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8/8/2019 Grade 6 Renewable Energy Sources
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/grade-6-renewable-energy-sources 1/60
RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES
Energy sources which are
continuously being replenishedby nature
Grade 6
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ATOM
PROTON ELECTRONS
NEUTRON
N N
E
E
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Definition Of The Three Parts
Mass ChargeProton
Subatomic particlehaving a positiveelectrical charge
NeutronSubatomic particlewith no netelectrical charge
Electron
Subatomic particlehaving a negativeelectrical charge
1 +
1 +/-
-~0
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ELECTRICITY
An electric current is
created when tiny chargedparticles flow in a wire.Electric current can power things like our computersand TV sets.
ELECTRICITY
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Natural Electricity
Aurora Borealis
Lightning
Static Electricity
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ELECTRICITY HAS TRADITIONALLY BEEN……….
to your house
…fueled bycoal, oil or
natural gas,
generated,
G
transformed,
Tand
distributed
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8/8/2019 Grade 6 Renewable Energy Sources
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Brainstorm sources of electricity.
Which are renewable and
which are non-renewable?
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SOLAR
…T HEY NEED O UR HELP ! Keep A mer ica
C lean !R e c y c l e U s e N
a t u r a l
R e s o u rc e s
TTransformer
Your Home
NATURAL AND RENEWABLESOURCES OF ENERGY
DistributionLines
Biogas
Wind
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydroelectric
GGenerator
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SOLAR
ENERGY
SOLUTIONS
Photovoltaic Solar Power System
Parabolic Trough Solar Power System
Solar Panel Solar Trough
Solar Energy is light andheat energy that comes
from the sun.
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– The basic building blockof a photovoltaic (PV)solar power plant is thesolar cell which is
typically made of silicon. – On a sunny day, eachsquare foot of PV cellsgenerate approximately12 watts of electrical
power. – A typical PV cell
converts 15% of theincident solar energy to
DC electricity.
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–Converts DC power toAC power.
–Has a conversion
efficiency of 92%.
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–Increases the voltagefrom the inverter tomatch the voltage onthe power lines
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–Transports the electricalenergy from the power plantto your home.
SOLAR
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SOLARSOLUTION
#1
PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLARPOWER SYSTEM
PHOTO + VOLT = PHOTOVOLTAIC[LIGHT] [UNIT [ELECTRICITY
OF PRODUCEDELECTRICITY] FROM LIGHT]
http://www.aps.com/Photovoltaics: The direct conversion of sunlight to electricity
SOLAR CELL
INVERTER
TRANSFORMERPOWER LINES
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PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANTS
Scottsdale Covered Parking:
Fixed Photovoltaic panels
Prescott Airport:Single Axis Tracking, Tilted
Single Axis Tracking, and
High Concentration
Photovoltaic
Glendale Airport:
Single Axis Tracking and High
Concentration Photovoltaic
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Hot Water In
Cool Water OutCold Water In
Warm Water Out
Tube and Shell Heat Exchanger
Heat exchangers are devices built for efficient heat transfer from one
fluid to another.
http://www.taftan.com/thermodynamics/EXCHANGE.HTM
PARABOLIC TROUGH SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS
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PARABOLIC TROUGH SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS
G
SOLAR
SOLUTION
#2
Hot Oil
Cold Oil
Heat Exchanger
Turbine
Generator
T
Steam
Mirrors focus the sun’s energy and increase the intensity 30to 60 times. Heat is created and focused on a pipe
1
1
Oil is heated as it movesthrough the pipe, the oiltemperature can be ashigh as 750˚ F
22
The hot oil travels through a heatexchanger to heat water thatproduces steam.
3
3
Once heat is taken from oil, theoil returns to the pipe to bereheated.
5The steam turns turbines and
turbines create electricity.
4
4
SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS
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SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS
10,000,000 Watts
Solar II Experimental Power Plant, California
25,000 Watts
Dish/Stirling Engine System,
Arizona
1,000,000 Watts Parabolic
Trough Power Plant,
Arizona
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
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GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Hot Rock - Magma
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HOW DOES GEOTHERMAL HEAT GET UP TO EARTH'S
SURFACE? Conduction
Heat from the Earth’s interior flows
outward. It is transferred to the outer layer of rock or the crust.
Convection
Magma or very hot rock
rising upward out of themantle can bring intenseheat into the crust
Magma or very hot rock
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CONDUCTION AND CONVECTION
Convection is the transfer of energy within a liquid.
Heat conduction is the transfer of heat in a solid material.
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Rainwater seeping downward through pores and crevices in thecrust to depths of a mile or more is heated. The heated water maybe stored underground in geothermal reservoirs, or the hot water may flow upward out of the reservoirs to the surface as hot springs,or boil near the surface to create geysers, fumaroles, and mud pots
Rainwater
G t Y ll t
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Geysers at YellowstoneNational Park Old Faithful
http://en.wikipedia.org
Steamboat Geyser
www.nps.gov
BINARY CYCLE GEOTHERMAL POWER
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BINARY-CYCLE GEOTHERMAL POWERPLANT Is one example of a geothermal power plant
Turbine G
Cooled Water
Heat Exchanger
Pump
S t e
a m
Geothermal Reservoir ProductionWell
InjectionWell
Cooler
Cooling
Tower Air
T
The geothermalwater is passed
through a heatexchanger to heata another fluid thatbecomes steam
2
2
Geothermal water isbrought to the surfacethrough wells that aredrilled deep into theearth.
