YUNIT II: ANIMALS AND PLANTS

CHAPTER 3: ANIMALS

Lesson 7: Classification of Animals According to Food Eaten Adaptation – change in structure, function or form to improve the chance of survival for an animal or plant

within a given environment

Adaptation HERBIVORES CARNIVORES(Natural Predators)

OMNIVORES(Ultimate Predators)

Teeth (1) Low-crowned teeth: herbivores that feed on fruits and soft plant parts or herbaceous plants

(2) High-crowned teeth: grass-eating herbivores

(3) Mandibles – developed by herbivore insects; used for cutting & snipping

(4) Incisors – used for tearing and chewing

(1) Sharp razor-like teeth that are suitable for piercing , cutting and tearing flesh

(2) Some teeth capable of breaking bones

(3) Used for puncturing the vein of prey

Designed for grinding + tearing

Body Adaptation

Physical adaptation enables them to defend themselves from carnivores

a. Hornsb. Strong hind legs for

running and kickingc. Big body size and

great staminad. Heightened senses

(1) Predatory birds have telescopic eyes, sharp claws/talons for snatching prey while flying

(2) Streamlined bodies built for speed

(3) Sensitive hearing (ex. Vultures)

Have excellent digestion; digestive glands produce both alkaline and acidic substances Acid – used to breakdown

protein-rich food Alkaline – breaks down

protein in plants

Others Chemical Adaptation:- Release diff enzymes in

digestive tract that neutralize toxins in plants (ex. Tobacco hornworm)

- High alkaline content in stomach to break down complex protein in plants especially in hardwood (Lepidopterans)

Behavior Adaptation- Carnivores hunt in

groups ex. Wolves in packs; lions in pride

- Hunting coordination

Lesson 8: Classifying Animals According to the presence of a Backbone Vertebra – backbone

A. VERTEBRATES1. MAMMALS

a. Characteristics- Endothermic - warm-blooded; can generate and maintain proper temperature- Bodies covered with hair or fur- Has Sebaceous Glands that secrete fat to prevent loss of too much body heat and moisture- Has Mammary Glands that produce milk during & after pregnancy- There are only few venomous mammals, ex. Duck-billed platypus; few species are

insectivores

b. Classification

CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS

VERTEBRATES INVERTEBRATES

1. Jawless Fish2. Cartilaginous Fish3. Bony Fish

1. Anura2. Urodela3. Apoda4. Trachystoma

1. Sphenodontia2. Crocodilia3. Squamata4. Tetsudinata

1. Monotremes2. Marsupials3. Placental Mammals

1. Poriferans2. Cnidarians3. Echinoderms4. Mollusks5. Worms6. Arthropods

1. Monotremes- Primitive egg-laying mammals- Ex. Duck-billed platypus, spiny anteater and echidna- Duck-billed Platypus can accurately point at any worm or insect in the mud-

2. Marsupial- Mammals that give birth to off-spring at an extremely immature state- Females have pouches where the young feed, grow, sleep & hide from predators- Ex. Koala, Kangaroo, Numbat-

3. Placental Mammal- Mammals born at a more advance stage; while inside the womb, the animals

develop and are nourished through a placenta (organ that temporary joins the mother & the fetus)

- Most mammals are placental mammals-

c. Mammalian Facts Fastest Mammal – Cheetah Slowest Mammal – Sloth Biggest Mammal (biggest animal on earth) – Blue Whale Biggest Land Mammal – African Elephant Tallest Mammal – Giraffe Smallest Mammal – Pygmy Shrew and Bumblebee Bat Loudest Mammal – Blue Whale; 2nd loudest – Howler Monkey Smallest Newborns – marsupials (pouched mammals) Smelliest Mammal – striped skunk Fat – Blue Whale has thickest layer of blubber; Ringed-Seal Pups have greatest percentage

of fat (50%)

2. REPTILES a. Characteristics

- Ectothermic – cold-blooded; do not regulate body temperature- skin covered with hard dry scales made up of water-resistant protein (Keratin)- most reptiles have three-chambered hearts; Alligators and crocodiles have four-chambered

hearts. This prevents oxygen-rich blood from mixing with oxygen-poor blood.- Egg-laying animals

b. Classification

1. Sphenodontia- Only has ONE remaining specie, found in New Zealand -

Tuatara- Used to be diverse during the Mesozoic Era; 100M years ago

2. Crocodilia- Includes crocodiles, alligators, gharials and caimans- Unique reptile due to 4-chambered heart- One of the most efficient predators; survived extinction- Inhabit tropical and subtropical region- Crocodile specie – biggest; ave 20 FT

