GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA

Ross University School of Veterinary MedicineBacteriologyMarch 2004Amy Fayette

What is the major source of infection with Listeria monocytogenes?

• Silage

• pH over 5.5

What is the morphology of rhodococcus equi?

• Gram +

• Some rods, some cocci

What is a synonym of C. pseudotuberculosis?

• C. ovis

What is the most common sign of C. pseudotuberculosis in horses?

• Ulcerative lymphangitis• Abscesses and swellings in lnn. That burst and

leave ulcers

What are the host factors behind rhodococcus equi?

• Age- 6 weeks

• Breed lines

What is the bacteria that causes listeriosis?

• Listeria monocytogenes

What is the most common sign of C. pseudotuberculosis in sheep?

• Pus filled lymph nodes

What are the forms of disease caused by Listeria monocytogenes?

• Neural disease- meningoencephalitis

• Septicemia

• Abortion

• Mastitis

What is the morphology of typical corynebacterium spp.?

• Small gram + rods

• Club-shaped swellings at one or both ends

• “chinese lettering”

What is the morphology of Actinomyces?

• Gram +

• Slender rods

What causes cystitis and pyelonephritis in cattle and “pizzle rot” in sheep and

goats?• Corynebacterium renale group

• C. renale • C. pilosum• C. cystidis

What is the disease forms associated with Actinomyces suis?

• Habitat is prepuce and urethra of boar

• Disease only in sow, causing cystitis and pyelonephritis

How is tetanus diagnosed?

• Clinical signs

• Discovery of appropriate wound

What is the morphology of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

• Gram +

• slender rods

What is the main cause of pizzle rot in sheep?

• High protein diet

What are the main forms of erysipelas in pigs?

• Septicemia

• Diamond skin lesions (urticaria)

• Endocarditis

• arthritis

What is the disease associated with Actinomyces bovis in horses?

• Infection of bursae in horses

• “poll evil” or “fistulous withers”

What is the bacteria associated with Swine erysipelas?

• Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

What is the morphology of Listeria monocytogenes?

• Small gram + rods

• May be coccoid

How is Listeria typically enriched in the laboratory?

• “cold enrichment”

What is the morphology of Arcanobacterium pyogenes?

• Small gram + rods

• Resemble corynebacterium

What is the disease associated with Actinomyces bovis in cattle?

• “lumpy jaw”

• Caused by erupting teeth or abrasive food

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium

sordellii?

• Isolated from sudden deaths, and “big head” in rams

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium

botulinum in wild birds?• “limberneck”- ingestion of rotting vegetation

and dead invertebrates

• Ingestion of dead fish

What are the signs associated with rhodococcus equi?

• Bronchopenumonia

• Extensive anscessation and lymphangitis

• Necrotizing enterocolitis with ulceration

What is the disease forms associated with Nocardia asteroides?

• Cattle• mastitis

• Dogs, cats• aspiration of organisms• Blood stained purulent fluid in pleural cavity

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium

perfringes Type A?

• Gas gangrene (man and occasionally animals)

• Food Poisoning (man

• Colitis in horses

• Necrotic enteritis in chickens

• Enterotoxemic jaundice in lambs

What is another name for Rhodococcus equi?

• Corynebacterium equi

What are the predisposing factors of dermatophilus congolensis?

• Prolonged rainfall

• Humid conditions

• Heavy tick infestation

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium

perfringes Type B?• Lamb dysentery

• 2d-2wks old• Causes severed diarrhea sometimes with blood

• Neonatal hemorrhagic enteritis in calves and foals

• Enterotoxemia in adult sheep and goats

What is the morphology of dermatophilus congolensis?

• Gram + rods

• Branching filaments

• Motile zoospores

What is the significance of Corynebacterium bovis?

• Commensal of bovine udder

• Provokes neutrophil response, thought to protect the udder from more serious infections

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium

perfringes Type C?

• Hemorrhagic enterotoxemia- esp. in neonatal piglets, lambs, foals and calves

• Necrotic enteritis- chicks under 2 weeks

• Enterotoxemia in post weaning/ adult sheep in Britain and adult goats

What is the general lesion produced by actinomyces spp.?

• Pyogranulomatous lesions

• Presence of hard “sulfur granules”

What is the morphology of bacillus spp.?

• Large gram+ rods

• Aerobic or facultative anaerobic

• Sporeforming

• Catalase +

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium

perfringes Type D?

• Enterotoxemia (“pulpy kidney”)• Associated with change in diet usually for better• Increases cerebral pressure which causes nervous

signs• Also causes hydropericardium, and edema of lungs• Hyperglycemia, and glucosuria

• Enterotoxemia in goats and possibly cattle

What are the cultural characteristics of streptococcus?

• Facultative anaerobes

• Catalase neg (staph catalase pos)

What are the cultural characteristics of Actinomyces?

• Anaerobic or microaerophilic- some CO2 prefered

What are the disease forms associated with Staph hyicus?

• “Greasy pig disease”

• “exudative epidermitis”

• Primarily in Suckling piglets

• Excessive sebaceous secretion

• Subacute disease- thickening and wrinkling of skin

What is the disease forms associated with bovine farcy?

• Nocardia sp.

• Infection of the lymphatics of the lower limbs or head of cattle

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium

perfringes Type E?• Enteritis/enterotoxemia in calves and lambs

What is the morphology of Nocardia spp.

• Slender gram + rods and filaments

• Modified acid-fast

What are some synonyms of dermatophilus congolensis?

• Cattle- dermatophilosis, streptothricosis, senkobo skin disease

• Sheep- lumpy wool, mycotic dermatitis, strawberry footrot

• Horse- rain scald

What are the disease forms associated with staph intermedius?