1
1
The steam spinsthe turbine
generator toproduceelectricity.
3
3
The steam is cooledback into a liquid andre-heated at the heat
exchanger
4
4
5
The geothermalcooled water issent back into theearth
5
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN ARIZONA
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GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN ARIZONA
Picture from www.EnergyAtlas.org
Locatewhere
geothermal
sourcesare mostlikely to be
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN ARIZONA
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GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN ARIZONA
Higher temperaturesprings and wells
(greater than 120˚ F)occur in areas that mayhave potential for spaceheating and geothermalgreen housing
Some of the areasshown with wells andsprings greater than140˚ F may havereservoirs underneath
them with 250˚ - 350˚ Ftemperatures thatmake them suitable for small scale binaryelectric power generation
Picture from www.EnergyAtlas.org
HOW DO YOU CONVERT WIND INTO ELECTRICITY?
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HOW DO YOU CONVERT WIND INTO ELECTRICITY?
The transformer increasesthe voltage to match thevoltage on the power linebefore it is sent on to your house
Rotor Diameter
Generator Gearbox
G
Nacelle
Tower
T
Transformer
The wind hits the rotor, therotor spins the generatorsmaking electrical energy frommechanical energy
WIND FARMS
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WIND FARMS
… are similar totraditional farms onlybecause they have
turbines that spin likewindmills. What doyou think the purposeof a turbine is?
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BIOMASS ENERGY FROM ARIZONA FORESTS
1. Left alone, forests
become thick with trees andforest litter.
2. Underburns knownas ground fires helpclear the forest floors
so that grass growsand large treessurvive.
3. Underburnsalso prevent
more damagingfires that spreadacross the topof the trees.
4. The top of tree fires spread quicklyand are much more difficult to fight.They leave burnt land that can takeyears to replenish.
5. Sometimes fire
makes seeds grow,but sometimes theforest has to bereplanted to speedthe return of trees.
THEBEGINNING
What other damage can happen from forest fires?
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Wild fires and bark beetlescreate biomass that canbe used as a fuel togenerate electricity.
THE BEGINNINGS OF BIOMASS
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THE BEGINNINGS OF BIOMASS
Biomass was the firstfuel mankind used for energy.
M O R E N AT U R E F R I E N D LY T H AN N AT U R AL G AS
Burning wood wasused for warmth
and cooking, aswell as keepingwild animals away
AVAILABLE
BEFORE
OIL
C L EA N E R
T HA N C OA
L
THE BALANCE OF BIOMASS
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THE BALANCE OF BIOMASS
Biomass generates far lessemissions than fossil fuels
CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) is released by burning biomass and is
used by other plants to make food.
C O 2
C O 2
C O 2 C O
2
CO2
U s e B i o
m a s s,
g e t l e s
s G r e e n h o
u s e
G a s
G R E E N H O U S E G A S
M O R E
F O S S
I L F U E L
L E S S
B I O M A S S
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BALANCE OF BIOMASS
Plants take in CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) andmake oxygen.
When biomass is burned, it uses oxygen tomake CO2
This is the balance of biomass
BIOMASS ENERGY COMES FROM
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BIOMASS ENERGY COMES FROM
plant, human or animal derived organic matter that is eaten, burnt, or converted into fuel.
Wood from trees, agriculture,wood factory waste, and theconstruction industry
Burnt wood from forest fires
Animals andanimal droppings
Gasification, pyrolysis, digestion, fermentation and solid fuel combustion
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Gasification
Gasification, pyrolysis, digestion, fermentation and solid fuel combustionare five different processes that use the biomass to make electricity.
G
Generator
Fermentation
Solid FuelCombustion
Digestion
PyrolysisT
Transformer
GASIFICATION
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GASIFICATION
Biomass
Electricity
Exposing a solid fuel to high temperatures and limited oxygen produceshydrogen rich gas
Heat
GT
BiogasPLUS
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Anaerobic Digestion
Anaerobic Digestion is a process whereorganic waste such as animal manure, leaves,trees, and other materials decompose or rot ina container with no oxygen.
The microbes or bacteria that make the waste
material decompose or rot, grow and createmethane and carbon dioxide.
DIGESTION – ANIMAL WASTE
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Mixing Tank
Recycled
Water
Reserve
Tank
Activated
Anaerobic
Process
Anaerobic
Compost
Settling
Tank
Gas
Cleanup
Methane
Rich GasCompression
and Delivery
G
DIGESTION ANIMAL WASTE
T
Biofuel
Bacteria, in an oxygen-starved environment can produce methane.
