Grade 5 (in alphabetical order, with answers) · The ScienceFusion Vocabulary Cards are available online, ... to see the relationships among the vocabulary terms. • Have students

Vocabulary Cards

Grade 5

(in alphabetical order, with answers)

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To the Teacher

The ScienceFusion Vocabulary Cards are available online, formatted in two ways: alphabetized as they appear in the Student Edition Glossary and organized by Student Edition unit.

You may download the vocabulary cards to reproduce and distribute. Or you may allow children and their families to download the cards. A second set of cards is available to you with the answers to the activities in place.

To use the cards, cut them out along the solid lines. Then fold each card along the dotted line. Glue the two sides of the cards together so that the definition is on one side and the associated activity is on the other side.

The front of each card shows the vocabulary term, the phonetic respelling (grades 2–5), and the glossary definition of the term. The back of each card contains a short activity with a space for students to write or draw. The activities (questions, fill-in-the-blanks, word scrambles, word searches) are designed to help students understand and remember the meanings of vocabulary terms in the Student Edition.

Ideas for Using the Vocabulary Cards

• Have small groups of students read each vocabulary term aloud and take turns reading the definitions. Have students restate the meaning of each term in their own words. Then have students work together to complete the activity on the back of the card.

• Have students sort the cards by topic or have them create word webs to see the relationships among the vocabulary terms.

• Have students use the Vocabulary Cards at home. Suggest that students enlist family members to help them review and remember the concepts associated with the vocabulary.

• Allow students to use the cards to play vocabulary reinforcement games such as Concentration, Twenty Questions, and Jeopardy®.

• Encourage students to use the Vocabulary Cards as tools for reviewing content prior to tests or state science assessment.

accurate (AK•yuh•ruht)

Very close to the actual value.

When is it especially important to have accurate measurements? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answers: when experimenting, baking, taking medicines

adaptation (ad•uhp•TAY•shuhn)

A trait or characteristic that helps an organism survive.

Unscramble the letters to make words that name kinds of adaptations. a g u m l o f a c e camouflage __________________________________________ i m i y c r m mimicry __________________________________________ t a n r g o i i m migration __________________________________________

air mass (AIR MAS)

A large body of air that has similar temperature and humidity throughout.

Where does a warm, dry air mass form? Where does a cold wet air mass form? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ over warm land; over cold water

air pressure (AIR PRESH•er)

The weight of the atmosphere pressing down on Earth.

What causes differences in air pressures? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ the sun’s uneven heating of Earth’s surface


anemometer (an•uh•MAHM•uht•er)

A weather instrument that measures wind speed.

An anemometer measures wind speed. In what unit is wind speed measured? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ kilometers per hour

asteroid (AS•ter•oyd)

A chunk of rock or iron less than 1,000 km (621 mi) in diameter that orbits the sun.

Where is the asteroid belt? __________________________________________ between Mars and Jupiter

astronomy (uh•STRAHN•uh•mee)

The study of objects in space and their properties.

Circle the words that relate to astronomy. s a p m r u a v e t e l e s c o p e a y a i u v f l a r b n q n d j w r p x e s c o m e t a s t e r o i d h c t z h n o k t g

atmosphere (AT•muhs•feer)

The mixture of gases that surround a planet.

About what percentage of Earth do clouds in the atmosphere cover? __________________________________________ about 60%


atom (AT•uhm)

The smallest unit into which an element can be divided and still retain all the properties of that element.

What is at the center of an atom? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ a small, dense core called the nucleus

atomic theory (uh•TAHM•ik THEE•uh•ree)

A scientific explanation of the structure of atoms and how they interact with other atoms.

What does current atomic theory state? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: An atom is mostly empty space, with a nucleus at its center. The nucleus is surrounded by electrons.

balance (BAL•uhns)

A tool used to measure the amount of matter in an object, which is the object's mass.

What does it mean if you have a 50-gram mass on one side of a balance and the two sides of the balance are level? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ The object on the other side of the balance has a mass of 50 grams.

balanced forces (BAL•uhnst FAWRS•iz)

Forces that cancel each other out because they are equal in size and opposite in direction.

Write an example of balanced force. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: Person A is pushing on one side of a box. Person B is pushing on the opposite side of the box with the same amount of force. The box does not move.


barometer (buh•RAHM•uht•er)

A weather instrument used to measure air pressure.

How does a barometer work? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: It has a sealed chamber that expands and contracts when air pressure changes.

bladder (BLAD•er)

An organ in the excretory system that stores and releases urine.