3. Squamata – scaled reptiles- Consists of lizards, snakes, and worm lizards species

o Viviparous – develop their offspring w/n the mother’s body Ex. Common lizard found in Northern Eurasia

o Ovoviviparous – develop offspring produce & hatch eggs w/in their bodies Ex. Slowworm or blind worm, adders and smooth snakes

o Oviparous – produce & hatch eggs outside their bodies

2. Tetsudinata- Composed of Turtles, Tortoise and Terrapins species- Marine turtles have flippers; land turtles have webbed toes- Tortoise – lives on land; one of the longest living animals on earth

3. AMPHIBIANS a. Characteristics

- Comes from the Greek, meaning “Both Life”; Lives in water and land- Cold-blooded, has moist skin. Doesn’t have scales, hair or feathers- Female lay eggs in water; males release sperm in water; eggs are fertilized outside of the

body- Life Cycle composed of 2 pats

(1) In Water Tadpole lives in the water until it develops to be an adult Initially has gills to breathe under water; eventually diminish when

respiratory system develops(2) In Land

Tadpole goes to land when it loses its gills Returns to the water to reproduce

b. Classification

c. Trachystoma – aquatic amphibians

4. BIRDS (AVES) a. Characteristics

- Body covered with feathers ; bones are thin and hollow- Has toothless horny beak- Warm-blooded; Body temperature are generated and regulated internally- 4-chambered heart- Birds are believed to be close relative of reptiles

1. Anura – “absence of tail”- Composed of frogs and toads- Biggest order of amphibians with 4500 species- With 4 legs; reproduce externally

o Frogs – has protruding eyes; webbed feet, long hind legs, short body, no tail – carnivorous; feed on insects, worms, and arachnids

o Toad – have thick leathery, dry skin vs frog: moist skin

2. Urodela – or Order Caudata – “With visible tails”- Composed of Salamanders and Newts

o Only amphibians with tails and 4 legs of equal size- This class includes Mud Eels and Sirens which as small forelimbs and no

hind limbs

2. Apoda – often legless- Includes Caecilians - Has scales w/c make them look like large worms- Has eyes but are typically blind- Look like snake but they are vertebreates

b. Orders / Classification- Divided into 23 orders with 9702 species (2nd largest vertebrate species)- Passeriformes or perching birds - majority of birds belong to this order- Humming Bird –smallest bird- Ostrich – largest bird- Albatross – largest flying bird; Andean Condor – 2nd largest

5. FISH a. Characteristics

- Most numerous vertebrate group; 28,100 species of fish - Butanding (whale shark) – biggest fish- Have scales as body covering- Limbs or appendages are modified into fins- Bodies divided into 3 parts – head, trunk, tail

b. Classification

1. Jawless Fish – - Considered as primitive form of fish; descended from armored

jaw fish- Ex. Lamprey and Hagfish- Lamprey – delicacy in Maori Tribes; known as Tuna Korokoro- Hagfish – or blind eels; feed on dead fish. hermaphrodites

2. Cartilaginous Fish – - Includes sharks, skates, and rays- Doesn’t have true bones; instead have bones made up of cartilage- Covered with Placoid Scales

o modified teeth, covered with hard enamelo gives fish skin a rough feel

3. Bony Fish – - Most dominant group of fish; regarded as “true fish”- Have bony skeleton and a singular pair of external gills- Reproduce through external fertilization- Orange Roughy – can live up to 100 years; longevity is due to slow

maturation process- Ex. Milkfish (bangus), Sardinella (tamban), yellow tail fusilier (dalagang

bukid), Rabbit fish (danggit), flat fish (sapsap), herring (tawilis)

B. INVERTEBRATES 1. Poriferans2. Cnidarians3. Echinoderms4. Mollusks

a. Gastropodsb. Pelecypodsc. Cephalopodsd. Polycophorae. Monoplacophora

5. Wormsa. Flatwormsb. Roundwormsc. Segmented Worms

6. Arthropodsa. Arachnidsb. Crustaceansc. Myriapodsd. Insectse.