Grade 10 Biology Notes

7/29/2019 Grade 10 Biology Notes

1/7

Kiranjot

CELLS Chapter 2

Cell theory: all living things are made up of one or more cells, the cell is the simplest unit

that can carry out lifes processes, and cells come from other cells; not non-living matter

PROKARYOTES does not contain a nucleus and do not have membrane-boundorganelles EUKARYOTES contain a nucleus and have membrane bound organelles

Cell Organelles :

Cytoplasm - Lets organelles move around- Contains important substances

Cell membrane - Support the cell

- allow some substances to enter & keeping others out

Nucleus - contains DNA: genetic info in chromosomes

- controls all cell activites, and controls grow & division

Mitochondria - make energy available for the cell

- changes stored glucose to usable energyEndoplasmicreticulum

- transports materials, such as proteins

- also specialized (brain hormones) (muscles-contraction)Golgi bodies - collect and process materials to be removed from cell

- make and secrete mucus

Vacuoles - single layer membrane- storage, wastes, containing trigour pressure

Chloroplasts - contain chlorophyll

- process of photosynthesis

- CO2 + water + energy (sunlight) glucose + oxygen

Cell Division

- Cell division for reproduction

o Asexual- one parent, offspring is exact genetic copy

o Sexualone parents cell join anothers, only contain half DNA, (gametes) ,

they combine, offspring contains characteristics form both parents

- Cell division for growth

o Need to do this because cells cant get bigger or it would be hard for chemicals

to transfer in diffusion and water in osmosis

- Cell division for repair

o Body needs to replace dead cells, and the heal and fill gaps

o Need to repair to stay alive

Cell cycle

- Stages : interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

- INTERPHASE


2/7

Kiranjot

o The phase of the cell cycle during which the cell performs its normal functions

and its genetic material is copied for preparation for cell division

- MITIOSIS

o The stage of the cell cycle in which the DNA in the nucleus is divided; the first

part of cell division, to produce the daughter cells

o Contains PMAT; Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Prophase

Chromosomes become visible by condensing DNA strands, &

nuclear membrane is breaking down

Metaphase

Chromosomes (sister chromatids connected by centromere)

line up in the middle of the cell, & nuclear membrane

completely gone

Anaphase

Centromere in sister chromatids split, now called daughter

chromosomes, start moving to opposite sides of cell Telophase

Daughter chromosomes stretch out, become thinner, a new

nuclear membrane form around each of them; appears to have

two nuclei

- CYTOKINESIS

o Cytoplasm divided, producing two identical daughter cells

o Plants have a cell plate, which develops into a cell wall

o Animals the membrane is pinched off in the center

- Reasons not to divide are signals from other cells no to, not enough nutrients, DNA

not copied, DNA is damaged

Cancer-Cell Division Gone Wrong

- Cells that divide despite messages to stop , rapidly growing makes a lump or tumor

- Stays together, not serious is a benign tumor, a tumor that interferers is a cancerous

tumor, malignant they can leave tumor and start somewhere else metastatic

- Causes of cancer can be random mutations caused by carcinogens or hereditarily

which is passed on

- Super foods that can fight cancer are nuts, and tomatoes

Specialized Cells

- All multicellular organism have specialized cells; perform specific functions

- Performs one function, instead of doing everything

- Ex:

o Red blood cells contain hemoglobin that carries oxygen in blood. Cells are

smooth so they can easily pass through blood vessels

o Skin Cells fit tightly together, covering the outside of the body, to protects it

and reduce water loss


3/7

Kiranjot

o Nerve cell- long and thin and have many branches, conduct electric impulses

to coordinate body activity

ANIMAL SYSTEMS Chapter 3

The Hierarchy of Structures

- Organism (human) organ system (circulatory system) organ (heart) tissue

(cardiac muscle) cellular level (cardiac muscle cell)

- 4 major type of tissue

o Epithelial

Thin sheet of tightly packed cells that covers bodys surfaces, and lines

internal organs and body cavities

o Connective

A specialized tissue that provides support and protection for various

parts of the body

o Muscle

containing proteins that can contract and enable the body to move

o Nerve

That conducts electric signals from one part of the body to another

The Digestive System

- Tract includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large and anus

o MOUTH breaks down food with teeth and tongue, and chemically with

enzymeso ESOPHAGUS - muscular tube, contract and relax , slowl move food along

o STOMACH hold and churns food, lining contains enzymes and acids

o INTESTINE goblet cells produce mucus, muscles churn and contract food,

nutrients diffuse into blood stream, large intestine lining absorbs water

o ANUS remaining food not diffused it excreted form here

- Accessory Organs

o Liver, pancreas, gall bladder

Supply digestive enzymes

Pancreases produces insulin that controls sugar in our blood

Circulatory System

- Has the blood, heart and blood vessels

- Transports oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and carries away wastes

o BLOOD

red blood cells

o half of our blood, contain hemoglobin which carries oxygen

white blood cells


4/7

Kiranjot

o infection fighting cells, 1%

o have nucleus

platelets

o Tiny cells that prevent blood clotting

Plasma

o Protein rich liquid that carries blood cells along blood is

plasma

o THE HEART

Made up of three different types of tissue, muscle tissue, nerve tissue

and connective tissue

o Cardiac muscle is the only found in the heart, make the heart

contract at the same time and moves the blood around the body

o Heart rate depends on stress, temperature and health

o Inner an outer surfaces of the hearth lined with epithelial tissue,

it reduces friction and the blood can flow easily

o BLOOD VESSELS Arteries carry blood away from the heart, they have thicker walls