What is the name of the small tube that takes urine from the bladder to outside of the body? __________________________________________ urethra

bone (BOHN)

A hard organ that has a spongy layer inside and that may help support the body or protect other organs.

What body parts connect the bones of a joint? __________________________________________ ligaments

brain (BRAYN)

The organ in the human body that processes information.

What body part carries information to and from the brain? __________________________________________ spinal cord


chemical change (KEM•ih•kuhl CHAYNJ)

A change in one or more substances, caused by a reaction, that forms new and different substances.

Write three examples of chemical changes. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: burning, decaying (rotting), cooking

chemical energy (KEM•ih•kuhl EN•er•jee)

Energy that is stored in matter and that can be released by a chemical reaction.

Write an example of how we use chemical energy. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: Chemical energy is a kind of potential energy in food. When we eat food, it provides the energy our bodies need.

circuit (SER•kit)

A path along which electric charges can flow.

What is a closed circuit? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ a circuit, or path, that is not disconnected, or broken

climate (KLY•muht)

The pattern of weather an area experiences over a long period of time.

What is the difference between climate and weather? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: Weather can change from day to day or even during one day. Climate is the long-term weather pattern of a place.


climate zone (KLY•muht ZOHN)

An area that has similar average temperatures and precipitation throughout.

Name the climate zone you live in. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Students should name the climate zone in which they live.

comet (KAHM•it)

A chunk of frozen gases, rock, ice, and dust orbiting the sun.

Which way does a comet’s tail point? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ away from the sun

compound (KAHM•pownd)

A substance made of atoms of two or more elements that have combined chemically.

In the compound sodium nitrate, for each atom of sodium there are _________________ oxygen atom(s), and __________________ nitrogen atom(s). three, one

condensation (kahn•duhn•SAY•shuhn)

The process by which a gas changes into a liquid.

Why might condensation form on a cold glass? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Water vapor in the air condenses when it touches the colder glass.


conductor (kuhn•DUK•ter)

A material that readily allows electric charges to pass through it and therefore carries electricity well.

Explain why the human body is a conductor. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ The human body contains a lot of water, which is a conductor.

conservation (kahn•ser•VAY•shuhn)

The process of preserving and protecting an ecosystem or a resource.

Why is it important to conserve trees? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: If trees are cut or burned down, new trees can be planted, but it takes a long time for the new trees to mature.

control (kuhn•TROHL)

The experimental setup to which you will compare all other setups.

To test the hypothesis A magnet does not attract an eraser you use a magnet, an eraser, and a paper clip. In Test A, you place the eraser two inches from the magnet. In Test B, you place the paper clip two inches from the magnet. Which test is the control? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Test B

desert (DEZ•ert)

An area of land that is very dry.

Are all deserts hot? Explain. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ No, all deserts are dry but they can be hot or cold.


dwarf planet (DWAWRF PLAN•it)

A nearly round body, slightly smaller than a planet, whose orbit crosses the orbit of another body.

Name the dwarf planet that was once classified as a planet. _________________________________________ Pluto

ecosystem (EE•koh•sis•tuhm)

A community of organisms and the environment in which they live.

What is a way living things in an ecosystem interact? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: Animals eat plants and other animals.

electric current (ee•LEK•trik KER•uhnt)

The flow of electric charges along a path.

Name a source of an electric current. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answers: electricity generating station, battery

electric motor (ee•LEK•trik MOHT•er)

A device that changes electrical energy into mechanical energy.

Name three devices that use an electric motor. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: blender, vacuum cleaner, electric fan


electrical energy (ee•LEK•trih•kuhl EN•er•jee)

Energy caused by the movement of electrical charges.

Name three things in the classroom that use electrical energy. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: electric light, electric pencil sharpener, computer

electromagnet (ee•lek•troh•MAG•nit)

A device in which electric current is used to produce magnetism.

Draw and label a device that uses an electromagnet. Drawing may show a telephone, a doorbell, a speaker, or a computer. The drawing should be labeled.

element (EL•uh•muhnt)

Matter that is made of only one kind of atom.

Write the name of an element. How many protons does that element have? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answers: chlorine, 17; silver, 47

energy (EN•er•jee)

The ability to cause changes in matter; that which living things use to live, grow, and move.

