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Graham Sansom and Jeremy Dawkins
UTS Centre for Local Government
22.5m population;Growth 1.5-2%pa;60% in 6 major metro regions; GDP US$60,000 per capita
StateMetropolitan
region
Population
of state
2010
Population of
Metropolitan
region
2008/09
Population of
‘central city’ local
government
2008/09
New South
WalesSydney 7,238,819 5,316,379
City of Sydney:
177,000
Tasmania Hobart 507,626 205,566City of Hobart:
49,887
QueenslandSouth East
Queensland4,516,361 2,706,302
Brisbane City:
1,052,458
Western
AustraliaPerth 2,296,411 1,519,510
City of Perth:
17,093
Victoria Melbourne 5,547,527 4,014,361City of Melbourne:
89,759
South
AustraliaAdelaide 1,644,642 1,275,041
City of Adelaide:
19,444
Metropolitan Region
(Statistical Divisions
included)
Population
1996
Population
2006
Absolute
Growth
1996 - 2006
Percentage
Growth
1996 - 2006
Sydney
(Sydney SD, Hunter SD,
Illawarra SD)
4,808,237 5,316,379 508,142 10.57%
Melbourne
(Melbourne SD, Barwon
SD)
3,522,797 4,014,361 491,564 13.95%
South East Queensland
(Brisbane SD, Gold Coast
SD, Sunshine Coast SD,
West Moreton SD)
2,138,215 2,706,302 568,087 26.57%
Perth
(Perth SD)1,295,092 1,519,510 224,418 17.33%
Adelaide
(Adelaide SD, Outer
Adelaide SD)
1,182,768 1,275,041 92,273 7.80%
Hobart
(Greater Hobart SD)195,718 205,566 9,846 5.03%
Selected regions Both typical and distinctive
Dominant population centres in their states (SEQ somewhat less so)
Mostly developed in last 30-50 years: car-based ‘sprawl’ but recent focus on increased densities and inner suburban renewal with apartment living
Perth: longstanding metropolitan planning arrangements
SEQ: stable but evolving arrangements over past 20 years; dominant central local government and now very large suburban local governments too
The ‘Australian model’ Dominant federal government now re-engaging with major cities
(Infrastructure Australia, Major Cities Unit, strategic planning guidelines, national urban policy)
Well-developed (but not legislated) IGR with peak Council of Australian Governments (COAG) and >20 ministerial councils (Mincos)
LG is not in federal constitution and is a ‘creature of the States’, but has strong links with federal government – and is a member of COAG/Mincos
Larger local governments are (or could be) financially autonomous, but still limited functions
States are legally all-powerful in metro management but depend on federal funding and LG support
‘Model’ is state metro (and hinterland) management, typically without specialist metro agency, plus single-tier LG with varying degrees of ‘fragmentation’ and mostly small (but influential) central cities
No special roles or (for the most part) legislation for metro LG or central cities
Metropolitan region
(State)
Current Metropolitan Plan
(date of release)Prepared by
Sydney
(New South Wales)
City of Cities - A Plan for
Sydney’s Future (2005, revised
2010 )
Department of Planning,
NSW Government.
Melbourne
(Victoria)
Melbourne 2030: Planning for
sustainable growth (2002)
Department of
Infrastructure, Victoria
South East
Queensland
South East Queensland
Regional Plan 2009 – 2031
(2009)
Department of Infrastructure
and Planning, Queensland
Perth
(Western Australia)Directions 2031 (2010) Department of Planning, WA
Adelaide
(South Australia)
Planning Strategy for
Metropolitan Adelaide (2007)
Department of Planning and
Local Government, SA.
Hobart
(Tasmania)
Hobart 2025: A Strategic
Framework (2007)Hobart City Council
Current metro strategies: will they meet the COAG guidelines?