Methane Collector
DIGESTION – LANDFILL WASTE
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DIGESTION LANDFILL WASTE
Landfill
ActivatedAnaerobic
Process
Gas
Collection
Gas
Cleanup
Bacteria, in an oxygen-starved environment can produce
methane.
Bacteria
Clean Methane can be put into gas pipelines and
used like natural gas
Gas
Pipeline
FERMENTATION
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FERMENTATION
Biomass FermentationChamber Sugar Ethanol
Biofuel
Electricity
Sugar in the biomass material is converted to ethanol (alcohol)
GT
PYROLYSIS – Rapid Thermal Gasification
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PYROLYSIS Rapid Thermal Gasification
Biomass
Pre-Dryer Rapid
High HeatBio-Oil TG
Heating the biomass rapidly with no air can produce pyrolysis oil and phenol oil,
sometimes referred as bio-oil leaving charcoal.
RAPID THERMAL GASIFICATION
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RAPID THERMAL GASIFICATION
produces more than you ever imagined…..
AdhesivesFragrances
Flavorings
… plus chemicals and fuels
Plastics
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BIOGAS
OrganicWaste
Material
+ Decomposition = Biogas
Vegetation
ManureSewage
Landfill Garbage
Breaking down,
or changing,from a solidinto a liquid
or a gas
Methane
richflammable
gas
NATURE CREATES BIOGAS
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Nature creates biogasfrom rotting plantsaround ponds and
wetlands
As this methane gas is released into the atmosphere it creates an invisible
ceiling which traps the heat from the sun.
METHANE
Rotting
Vegetation
MAN-MADE BIOGAS (LANDFILLS)
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( )
To prevent methane fromescaping into the
atmosphere, it is collectedand burned in a flare stack
Escaping methane can
destroy nearby vegetation.
What else will we loseas a result of losingplants and trees?
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LANDFILL COLLECTOR
MAN-MADE BIOGAS (SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT)
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( )
Sewage treatment plants cleansewage water
producing large amounts of
methane
that can be flared or turned into electricity
Close-up of Flares
BIO-GAS DIGESTION PROCESS
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Produces Electricity and so much more
The Anaerobic Digestion of
animal waste creates methane.
The remaining solids can be
used for:
Fertilizer
Animal bedding (sterilized of
all pathogens)
Gasification
Recycled Water can be used for farming
BIO GAS ANAEROBIC DIGESTER
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BIO-GAS ANAEROBIC DIGESTER
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WHAT IS HYDROPOWER?
Hydro means water in Latin. It is
the most often used source of renewable energy used to make
electricity.
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Water is constantly moving through a cycle: Water vapor rises into theatmosphere through evaporation from lakes and oceans and transpiration
from plants and trees. It condenses to form clouds. Then rain or snow fallsback to the earth to the oceans and lakes.
WATER
Evaporation
Condensation
LakeRain
Transpiration is the evaporation of water into the atmosphere from theleaves and stems of plants
Transpiration
HOW WAS HYDROPOWER USED IN THE PAST?
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HOW WAS HYDROPOWER USED IN THE PAST?
For hundreds of years, moving water was used to turn wooden
wheels that were attached to grinding wheels to grind flour or
corn. The Greeks used water wheels more than 2,000 years ago.
These were known as water mills or grist mills.
Water can go over the top of the
wheel placed in the moving
water.
The flow of the water
turns the wheel at the
bottom.
HOW A HYDROPOWER PLANT WORKS
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HOW A HYDROPOWER PLANT WORKS
Water goes to Intake towers
1
1. Water goes into the Penstock Pipe at highspeed through the Intake Towers
Shaft andTurbine Wheel
2
2. And then goes to a Turbine Wheel
3. The Turbine Wheel spins the rotor of the Generator and makes AC electricity,
Generators
3
4. The electricity goes to the electrical grid to be used inyour home, in stores and in manufacturing plants.
Electric Grid
4
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Renewable Energy Discussion
How easy is it to get renewable energy asan electricity source to your home?
Will it be available 24 hours per day?
Will your lifestyle change?
Pros and Cons of Renewable Energy
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gy
PRO CON
– Continuous
– Abundant – Portable – Modular
– Need storage,
– Peaks at solar noon, – Most expensive of renewable energy
sources
Solar
– Cheapest of the
renewable energiestoday
– Not always near transmission
lines – intermittent power
Wind
– Can provide heat andcooling
– Continuous
– Not always near transmission lines – Not portable
Geothermal
Pros and Cons of Renewable Energy
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Biomass
Biogas
Hydropower
– Can be transported toa generator for acontinuous source of energy
– Always accessible,
can provide energy 24hours per day
– Distance to the fuel – Not always accessible
– Sources are limited in size
PRO CON
–Inexpensive –No Pollution
–Lakes and reservoirscan be used for recreation
–Dam construction is expensive –Damming rivers causes changes in
ecological cycles and surroundinglandscapes
–There are a limited number of feasible sites for large dams
ANSWERS
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ANSWERS
YOURYOUR