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8/7/2019 Grammar II (Unit 1 - Introduction to SFG)
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Systemic FunctionalGrammar
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Systemic Functional Grammar (or Systemic Functional Linguistics)
� 1960s ± Michael Halliday
� Social semiotic approach to
language.� ³systemic´ = a network of
systems, or interrelated sets of
options for making meanings.
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³formal grammar´ = focuses on
compositional semantics, syntax andword classes.
opposed to
³functional grammar´ = contextualized
practical uses to which language is
put.
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� The choices the grammar
makes available to speakersand writers.
� Speaker¶s and writer¶s
INTENTIONS� LANGUAGE
semantics
phonology
lexicogrammar
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Grammar Approaches
� Collection of rules (FORMAL)
� Semantic system
(FUNCTIONAL)
SFL = analysis of authentic
products of social interaction,within a particular social andcultural context.
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Application of SFL
³T o understand the
quality of texts: why a
text mean what it does,
and why it is valued as it
is´ (Michael Halliday, 1992)
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Social semiotics
³A system of meanings that constitutes
the µreality¶ of the culture.´
(Halliday, 1978: 123).
To interpret language within a
soc i oc ultural context .
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Systemic Functional Grammar
Functional in three senses:
- Grammar is designed to explain
how language is used.- Fundamental components of meaning
are functional components.
- Each element of language is explainedby making reference to its function in the
global linguistic system.
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³H ow are these meanings
expressed?´ A functional grammar works the
other way round, in that a
language is interpreted as asystem of meanings
accompanied by the forms
through which those meanings
are expressed.
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Forms of language
As a means to an
end , rather than as the end
in themselves.
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Fundamental concepts in
systemic functional grammar � rank = the scale of grammatical
units, i.e., a clause complex is
composed of one or more clauses.� constituency = the structural
organization of the clause and to
how clauses are composed of several parts.
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� system = a collection of two or more opposed options, from which
one (and only one) can bechosen.
S y stemi c theory i s a theory of meani ng as c hoi c e, lang uag e as a net work of opti ons that arei nterrelated.
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The Text
A text is µwhat is meant ¶.
TEXT can be defined as actualized
meaning potential (alwaysunderstood within the situation in
which it is framed and the most
logical and natural unit inside thetext is the clause).
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Systemic Functional Grammar isintended to analyze text, any text,written or spoken, in modernEnglish.
Halliday and Hasan (1976: 1):
³The word text is used in linguistics torefer to any passage, spoken or
written, of whatever length, that doesform a unified wholeunified whole.´ (from aproverb to a whole play )
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A text is a unit of language inuse. It is not a grammatical unit,
such as a clause, and it is notdefined by its size. A text has tobe understood as a semantic
unit, i.e., as a unit of meaningand not as a formal unit: ³A text
does not consist of sentences; it is
realized by, or encoded in,sentences.
(Halliday & Hasan, 1976: 2).
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Reasons to analyze a text
To understand the relationshipbetween:
* language and culture.* language and situation.
For that, we have tounderstand the text and itsmeaning.
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Study of the system of language.
To understand better the text or
discourse - what people say,write, listen or read.
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Systemic Functional Grammar
(SFG)
I t interprets language as
interrelated sets of options for making meaning and seeks to provide a clear relationship
between f u nc ti ons and
g rammati c al sy stems(Halliday, 1994).
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TEXT
A text, spoken or written, from a
functional point of view, is:
³ A harmonious collection of meaning
appropriate to its context´
(Butt, et al., 2000).
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CONTEXT
Two perspectives
(Droga & Humphrey, 2002):
Context of culture Context of situation
The broad sociocultural
environment, which
includes ideology, social
conventions and
institutions.
The specific situations
within the sociocultural
environment.
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CONTEXT (Three aspects)
CONTEXT
FIELD TENOR MODE
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� Field refers to what is to be
talked or written about.� Tenor is the relationship
between the speaker and
listener or the writer andreader.
� Mode refers to the channelof communication.
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SEMIOTICS
Semiotics, also called semiotic
studies or (in the Saussurean
tradition) semiology, is the study of signs and sign processes (semiosis),
indication, designation, likeness,
analogy, metaphor, symbolism,analogy, metaphor, symbolism,signification, and communication.
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SEMIOTICS: three branches
� Semantics: Relation betweensigns and the things to which theyrefer; their denotata, or meaning.
� Syntactics: Relations amongsigns in formal structures.
� Pragmatics: Relation betweensigns and the effects they have onthe people who use them.
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PRAGMATICSPragmatics is a subfield of linguistics
which studies the ways in which context
contributes to meaning.
The transmission of meaning dependsnot only on the linguistic knowledge (e.g.
grammar, lexicon etc.) of the speaker
and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, knowledge about the
status of those involved, the inferred
intent of the speaker , and so on.
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METAFUNCTIONS
Written and spoken texts can be
examined with respect to each of
these metafunctions in register analyses:
* Ideational metafunction.
* Interpersonal metafunction.
* Textual metafunction.
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Ideational metafunction
Divided into two: experiential and logicalmetafunctions.
The experiential metafunction organises our
experience and understanding of the world.The logical metafunction works above theexperiential. It organises our reasoning on thebasis of our experience.
The ideational metafunction relates to thef ield aspects of a text, or its subject matter and context of use.
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Interpersonal metafunction
The interpersonal metafunction
relates to a text's aspects of tenor or
interactivity.Tenor comprises three component
areas: the speaker /writer persona,
social distance, and relative socialstatus.
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Textual metafunction
The textual metafunction relates to
mode; the internal organisation and
communicative nature of a text.This comprises textual interactivity,
spontaneity and communicative
distance.
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ANALYSIS of CONTEXT
� Field: what is happening, the nature of thesocial interaction taking place: what is it thatthe participants are engaged in.
� Tenor: who is taking part; the social rolesand relationships of participant, the statusand roles of the participants
� Mode: the symbolic organization of the text,rhetorical modes (persuasive, expository,
didactic, etc); the channel of communication,such as spoken/written, monologic/dialogic,+/- visual contact, computer-mediatedcommunication/telephone/F2F, etc.
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Functional grammar
(or systemic functional grammar)
For explaining how language is selected andorganised in particular ways for particular socio-cultural purposes.
In classroom contexts, functional grammar has been associated with genresgenres, which arepredictable, identifiable ways of usinglanguage.
Systemic functional grammar is useful for explaining the structuring of the clause andup, e.g. clauses, sentences, cohesion, texts,discourse etc.