Instituto Superior Josefina Contte Grammar 1 - Noun

Proper : Norman, Johnson, Christmas, Congress Common: chair, boy, Count Mass (uncount) Concrete Abstract

Proper vs. Common nounsPROPER NOUNS

a) Personal namesb) Place namesc) Organization namesd) Time names

Note: arbitrary in form, capitalization. No determiner and number contrast.Some proper nouns include multipart names: The White House, the Pacific OceanProper plural nouns : the Himalayas

Proper nouns occurring regularly with thea) Geographical names such as rivers, seas and cannals the Nileb) Plural geographical names The Cayman Islandsc) Buildings in public functions The Ritz , The Metropolitand) Names of ships The Titanice) Newspapers The Times

Some proper nous can be used as common nounsa) Person or family the Johnsonsb) Product a Cadillac

Proper nouns with modifiers little Harry (not to identify him, adds a descriptive label to someone already identified)Countable / Uncountable nounsCommon nouns: countable entities which can be countedUncountable nouns: things cannot be counted

a cow cows the cows ( definite and indefinite contrast) milk the milk ( definite and indefinite contrast)

Proper nouns have no contrast for number or definiteness, they are always singular and definiteUncountable nouns that refer to separate items furniture

Same nouns as countable and uncountablefour chickens Would you like some chicken?Two teas, please ( 2 cups)Uncountable nouns can sometimes be used as countable nouns

level of education an education

Plural uncountable nouns( plural ending -s, go with plural determiner, uncountable because they have no singular form) those clothes thanks scissors

Concrete / abstract nouns Concrete: physical entities or subtances Abstract : Abstractions such as events, states, times and qualities

There's a narrow distiction between what nouns are concrete and which ones are abstract. Some nouns can be used as both. This thing is too small ( refering to an object) These things take time (refering to process)Countable concrete nouns refer to persons, objects, placesUncountable concrete nouns refer to subtances, materials, liquids, gases.

Package nounsa) Collective nouns refer to groups of people, objects or things, work like count. nouns.

a team/ the team/ teams staffNames of organizations and official bodies: the UN, ParliamentCollective with -ofa bunch of flowers/thieves/idiotsa flock of birds/ doves/ sheep/ childrena group of animals/ buildings/ disasters/thingsSome of them have a negative effect eg. bunch, gang, pack

b) Unit nounsused to cut up generalized mass or substance into individual or pieces. They are countable nouns, followed by an of- phrase.a piece of cake a bit of luck a sheet of paperBit and piece are the most general. Some occur with certain collocations a loaf of breadSome uncountable nouns can be combined with more than one unit noun.A ball/ bit/ /piece/ pile/ sheet of paper

c) Quantifying nouns For a type of container a basket of eggs a cup of tea For shape a pile of bills Measure nouns a liter of beer a pound of cheese Plural numeral nouns hundreds of time Nouns for large quantities a load of garbage loads of work Nouns ending in – ful handful teaspoonful bowlful Pair and couple a pair of hands a couple of daysd) Species nouns

Refer to a type of sthg a sort of / type of / kind of

Number Singular form is unmarked. Plural form with suffix. Regular andirregular plural form

ash- ashes map-maps piano- pianos lady- ladiesman- men foot – feet child – children knife-knives

Latin and Greek plural (foreign plural )curriculum- curricula criterion- criteria

Zero pluralSome animal names sheep, fishSome quntifying nouns dozen , hundredOthers dice, series, aircraft• Plural- only nounsThey look singular but are actually plural people police cattle

Singular nouns in -s : They look plural but are actually singular news checkersPlural invariable nouns Scales- scissors - shorts - trousersGender Masculine uncle

Animate Femenine aunt

Personal Dual teacher

Common baby

Collective family

Nonpersonal masc.higher animal bull

fem.higher animal cow

Higher organism ship France

Lower animal ant

Inanimate inanimate box

Personal femenine/ masculine nouns• Morphollogically unmarked brother - sister king – queen monk – nun• Morphologically marked• host- hostess waiter – waitress• Personal dual gender student - friend

We can use some gender markers : male/female student boy/girlfriend

Lower animals• male frog – female frog he-goat – she- goat

Formation of derived nouns

Derived nouns are formed from other words by means of affixation (prefixes and suffixes), conversion and compounding.

