear without the date.

December 1941 was a time to fear.

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citation of references and footnote symbols

(American style)

Ill lend you my stethoscope, she replied.

., .,reported the studies simultaneously.

. ,

MD,1

Mike Wilson, MD,2

and Denton A.Coole , MD3

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After introductor clauses or hrases

If the infection recurs, another course of

zithromycin should be given. er ems n a ser es

The doctor, the nurse, and the therapist saw

. Between a series of modifiers

The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

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SEMICOLONS


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SEMICOLONS

Separate independent clauses The conditions of 52% of the patients

improved greatly; 4% of the patients

were os o o ow-up.

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conjunctive adverb (eg, furthermore, then,

however, thus, hence, indeed, yet) or acoordinating conjunction if one of the clauses

has internal punctuation. Use a comma after

e con unc ve a ver The patients fever had subsided; however,

.

This consideration is important in any

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Sometimes used to se arate list itemswhen one or more of the items has

internal punctuation The study had three goals: first, to

examine medication compliance in our

pa en s; secon , o e erm ne e re a veinfluence of clinical effectiveness and

and third, to test a psychosocialintervention desi ned to im rove

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medication compliance.


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Punctuate material inside ( ) appropriately

hours (much longer than I would have liked)

and did not resolve the question.

After what seemed an eternity (It took 2

hours!), the discussion on parentheses

ended.

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SCIENTIFIC or REGULATORY

WRITING

Use only one graphic element at a time

MAKES THE BRAIN WORK HARDER

HAS RECEIVED

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Place outside commas and eriods inside

colons and semicolons

Place other punctuation inside quotationmarks only when part of quoted material

Why bother to do autopsies at all if the result is

Do not do the autopsy if the result is invariably

edema and congestion of the viscera.

If the result is edema and congestion of the

viscera, do not do the autopsy.

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Pl d i d d l d


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Place around coined words, slan , andwords or phrases used ironically or

facetiously Avoid overuse: We have found that the

majority of children with chronic SVT

eve op car omyopat y.

With quotation marks, the sentence implies

t at t e c ren not ave c ron c

or cardiomyopathy

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hyphenated compound when both parts

together constitute a single word, even in atitle

Long-term goals

Follow-up studies

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CAPITALIZATION


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Do not capitalize words from which

ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent

LOQ, limit of quantitation

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This is a very well written BRP proposal to develop anovel cardiac replacement device (from the Overall


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novel cardiac replacement device (from the Overall

"The manuscript effectively conveys the authors' data and

conclusions. I have no changes to recommend and(Reviewer, J Thorac Cardiovas Surg, on "A SingleNucleotide Polymorphism )

The manuscript is well written. . . . I have no concerns

w any aspec o s manuscr p . ev ewer, oracCardiovasc Surg, on Transcutaneous Near-InfraredSpectroscopy Detects Preliminary ExperimentalResults

Dr. J Michael Duncan and his associate have presented a

well written case report of a patient with thrombus (Reviewer,Ann Thorac Surg)

2009

Thank You!


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Thank You!Marianne Mall ia, ELS

832.355.6776

mmallia heart.thi.tmc.edu

2009

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Grammar Punctuation -Rules