Grammar Lesson 11

• Vocab:

• Caco- a Greek prefix that means something bad or vile

• Cacography- bad handwriting or spelling

• Cacophony- disagreeable or discordant sound

Capitalization: Sentence, Pronoun I, Poetry

• The first word of every sentence requires a capital letter.

• The pronoun I is always capitalized, no matter where it is placed in the sentence.

• The first words of each line in most poetry are usually capitalized.

Grammar Lesson 12

• Vocab:

• Confidently- means to do something with full assurance or strong belief

• Confidentially- means secretly or privately

Irregular Plural Nouns

• Plural nouns: we never form a plural with an apostrophe.

• In most cases, we make a singular noun plural by adding an s.

• Face-faces

• Truth-truths

• Form-forms

Irregular Forms

• Some nouns have irregular plural forms.

• We add es to a singular noun ending in the following letters: s, sh, ch, x, z (watch-watches, glass-glasses, tax-taxes, buzz-buzzes)

• We add an s when a singular noun ends with ay, ey, oy, or uy (tray-trays, buoy-buoys, guy-guys)

• We change y to i and add es when a singular noun ends in a consonant plus y, unless it is someone’s name (library-libraries, sky-skies, penny-pennies)

Grammar Lesson 13

• Vocab:

• Prefix eu- means good

• Euphony- pleasant or harmonious sound

• Euphoria- a feeling of well-being or elation

• Eulogy- a written or spoken commendation of a person or thing

Irregular Plural Nouns, Part 2

• Some singular nouns change completely in their plural forms

• Child-children, goose-geese, octopus-octopi, man-men

• Other nouns are the same in their singular and plural forms

• Sheep-sheep, deer-deer

• When we are uncertain, it is very important that we use a dictionary to check plural forms. If the plural form of the noun is regular, then the dictionary will not list it. If there are two forms listed, use the first one.

Nouns ending in f, ff, and fe

• We add s to form the plural

• Cliff-cliffs, roof-roofs

• However, for some nouns ending in f and fe, we change the f to v and add es

• Scarf-scarves, life-lives

Nouns ending in o

• We usually add s to form the plurals of nouns ending in o, especially if they are musical terms

• Soprano-sopranos, solo-solos, piano-pianos

• However, the following are important exceptions:

• Hobo-hoboes, tomato-tomatoes, mango-mangoes, potato-potatoes, mosquito-mosquitoes, echo-echoes, torpedo-torpedoes

Compound Nouns

• We make the main element plural in a compound noun

• Daughter-in-law=daughters-in-law

• Bellman=bellmen

• Power of attorney=powers of attorney

• Justice of the peace=justices of the peace

Nouns ending in ful

• We form the plurals of nouns ending in ful by adding an s at the end of the word.

• Plateful-platefuls

• Earful-earfuls