AffixationDerivational prefixes do not normally alter the word class of the base form. Suffixes, on the other hand, usually change the meaning and the word class.Base word group trial dark agree friend Suffixed noun subgroup retrial darkness agreement friendship

Noun Affixation

Affix anti-arch-auto- bi- bio- co-counter-dis- ex- fore-hyper-in- inter-kilo-mal-mega-mini-miss-mono-neo-non-out-poly-re-semi-sub-super-tele-tri-ultra-under-vice-

Main meaning against, opposite supreme, mostself two of living things joint against the opposite of former ahead, before extreme inside, or the opposite ofbetween, among a thousand bad a million, supreme small bad, wrong one new not outside, separate many again, back half below more than, above, large distant three beyond below, too little deputy (second in command)

Examples antibody, anticlimaxarch-enemy, archbishopautobiography, autograph bicentenary, bilingualism biochemistry, biomass co-chairman, co-founder counteract, counterclaim disbelief, discomfort ex-Marxist, ex-student forefront, foreknowledge hyperinflation inpatient, inattention interaction, intermarriage kilobyte, kilowatt malfunction, malnutrition megawatt, megastar minibus, mini-publication misconduct, mismatch monopoly, monosyllable neomarxist, neo-colonialism nonpayment, non-specialist outpatient, outbuilding polysyllable, polytheism re-election, re-organization semicircle, semi-darkness subgroup, subset superhero, supermarket telephone, teleshopping tricycle, tripartism ultrafilter, ultrasound underclass, underachievement vice-chairman, vice-president

Noun suffixes

Suffix -age- al -an, -ian -ance, -ence

-ant, -ent

-cy

Main meaning Various meanings action or instance of V-ing nationality, language, etc. action or state of V-ing, state of being A a person who V-s, something used for V-ing

state or quality of being A/N

Examples postage, baggage arrival, proposalAmerican, Korean, Victorian assistance, experience dependence, difference, ignoranceassistant, consultant, student, intoxicant, lubricant accuracy, adequacy,

-dom -ee -er, -or

-ery, -ry -ese -ess -ette -ful -hood -ician -ie, -y -ing

-ism -ist -ite -ity -let -ment -ness -ship -tion -ure

state of being A/N a person (various meanings) a person/thing that V-s, a person connected with N

(various non-personal meanings) nationality or language a female N a small N amount that fills a N state of being A/N person concerned with N a pet name for N action/instance of V-ing, place or material ideology, movement, tendency follower of N/A-ism, specialist citizen or follower of N state or quality of being A a small N action or instance of V-ing state or quality of being A state or skill of being a N action or instance of V-ingaction or instance of V-ing

boredom, freedom, wisdom employee, trainee actor, teacher, visitor footballer, New Yorker bakery, bravery, robbery Chinese, Japanese, journalese actress, waitress cigarette, kitchenette, handful, mouthful, spoonful childhood, falsehood, mathematician, physician auntie, daddy, doggie, Johnny feeling, meeting, traíníng building, crossing, critícism, capítalísm, Marxísm capítalíst, racist, Moabíte, Muscovite, Thatcheríte abilíty, densíty, insaníty booklet, leaflet, píglet argument, movement, treatment blíndness, darkness, happíness fríendship, relatíonship communícatíon, educatíon, departure, exposure, pressure

Conversion Conversion (or zero derivation): no affix is added to the base, the base itself is converted into a different word class, usually form a verb or adjective into a noun. Adj white someone who is white the whites verb catch act of v-ing He took a brilliant catch.

Compounding

a- Noun + noun eye-witness, wallpaper, lamp postb- Noun+ verb moonwalk, handshakec- Noun+ verb-er dishwasher, dressmaker,screwdriverd- Noun+verb-ing housekeeping, thanksgiving, window shoppinge- verb/noun+noun cookbook, swimsuitf- self+noun self-control, self-esteem

The parts of a compound can be written as a single word, or else hyphenated for written as two words.

Deverbal Nouns Noun related to a verb, they are regular concrete nouns.