Unscramble the letters to make words that name three kinds of energy. h e I m a i c c chemical __________________________________________ l r h t e a m thermal __________________________________________ e t i l e c r I a c electrical __________________________________________


environment (en•VY•ruhn•muhnt)

All the living and nonliving things that surround and affect an organism.

What might be in a forest environment? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: trees and other plants, water, soil, animals

equator (ee•KWAYT•er)

An imaginary line around Earth, equally distant from the North and South Poles.

What kind of climate occurs near the equator? __________________________________________ tropical

evaporation (ee•vap•uh•RAY•shuhn)

The process by which a liquid changes into a gas.

When water evaporates, it forms an invisible gas called ________________________________. water vapor

evidence (EV•uh•duhns)

Information collected during a scientific investigation.

What could be evidence that dinosaurs once lived? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: a fossil dinosaur bone or a fossil footprint of a dinosaur


exoskeleton (eks•oh•SKEL•uh•tuhn)

A hard outer covering, found in many types of animals, that supports and protects the body.

The exoskeleton of some animals can be compared to what human body parts? __________________________________________ bones

experiment (ek•SPAIR•uh•muhnt)

An investigation in which all of the conditions are controlled to test a hypothesis.

Why is it important to control conditions in an experiment? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: so only one factor (variable) is tested

extinction (ek•STINGK•shuhn)

The death of all the members of a certain kind of living thing.

What can cause extinction? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answers: climatic changes, human disturbances such as forest clearing and overhunting

force (FAWRS)

A push or pull, which may cause a change in an object’s motion.

Name three things a force can do. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answers: make an object move; make a moving object speed up, slow down, change direction, stop; change an object’s shape


friction (FRIK•shuhn)

A force that acts between two touching objects and that opposes motion.

Rub your hands together. What does friction produce? __________________________________________ heat

front (FRUHNT)

The border where two air masses meet.

What forms when a cold air mass moves under a warm air mass? __________________________________________ a cold front

galaxy (GAL•uhk•see)

A group of billions of stars, objects that orbit those stars, gas, and dust.

What holds a galaxy together? __________________________________________ gravity

gas (GAS)

The state of matter in which a substance does not have a definite shape or volume.

Describe the particles in a gas. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: They move very quickly and are far apart from one another.


generator (JEN•er•ayt•er)

A device that makes an electric current by converting kinetic energy to electrical energy.

It is important for a hospital to have a generator. Why do you think this is so? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: so that if there is a power outage the hospital will still have electricity

grassland (GRAS•land)

An area of land covered mostly with grasses that generally receives less rain than a forest.

Name some animals that live in grasslands. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answers: elephant, zebra, giraffe, gazelle, cheetah, lion, meerkat

gravity (GRAV•ih•tee)

The force of attraction between objects, such as the attraction between Earth and objects on it.

Match the term with the correct word on the right.

gravity pulls friction pushes gravity–pulls; friction–pushes

habitat (HAB•ih•tat)

The place where an organism lives and can find everything it needs to survive.

What are some ways habitats can differ? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: climates, soil types, bodies of water


heart (HAHRT)

A muscular organ that pumps blood through the rest of the circulatory system.

Circle the words that relate to the heart. i t h v h k z s g a r t e r y x g t p y o I x r f f l u b c n b l o o d a n i j e p u m p w o r g a n d v d a b e x t t q m e

humidity (hyoo•MID•uh•tee)

The amount of water vapor in the air.

Name the tool that measures humidity. __________________________________________ hygrometer

instinct (IN•stingkt)

A behavior that an organism inherits and knows how to do without being taught.

What is the difference between an instinct and a learned behavior? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ An instinct is a behavior animals are born knowing how to do; a learned behavior is a behavior animals must be taught.

insulator (IN•suh•layt•er)

A material that resists the flow of electric charge and therefore does not conduct electricity well.

Name three materials that act as insulators. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answers: glass, dry wood, air, plastics, rubber


intertidal zone (in•ter•TYD•l ZOHN)

The area between the land and the ocean that is covered by water at high tide and uncovered at low tide.

Name three living things that live in the intertidal zone. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answers: seaweed, sea star, sea urchin, clam, oyster, anemone

investigation (in•ves•tuh•GAY•shuhn)

A procedure carried out to carefully observe, study, or test something in order to learn more about it.

Why do scientists carry out investigations? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: to answer questions about things in the natural world

kidneys (KID•neez)

Organs in the human excretory system that remove waste materials from the blood.

