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Prof. Dr. Károly Hrotkó
SZIU Faculty of Horticultural Science
Grafting in Horticulture
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 2
Grafting Horticultural practice, where tissues, organs of two or
more plants grow into each other so that the process results in developing a composite plant, consisting of two or more components (graft).
Grafting as horticultural practice is more than a propagation method: multifunctional application!
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 3
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 4
Application of grafting Propagation (xenovegetativ propagation, at plants
impossible or difficult to propagate on own roots).
Creation of composite plants having combined benefits as graft.
Special growth habits to achieve (spherical or hanging canopies, topworked trees, special forms, grafting cacti)
Changing the cultivar in orchards
Replace tree injuries (bridge grafting)
Accelerated reproductive maturation of seedling in breeding
Transmission of viruses, virus indexing, study of virus infection
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 5
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 6
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 7
Application of grafting Propagation (xenovegetativ propagation, at plants
impossible or difficult to propagate on own roots).
Creation of composite plants having combined benefits as graft.
Special growth habits to achieve (spherical or hanging canopies, topworked trees, special forms, grafting cacti)
Changing the cultivar in orchards
Replace tree injuries (bridge grafting)
Accelerated reproductive maturation of seedling in breeding
Transmission of viruses, virus indexing, study of virus infection
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 8
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 9
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 10
Application of grafting Propagation (xenovegetativ propagation, at plants
impossible to propagate on own roots).
Creation of composite plants having combined benefits as graft.
Special growth habits to achieve (spherical or hanging canopies, topworked trees, special forms, grafting cacti)
Changing the cultivar in orchards
Replace tree injuries (bridge grafting)
Accelerated reproductive maturation of seedling in breeding
Transmission of viruses, virus indexing, study of virus infection
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 11
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 13
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 14
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 15
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 16
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 18
Magic bonsai: fast „industrial” produced
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 19
Application of grafting Propagation (xenovegetativ propagation, at plants
impossible to propagate on own roots).
Creation of composite plants having combined benefits as graft.
Special growth habits to achieve (spherical or hanging canopies, topworked trees, special forms, grafting cacti)
Changing the cultivar in orchards.
Replace tree injuries (bridge grafting)
Accelerated reproductive maturation of seedling in breeding
Transmission of viruses, virus indexing, study of virus infection
Dr. Hrotkó Károly
Grafting, graft union formation
20
Crab apple as pollinator
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 22
Application of grafting Propagation (xenovegetativ propagation, at plants
impossible to propagate on own roots).
Creation of composite plants having combined benefits as graft.
Special growth habits to achieve (spherical or hanging canopies, topworked trees, special forms, grafting cacti)
Changing the cultivar in orchards
Replace tree injuries (bridge grafting)
Accelerated reproductive maturation of seedling in breeding
Transmission of viruses, virus indexing, study of virus infection
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 23
Bridge grafting
Bridge grafting using seedlings
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 25
Application of grafting Propagation (xenovegetativ propagation, at plants
impossible to propagate on own roots).
Creation of composite plants having combined benefits as graft.
Special growth habits to achieve (spherical or hanging canopies, topworked trees, special forms, grafting cacti)
Changing the cultivar in orchards
Replace tree injuries (bridge grafting)
Accelerated reproductive maturation of seedling in breeding
Transmission of viruses, virus indexing, study of virus infection
Dr. Hrotkó Károly
Grafting, graft union formation
26
Dr. Hrotkó Károly
Grafting, graft union formation
27
Technical terms related to grafting Rootstock or understock
(seedling rootstock, clonal rootstock)
Scion
Intergrafting (interstem)
Rootstock
Interstock, interstem
Root grafting
Nurse grafting
Grafting in root collar, high working, topworking
Bench grafting
Graft unit
Dr. Hrotkó Károly
Grafting, graft union formation
28
Rootstock or understock (seedling rootstock, clonal rootstock)
Scion
Intergrafting (interstem)
Rootstock
Interstock, interstem
Root grafting
Nurse grafting
Grafting in root collar, high working, topworking
Bench grafting
Graft unit
Technical terms related to grafting
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 29
Technical terms related to grafting
Rootstock or understock (seedling rootstock, clonal rootstock)
Scion
Intergrafting (interstem)
Rootstock
Interstock, interstem
Root grafting
Nurse grafting
Grafting in root collar, high working, topworking
Bench grafting
Graft unit
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 30
Technical terms related to grafting
Rootstock or understock (seedling rootstock, clonal rootstock)
Scion
Intergrafting (interstem)
Rootstock
Interstock, interstem
Root grafting
Nurse grafting
Grafting in root collar, high working, topworking
Bench grafting
Graft unit
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 31
Technical terms related to grafting
Rootstock or understock (seedling rootstock, clonal rootstock)
Scion
Intergrafting (interstem)
Rootstock
Interstock, interstem
Root grafting
Nurse grafting
Grafting in root collar, high working, topworking
Bench grafting
Graft unit
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 32
Technical terms related to grafting Rootstock or understock
(seedling rootstock, clonal rootstock)
Scion Intergrafting (interstem) Rootstock Interstock, interstem Root grafting Nurse grafting Grafting in root collar, high
working, topworking Shoot grafting Bench grafting Graft unit
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 33
Technical terms related to grafting
Rootstock or understock (seedling rootstock, clonal rootstock)