Veins- carry blood toward the heart

Capillaries- further, they are more vessels that are linked together, tiny

blood vessels with thin wall which allow diffusion

- Can have diseases like coronary artery disease, that is cause by plaque in the vessels

(fat) to block the passage of blood, making it work harder

o When coronary arteries are completely block, and they cant get their oxygen

and nutrients, the heart stops pumping and the cardiac muscle starts to die:

Heart Attack

Respiratory System

- Made up of mouth, nose, trachea, bronchi, lungs

- Provides oxygen for the body and allows CO2 to leave the body

- Air enters throughout the mouth and nose, passing into the pharynx, travels

throughout the trachea, which separates into two bronchi and bronchi deliver to the

lungs

o Cilia help move mucus and filter our any foreign material, cilia, are in the

epithelial cells in the trachea and bronchi

o Each bronchi branches again and again to alveoli

Have very thin walls and are lined with capillaries

Oxygen and CO2 diffuse through their thin walls

- Breathing controlled by muscles, and their expansion and relaxation, muscle move the

rib, and the diaphragm moves

Organ transplant

- Living donors, mostly relatives of the recipient, rick of rejection


5/7

Kiranjot

- Deceased donors, they take it from your consent when alive or your families after you

die, they check for disease and give it to the person with the best match

- Xenotransplant, transporting bodies from different animals to another; rejection is very

common

Musculoskeletal System

- Organ system made up for bones and skeletal muscle, that supports the body, and

protects it, and make movement possible

o Skelton made up of bones (hard and dense, made up of a matrix of materials),

ligaments (tough, elastic connective tissue, made up of long fibres of

collagen), cartilage (dense connective tissue, also matrix of collagen fibres,

flexible)

o The rest are muscles, muscle tissue have bundle of long cells called muscle

fibres

Proteins cause them to contract- get shorter and thicker

Skeletal muscle is one of thee types of muscle tissue it is voluntary The others are (involuntary) smooth muscle is mostly in the intestines

and cardiac muscle in the heart

o Skeletal muscle is attached to bones by tendons, allowing movement of body

parts

- How muscles make bones move

o Tendons are similar to ligaments but are less elastic and connect muscles to

bones, when contracted in response to signal from the nervous system exert

force, force move one or both the muscle in connected to, muscles can pull

but cant push, so they work in opposing pairs or groups: BICEPS (contracted

when folded) AND TRICEPS (contracted when straight)- Loss of bone tissue can cause osteoporosis, drink milk, usually in old woman

Nervous System

- Made up of the brain, the spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

- The system that senses the environment and coordinates appropriate responses

- Core of the nervous system central nervous system ; brain and spinal cord

o Nerves carry signals between the CNS and PNS (peripheral nervous system)

PNS relays on info from internal and external environments from he

brain

Relays on instructions from the brain to other parts of the body to

control many of the bodys functions

o Nerves that control voluntary muscle

o Nerves that carry info from sensory organs, to brain

o Nerves that regulate involuntary functions

- Nerves are made up of bundle of neurons, each surrounded by connective tissue,

nerve cell myelin sheath

- Diseases and injures can be very dangerous


6/7

Kiranjot

PLANT SYSTEMS Chapter 4

Systems in Plantso Two main body systems, SHOOT (leaves, stems, flowers) and ROOT

ROOT - Anchors the pant, absorbs water and mineral and stores food

SHOOT specialized to product photosynthesis and reproduce sexually

o They do not move around thus they do not need complex and coordinated organ

systems found in animals

But they do need to exchange gases with their surroundings

Require internal transport system to move water and nutrients

They must have a way of reproducing

o Three main types of plant tissue

Dermal tissue system made up of tissues that form the outer surfaces of

plant parts

Epidermis on leaves

Periderm on woody plants

Vascular tissue system- made up of tissues specialized for the

transportation on water and minerals

Ground tissue system is all those other than vascular and dermal

o SHOOT SYSTEM PARTS

Leaf

Main photosynthetic structure tissues in leaf use CO2, water and

light energy to produce glucose and oxygen

Chloroplast perform photosynthesis with chlorophyllo Located in the palisade layer and spongy mesophyll

o Palisade cells are located where there max sunlight; just

below leafs upper surface layer of tall, closely packed

cells containing chloroplasts

o Spongy mesophyll is within the interior a region of loosely

packed cells containing chloroplast in the middle of the leaf

Some leaves can support, protect and attract

Flower

Specialized for attraction, eggs fertilized by pollen, after it becomes

a seed

Pollination can occur with the help of animals or by the wind

The stem

Supports branches and leafs

Provides a way for transport

o Xylem- transports water and dissolved minerals from the

roots to the leaves and stems of the plants, GO UP

THROUGH DIED CELLS


7/7

Kiranjot

o Phloem- transports dissolved food minerals and hormones

throughout the plant and glucose

Some stem specialized for protection, photosynthesis, and

reproduction

Documents

Grade 10 Biology Notes