Why are your kidneys important? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: They remove waste and help conserve water, and make sure the blood has the right amount of salt.

kinetic energy (kih•NET•ik EN•er•jee)

The energy an object has because of motion.

Write an example of kinetic energy. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: a girl dribbling a basketball


latitude (LAT•ih•tood)

A measure of how far north or south a place is from the equator.

What is the latitude of the equator? __________________________________________ 0º

liquid (LIK•wid)

The state of matter in which a substance has a definite volume but no definite shape.

Do particles in a liquid move more freely or less freely than particles in a solid? __________________________________________ more freely

liver (LIV•er)

A large organ that makes a digestive juice called bile.

The liver helps break down __________________________________________. fat

lungs (LUHNGZ)

The large organs in the respiratory system that bring oxygen from the air into the body and release carbon dioxide.

Lungs take in _____________________________ and release _______________________________. oxygen, carbon dioxide


matter (MAT•er)

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

Can matter be created? Explain. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ No. Matter can be changed but it cannot be created or destroyed.

mechanical energy (muh•KAN•ih•kuhl EN•er•jee)

The total energy of motion and position of an object.

Write an equation to show the relationship of mechanical, kinetic, and potential energy. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Mechanical Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy

microscopic (my•kruh•SKAHP•ik)

Too small to be seen without using a microscope.

How do you observe through a microscope? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: Place the object you want to observe on a clear slide. Light passes through the object and two lenses. Look through an eyepiece and turn knobs to focus.

mixture (MIKS•cher)

A combination of two or more different substances in which the substances keep their identities.

Is mixing a physical change or a chemical change? Explain. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ a physical change; the two or more substances in a mixture keep their identities.


muscle (MUHS•uhl)

An organ made of bundles of long fibers that can contract to produce movement in living things.

Muscles often work in pairs. When one muscle contracts, the other muscle __________________________________________. relaxes

opinion (uh•PIN•yuhn)

A personal belief or judgment that does not need to be backed up with evidence.

Is each sentence a fact or an opinion?

The weather is beautiful today. opinion ______________________________________

The temperature is 78 ºF. fact ______________________________________

There are cirrus clouds in the sky. fact ______________________________________

organ (AWR•guhn)

A body part that is made of smaller parts that work together to do a certain job.

Circle the words that name organs of the body. h e a r t a l e k m y u o y s u h n q e a r s t n p o i r f n k l g z s c j v x i b o n e b r a i n b g w d

organ system (AWR•guhn SIS•tuhm)

A group of organs that work together to do a job for the body.

Name three organ systems in the human body. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: integumentary system, skeletal system, nervous system


organism (AWR•guh•niz•uhm)

A living thing.

What is an organism made of? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: parts that work together to meet its needs

pancreas (PAN•kree•uhs)

An organ that makes a digestive juice and insulin.

What does the pancreas break down? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ fats, proteins

parallel circuit (PAIR•uh•lel SER•kit)

An electric circuit that has more than one path for the electric charges to follow.

Why might a parallel circuit be more useful than a series circuit? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: because if one part of the parallel circuit breaks, only that part of the circuit stops working

physical change (FIZ•ih•kuhl CHAYNJ)

A change in which the form or shape of a substance changes but the chemical makeup of the substance remains the same.

Circle the words that name physical changes. t b u r n c o o k e r q v c r f s b a b e d u a r l r r m e l t c u i e a c x j m k s c a f r e e z e t e k d e c o m p o s e


planet (PLAN•it)

A large, round body that revolves around a star.

Name the planets in our solar system in order. Start with the one closest to the sun. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

polar (POHL•er)

Near Earth’s North Pole or South Pole.

Where do polar bears and penguins live? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ polar bears–near the North Pole, penguins–near the South Pole

pollution (puh•LOO•shuhn)

A waste product that harms living things and damages an ecosystem.

What is an example of pollution? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answers: exhaust fumes from cars and factories, chemicals dumped in water

potential energy (poh•TEN•shuhl EN•er•jee)

Energy that an object has because of its position or its condition.

Write an example of something that has potential energy. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: a roller coaster poised at the top of a hill


precipitation (pree•sip•uh•TAY•shuhn)

Water that falls from the air to Earth’s surface.

What may happen when precipitation seeps into the ground? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: It may be stored under ground as groundwater.

reaction (ree•AK•shuhn)

The process in which new substances are formed during a chemical change.

What is an example of a chemical reaction? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: When wood burns, it changes into smoke and ash.

runoff (RUHN•awf)

Water that does not soak into the ground and that flows across Earth’s surface.