Scion Intergrafting (interstem) Rootstock Interstock, interstem Root grafting Nurse grafting Grafting in root collar, high
working, topworking Shoot grafting Bench grafting Graft unit
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 34
Rootstock or understock (seedling rootstock, clonal rootstock)
Scion
Intergrafting (interstem)
Rootstock
Interstock, interstem
Root grafting
Nurse grafting
Grafting in root collar, high working, topworking
Shoot grafting
Bench grafting
Graft unit
Technical terms related to grafting
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 35
Shoot grafting: grafting of currants or goosberry on Ribes aureum rootstock
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 36
Topworking
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 37
Topworked Fraxinus ornus ’Mecsek’
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 38
Technical terms related to grafting
Rootstock or understock (seedling rootstock, clonal rootstock)
Scion Intergrafting (interstem) Rootstock Interstock, interstem Root grafting Nurse grafting Grafting in root collar, high
working, topworking Shoot grafting Bench grafting Graft unit
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 39
Technical terms related to grafting
Rootstock or understock (seedling rootstock, clonal rootstock)
Scion Intergrafting (interstem) Rootstock Interstock, interstem Root grafting Nurse grafting Grafting in root collar, high
working, topworking Shoot grafting Bench grafting Graft union
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 40
Graft union
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 41
Graft union in cross section
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 42
Graft union in cross section
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 43
Overgrowth of rootstock Overgrowth of scion
Dr. Hrotkó Károly
Grafting, graft union formation
44
Major steps in graft union formation
Making cuts and fitting the components
Wound callus formation
Formation of callus bridges
Closing cambial ring
Differentiation of vessels
Development into composite plant (graft)
Dr. Hrotkó Károly
Grafting, graft union formation
45
Major steps in graft union formation
Making cuts and fitting the components
Wound callus formation
Formation of callus bridges
Closing cambial ring
Differentiation of vessels
Development into composite plant (graft)
Dr. Hrotkó Károly
Grafting, graft union formation
46
Major steps in graft union formation
Making cuts and fitting the components
Wound callus formation
Formation of callus bridges
Closing cambial ring
Differentiation of vessels
Development into composite plant (graft)
Dr. Hrotkó Károly
Grafting, graft union formation
47
Major steps in graft union formation
Making cuts and fitting the components
Wound callus formation
Formation of callus bridges
Closing cambial ring
Differentiation of vessels
Development into composite plant (graft)
Dr. Hrotkó Károly
Grafting, graft union formation
48
Graft union formation at T-budded Citrus lemon (Mendel 1936)
First cell division 24 hours
First callus bridges 5. day
Differentiation of cambium in callus of
rootstock and scion
10. day
15. day
Xilem tracheids occure in rootstock
and scion
15. day
20. day
Complete lignification of callus on rootstock
bark and under the scion chip
25-30 day
30-45. day
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 49
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 50
Cleft grafting of winegrape in cross section
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 51
Factors influencing callus formation (formed mainly from young xylem and phloem cells)
Temperature (depends on species): possible control in closed systems (bench grafting) or appropriate selection of time.
Water content.
Hormonal supply of components.
Correct fitting and tying.
Exclude pathogens.
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 52
Factors influencing the decomposition of necrotic layer
Enzyms Phenoloxidase, peroxidase, (PAL, fenil-ammonium-aliase)
Optimal temperature required for enzyme activity
Optimal water content
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 53
Contacting cells in the grafting union: formation of callus bridges
Adhesion between cells - Lectine: (glykoproteids) recognition, decision on acceptation, and sticking the cell walls (adhesion) - Complexes consisting of pectine, carbohydrates and proteines (signalling role of pectine in recognition?)
Dictiosomes along the cel walls adjacent to the necrotic layer or cell partners: secreting lectine to the space between cell walls?
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 54
Dr. Hrotkó Károly
Grafting, graft union formation
55
Cambial bridges, closed cambial ring formation
In the cambial zone of callus meristematicly active cells occure: cambial bridge is forming; later the whole cambial ring is closing
Influenced by: - fitting the cambial part of the graft partners - supply of hormone (auxine)
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 56
Vessel differentiation
Xylem and phloem cell are formed in the callus along the cmbial bridge, contacts between adjacent cells, vessel formation (tracheas, tracheids)
Influencing factors - Auxine supply - Homeogenetic induction
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 57
Vessel differentiation in Cichorium intybus root / callus block
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 58
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 59
Fitting of tissue elements at T-budding and chip budding
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 60
Apricot budded on Prunus tomentosa: lignificated callus kept the components only
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 61
Lack of vessel differentiation at apricot on myrobalan root
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 62
Walnut on Pterocarya fraxinifolia root
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 63
Sectorial vessel differentiation disorder at apricot on myrobalan root
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 64
Graft union formation of composite tree lasts until the tree is alive!
In each moment as new cells are formed from the cambium they have to recognize, accept each other and the contacted cell should develop into normal vessels.
Any disadvantageous changes in metabolism or environmental stress may disturb the graft unit formation – may lead to incompatibility.
Dr. Hrotkó Károly Grafting, graft union formation 65
Importance of polarity in fitting of graft components
In shoot system: apical end of rootstock – basal end of scion
Grafting into root: basal end of root – to basal end of root
Disadvantages of inverz connections - no problem at nurse grafting - reduced growth at bridge grafting - at T-budding the shoot turns upright - at grafts reduced vigor, but the basal bud may turn upright - as interstem the invers connection results stunted growth.