• Pyoderma in dogs and cats

• Lesions in skin folds

• Otitis externa

What is the disease forms associated with B. anthracis?

• Septicemia with sudden death

• Dark, tarry unclotted blood oozing from orifices

• Spleen is greatly enlarged

What is the disease forms associated with Actinomyces hordeovulneris?

• Injury by grass awns

• Local abscesses and serositis

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium

piliforme?

• Was: bacillus piliformis

• Aka: tyzzers disease

• Enteritis of lower small intestine and proximal large intestine and focal necrosis of liver

• Disease seen in young animals

What are the three most common streptococci associated with bovine

mastitis?

• S. agalactiae

• S. dysgalactiae

• S. uberis

What is the disease forms associated with dermatophilus congolensis?

• Scab and crust formation with shallow clean wound underneath

What is the disease forms associated with Arcanobacterium pyogenes?

• “summer mastitis”

• Transmission by flies

• Non-lactating heifers and cows

• Abscesses, empyemas and pyogranulomas

What is the disease forms associated with Streptococcus suis?

• Meningitis, arthritis, pneumonia, and septicemia in pigs

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium

spiroforme?• Spontaneous diarrhea in weanling rabbits

• Antibiotic-induced diarrhea in adult rabbits

• Enterocolitis in foals and pigs

What is the disease forms associated with B. cereus?

• Mastitis

• Abortion

• Conjunctivitis

What is the disease forms associated with Actinomyces viscosus?

• Chronic pyogranulomatous lesions of skin

• Sero-sanguineous purulent fluid in the pleural cavity

What is the disease forms associated with Streprococcus equi subspecies

zooepidemicus?• Metritis, abortion, navel ill/joint ill

What is the morphology of Mycobacterium

• Slender rods

• Gram +

• Acid fast

• Straight or slightly curved

• Strictly aerobic

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium difficile?

• Antibiotic-induced enterocolitis in man, rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs

• Spontaneous diarrhea in dogs, foals and pigs

What is the morphology of staphylococcus?

• Gram + cocci

• “bunches of grapes”

• Coagulase +

• Catalase +

• Facultative anaerobe

• Tolerates high NaCl

How is infection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis acquired?

• Ingestion of infected feed or water

What is the causative agent behind “strangles”

• Streptococcus equi subspecies equi

What is thought to influence the onset of signs associated with

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis?

• stress

What is the number 1 cause of mastitis?

• Staph aureus

What is the disease forms associated with S. equi subspecies equi?

• Nasal discharge, inflammation of mucosa of nasopharynx

• Bastard strangles- widespread abscessation in a variety of organs

• Purpura hemorrhagica- immune mediated vasculitis, SQ edema, petechial hemorrhages

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium

chauvoei?• Aka. Blackleg, quarter evil, blackquarter

• Blackening of the muscle and gas build up

• High temp

• Depressed and lame

What is the disease forms associated with Mycobacterium

paratuberculosis?• Chronic enteritis of ruminants

• Chronic wasting disease with intermittent diarrhea• Edema and thickening of ileo-cecal valve• Edema of mesenteric lnn.

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium

botulinum in ruminants?• Phosphorus deficiency leading to depraved

appetite where animals eat bones of dead animals

• “forage poisoning”- preserved food contains toxin from rotting bodies of dead rodents

What is the disease forms associated with B. larvae?

• Foulbrood in bees

What is the disease forms associated with Streptococcus porcinus?

• Abscessation of lnn. especially of head in pigs

What are the disease forms associated with Clostridium

septicum?

• Aka. Malignant edema, braxy

• Common, active post morten invader

• Gains entry by soil contamination of wounds

• Muscle dark brown to black

• Little gas formation

What is the morphology of streptococcus?

• Gram + cocci

• Pairs or chains

What is the pathology behind Braxy?

• Clostridium septicum

• Caused by eating of frozen grass

• Damages wall of abomasum

What human disease is thought to be associated with Mycobacterium

paratuberculosis?• Crohn’s disease

What is the disease forms associated with B. licheniformis?

• Abortion

What diseases are caused by the two types of clostridium novyi

• Type A- “gas gangrene”, “big head” in rams

• Type B- “black disease” in sheep

What is the disease forms associated with Clostridium tetani?

• “tetanus”

• Lock jaw in humans and animals

• Overstimulation of motor neurons which causes a rigidity of extensors

What is the disease forms associated with Streptococcus dysgalactiae

subspecies equisimilis?

• Misc pyogenic infections in many species of animals

What are the disease forms associated with “big head”

• Clostridium novyi Type A

• Edematous swelling of head and neck after infection due to trauma to the SQ tissues of the head

What types of injuries typically cause tetanus?

wounds

horn disbudding

castration/emasculation

navel

What is the morphology of clostridium?

• Large gram + rods

• Spore forming

• Anaerobic

• Catalase neg

What are the disease forms associated with “black disease”?

• Aka. Infectious necrotic hepatitis

• Clostridium novyi Type B

• Organisms lodge in liver following ingestion

• Multiply in lesions formed by liver flukes

• Increased necrosis of liver and sudden death

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium

botulinum in equines?• “forage poisoning”- preserved food contains

toxin from rotting bodies of dead rodents

• “shaker foal syndrome”- organisms multiply in necrotic lesions in the gastro-intestinal tract

What is the disease forms associated with Streptococcus canis?

• Neonatal septicemia and metritis

What are the disease forms associated with clostridium

haemolyticum?• Was called C. novyi Type D

• Aka. Bacillary hemoglobinuria

• Can produce toxin when multiplying in areas of liver necrosis usually due to fluke migration

• Hemoglobinuria, anemia, pale and raised purple areas