What happens when runoff enters a river? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ It flows into a lake or an ocean.

science (SY•uhns)

The study of the natural world through observation and investigation.

Why is science important? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: because it helps us understand the world


scientific methods (sy•uhn•TIF•ik METH•uhdz)

The different ways that scientists perform investigations and collect reliable data.

Scientific methods use __________________________________________ and ______________________________________. logic, reasoning

series circuit (SEER•eez SER•kit)

An electric circuit in which the electric charges have only one path to follow.

Draw a series circuit. Diagram may show a circuit consisting of wire connecting one end of a battery to a light bulb, then to another light bulb, and then to the other end of the battery.

skin (SKIN)

The human body's largest organ, which covers the outside of the body.

Skin is part of what body system? __________________________________________ integumentary system

solar system (SOH•ler SIS•tuhm)

A star and all the planets and other objects that revolve around it.

In our solar system, what is the shape of the planets’ orbits around the sun? __________________________________________ elliptical (or oval-shaped)


solid (SAHL•id)

The state of matter in which a substance has a definite shape and a definite volume.

What do the particles of a solid do? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: They vibrate in place.

solution (suh•LOO•shuhn)

A mixture that has the same composition throughout because all the parts are mixed evenly.

Name two examples of solutions. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: food coloring dissolved in water, sugar dissolved in water

spring scale (SPRING SKAYL)

A tool used to measure forces.

When you hang an object on a spring scale, what are you measuring? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ the pull of gravity, or weight, of the object

star (STAHR)

A huge ball of very hot, glowing gases in space that produces its own light and heat.

Is the sun a larger star than all other stars? Explain. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ No. It only looks larger to us because it is much closer to Earth.


static electricity (STAT•ik ee•lek•TRIS•uh•tee)

The buildup of electric charges on an object.

What causes static electricity when you brush your hair? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: When you brush your hair, electrons move from each hair to the brush. All the hairs become positively charged. Because they all have the same charge, the hairs repel one another and stick out.

stomach (STUHM•uhk)

A baglike organ in which food is mixed with digestive juices and squeezed by muscles.

After liquefied food leaves the stomach, it goes into the _____________________________. small intestine

taiga (TY•guh)

Land that is very cold in winter and that is covered mostly with conifers.

What kind of climate does the taiga have? __________________________________________ very cold winters and short, warm summers

temperature (TEM•per•uh•cher)

The measure of the energy of motion in the particles of matter, which we feel as how hot or cold something is.

An increase in temperature is equal to an increase in ________________________ movement. particle


unbalanced forces (uhn•BAL•uhnst FAWRS•iz)

Forces that cause a change in motion because they act on an object and don’t cancel each other out.

What is the result of an unbalanced force acting on an object? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: The object speeds up, slows down, stops, or changes direction.

universe (YOO•nuh•vers)

Everything that exists, including galaxies and everything in them.

Think about what universe means. What do you think universal means? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: occurring everywhere

variable (VAIR•ee•uh•buhl)

Any condition that can be changed in an experiment.

In an experiment, you place two similar plants on a sunny windowsill. You water Plant A every day. You don’t water Plant B. What is the variable in your experiment? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ amount of water the plants get

volume (VAHL•yoom)

The amount of space something takes up.

What do you mean if you say Box A has more volume than Box B? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ that Box A takes up more space than Box B does


water cycle (WAWT•er SY•kuhl)

The process in which water continuously moves from Earth's surface into the atmosphere and back again.

Draw the water cycle and label the parts. Diagram should show evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff. These parts of the water cycle should be labeled.

weather (WETH•er)

What is happening in the atmosphere at a certain place and time.

Why is it important to know what the weather is like? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answers: to know what to wear, to know whether planes should fly, to help farmers care for their crops

weather map (WETH•er MAP)

A map that uses symbols to show weather data.

Name the kind of scientist who uses data to make weather maps. __________________________________________ meteorologist

wetland (WET•land)

An area of land covered with shallow water for most of the year.

Why are wetlands important habitats? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Sample answer: Many kinds of birds nest in wetlands, which are also home to many kinds of plants and animals.


wind (WIND)

Air that is moving.

Wind usually moves from areas of _______________________________ pressure to areas of _______________________ pressure. high, low


Documents

Grade 5 (in alphabetical order, with answers) · The ScienceFusion Vocabulary Cards are available online, ... to see the relationships among the vocabulary terms. • Have students