Brown's paintings ( can be replaced by pictures or photograps) Verbal nouns Nouns related to verbs, they are abstract nouns that can be formed by adding -ing and inserting of before the noun phrase that corresponds to subject if the object is not expressed

Brown paints - the painting of Brown

or before a noun phrase that corresponds to object if this is expressedThey polished the furniture – their polishing of the furniture.

the painting of Brown (referring to a product, a technique of painting, or act or painting)

CaseMeanings a) possessive genitive Mr Johnson's passport b) subjective genitive the boy's application (the boy applied) c) genitive of origin the boy's story (the boy told a story)d) objective genitive the family's support the boy's release e) descriptive genitive a women's college a doctor's degree

Genitives usually fill the determiner slot in a noun phrase. They specify the reference of the noun phrase, same function as the possessive determiners: Specifying genitives

His parents' home their home Other genitives have the role of classifying the reference of the head noun: Classifying genitives

a bird's nest

They are sometimes equivalent to an adjective or noun modifier.the women's movement a summer's day(the feminist movement) a summer day

Genitives of time and measureTime in this week's issue Duration, distance/length, or value a month's holiday at arm's length fifty pounds' worth

Independent genitivesGenitive phrases that stand alone, sometimes involved ellipsisElliptic genitives ( the head can be recovered from the preceding text) It isn't my handwriting, It's Celina's. Genitives can become conventional, they need no supporting head (referring people's home, to other places such as business and clubs)an open bottle of Jack Daniel's to a friend's (a friend's house)

Double genitives special construction in which either the independent genitive or a possessive occurs in an of-phraseThere's a talk by this lady from Boulder who is a student of Sandy's. A friend of ours ( one of our friends)

Genitive or of -phrasesGenitives are used with animate nouns, particularly with persons and animals with personal gender characteristics. Note: with certain kinds of inanimate nouns, in some cases the of-phrase is also possiblegeographical names Europe's future Hollywood's studios locative nouns (denotes regions, institutions, etc) a country's population temporal nouns a day's work

The of-phrases are used with lower animals and inanimate nouns. the engine of the car

Consider:semantic class of nouns. Proper nouns are more likely to be used in the genitive, but inanimate and abstract nouns are used with the of-construction. the future of socialismthe meaning between the two wordsMeaning relations favoring the genitive 1.possessive genitive the family's car 2.attributive genitive Marta's courage (she is courageous) 3.subjective genitive Maria's recognition (Maria recognized something) Meaning relations favoring the of-construction1.objective construction where the noun after of has a role like the object of a verb the brutal murder of a child Combination of genitive and of-constructionsthe government's denial of the need (the government denied the need)Mr Burt's description of the quarrel (Mr Burt described the quarrrel)

Collocations for God's sake at death's doorInformation flow- end focus: genitive tends to express given information and the of-phrase tends to introduced new information.

United's manager, Alex Ferguson, (after United has been mentioned) 1998- takes over as manager of Liverpool ( after manager's jobs have been mentioned)

Register- genitives common in news and conversations, while of-phrases common in academic writing.

Grammar 1 – Practice - NOUNS

1- Use these base forms to complete the sentences. Swap- recommend- spoon- member- product- replace- invent- major

1.________________of the club is open to all who live in the village. 2.The factory has four ______________lines working at any one time. 3.Add a ______________ of sugar to the recipe. 4.I came to this restaurant on the ______________ of a friend. 5.One team member dropped out and we had to find a _____________.6.Before the ______________of money, people used to get the goods and services they wanted by ________________things with others. 7.The ______________of the people believe that luck plays an important part in their daily lives.

2-Complete the chart. Singular - Plural Masculine- Femenine ox- ____________ __________- spinsterappendix - ___________ tiger- ____________________- criteria _________- hen goose- _____________ nurse- _____________chief- ______________ ___________- duchesslarva- ______________ male frog- _________ 3- Some of these sentences have a mistakes. Correct them. The life will be different in a hundred year's time. Swimming is a good way to keep fit. The potatoes grow underground. Europe is the home of one seventh of world's population.The longest river there is River Volga. An association which has been formed to unite the countries of the Europe is called European Union.