Perth metro region 75% of WA population (next largest centre only 60,000) 30 local governments: small in centre, large on fringe First Town Planning Act in Australia (1928) ‘Stephenson-Hepburn’ metro plan 1955 Metropolitan Region Planning Authority 1960 (later became
WA Planning Commission): state body (department heads) with LG representatives
Statutory regional planning scheme Metropolitan Improvement Fund (special rates levy) Infrastructure Coordination Committee Other committees with external advisers State dominance and leadership (eg Perth waterfront)
South East Queensland 11 local governments (effectively 7): relatively strong, well
resourced: all popularly elected mayors Brisbane City established 1926 – merger of 20 councils: directly
elected lord mayor plus 26 full-time councillors from single member wards (unique)
Council of Mayors: developing role SEQ Regional Planning Committee: political as much as
technical (evolved from non-statutory, collaborative approach) Statutory regional plan ‘made’ by minister Department of Infrastructure and Planning (Growth
Management Queensland; Coordinator General; 20 year Infrastructure Plan)
Urban Lands Development Authority; Translink Transit Authority
South East Queensland 2009
Queensland Government Revenues 2010-11
Comparative taxation effort of Australian states and territories
Population Taxes
Per
capita
User
Fees
Per
capita
Other
Own
Source
Revenue
Per
capita
Total
Own
Source
Revenue
$ m
Total
Own
Source
Revenue
Per
capita
Grants/
Subsidies
$ m
Grants/
Subsidies
Per capita
Total
Revenue
$ m
Total
Revenue
Per
capita
Brisbane 1,052,458 $563 $626 $377 $1,648 $1,566 $186 $177 $1,835 $1,743
Gold Coast 515,157 $618 $712 $161 $768 $1,491 $71 $139 $839 $1,629
Sunshine
Coast 323,423 $515 $711 $69 $419 $1,295 $99 $307 $518 $1,602
Ipswich 162,383 $471 $694 $137 $211 $1,302 $42 $258 $253 $1,560
Moreton Bay 371,162 $382 $542 $73 $370 $998 $176 $475 $547 $1,473
Redland 140,691 $454 $673 $54 $166 $1,181 $30 $212 $196 $1,393
Logan 277,568 $387 $502 $28 $254 $917 $51 $185 $306 $1,102
Revenues of SEQ Local Governments 2008-09
Population Transport
(inc
roads,
buses,
ferries)
$m
Public
safety
and order
$m
Environ-
ment
(inc
waste,
street
lighting)
$m
Education
and social
services
$m
Parks
and
recre-
ation
$m
Urban
Planning
(inc
building
control,
business
develop-
ment)
$m
Other
$m
Total
$m
Total
per
capita
$
Brisbane 1,052,458 435 10 141 2 82 79 918 1,666 1,583
Gold Coast 515,157 124 26 90 5 115 47 312 721 1,399
Ipswich 162,383 35 5 15 5 44 15 69 188 1,157
Logan 277,568 52 9 30 2 32 15 82 220 794
Moreton Bay 371,162 48 6 34 15 76 39 95 313 843
Redland 140,691 31 3 30 8 32 15 42 162 1,151
Sunshine
Coast 323,423 94 16 52 5 68 37 105 377 1,166
Total 2,842,842 819 75 392 41 450 246 1,624 3,647 1,283
Expenditure of SEQ Local Governments 2008-09
2008-09
Taxes
User
fees
Oth
er
ow
n
sourc
e r
evenue
Tota
l ow
n
sourc
e r
evenue
Inte
rgovern
menta
l
transfe
rs
Tota
l revenue
state revenue
$ m$5,706 $1,410 $3,818 $10,934 $8,500 $19,434
state revenue per capita
$$2,542 $628 $1,701 $4,870 $3,786 $8,656
pro rata state govt revenue
in Perth $ m$4,216 $1,042 $2,821 $8,080 $6,281 $14,361
LG revenue, Perth region
$ m$799 $325 $81 $1,205 $261 $1,466
LG revenue, Perth region
per capita $$482 $196 $49 $726 $158 $884
State and Local Government Revenues for Perth
2008-09
Tota
l
Tra
nsp
ort
Pro
tect
ion
Envi
ron
men
t
Edu
cati
on
Soci
al S
ervi
ces
Pa
rks
an
d R
ec
Deb
t C
ha
rges
Oth
er
$m $/pop $/pop $/pop
$/po
p $/pop
$/po
p $/pop $/pop
08/09 total state govt
expenditure $m19,118
Rate of state govt
expenditure $/pop711 974 292 2,175 3,436 276 651
Pro rata state govt
expenditure in Perth $m314,127
LG expenditure in the
Perth region1,562 232 31 71 2 64 222 6 313
Total LG for WA5 2,494 368 38 17 3 252 268 8
State and Local Government Expenditures for Perth
Lessons and challenges Growing concerns re lifestyle and environment in metro regions:
pressure on major services and infrastructure due to growth Agenda is therefore growth plus improvement (impossible?) ‘Australian model’ offers a workable platform if States and LG can
improve their capacity and structures – useful lessons from Perth and SEQ
At present States lack adequate resources – calls for federal ‘intervention’ but Canberra ambivalent (competition from regional development)
Current COAG review and national urban policy may point ways forward
Scope for LG amalgamations in Sydney, Adelaide, Perth, Hobart –but does it matter? Yes, in terms of ‘strategic capacity’ and complementary ‘place shaping’ role at least