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they're not on the plane. She praises Continental's Pet Safe program, which among other things

promises that pets are held in climate-controlled cargo offices and transported to planes in

climate-controlled vehicles. Even though Continental has had the most deaths since the DOT

started tracking the figures, the airline says that's simply because it flies so many animals: about

110,000 a year. "The animals are cared for at every point by trained ground personnel and

handled with extreme care," said Continental spokeswoman Christen David.

Source: The Washington Post

Questions

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1 to 14 which are based on Reading Passage 1

Questions 1 to 7

Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs A G.

From the list of headings below, choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph.

Write the appropriate numbers I ix in boxes 1 7 on your answer sheet.

1 Paragraph A2 Paragraph B3 Paragraph C4 Paragraph D5 Paragraph E6 Paragraph F7 Paragraph G

Questions 8 10

Choose the correct letters, A, B, C or DWrite your answers in boxes 8 10 on your answer sheet.

8 All large jets have pressurized and climate-controlledA. Cargo areas.B. Lounge areas.C. Cabin.

i. The encyclopedic FAQs.ii. Red the Doberman.iii. Airlines bad reputations.iv. Gromit.v. At the pet lounge.vi. The Pet Airways.vii. The separation anxiety.viii. The journey.ix. The arrangements.

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D. Luggage carrier.9 Pet Airways didn't know the narrator was aA. Tourist.B. Journalist.C. Visitor.D. Pilot.10 Flying a pooch is inevitably going to involve someA. Distress.B. Tension.C. Separation anxiety.D. Jet lag.Questions 11 14

Complete each of the following statements (questions 11 14) with the best endingsA Gfrom the box

below

Write the appropriate lettersA G in boxes 11 14 on your answer sheet.

11 Lounge manager Denise Rocks immediately asked, "Is this Red?"12 Red paused to look at me quizzically13 Such stories on pets make14 Red would be flying on the

Reading passage 2

A. Captive breeding is the process of breeding animals in human controlled environments withrestricted settings, such as wildlife preserves, zoos and other conservation facilities; sometimes

the process is construed to include release of individual organisms to the wild, when there is

sufficient natural habitat to support new individuals or when the threat to the species in the

wild is lessened.

A When I turned to go.B Beechcraft 1900 twin turboprop without me.C And reached out to scratch him.D At last saved his life.E Headlines often.F And took him away.G Headlines periodically.

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B. Captive breeding has been used with success for some species for some time, with probably theoldest known instances of captive breeding being attributed to menageries of European and

Asian rulers, a case in point being the Pere David's deer. The idea was popularized among

modern conservationists independently by Peter Scott and Gerald Durrell in the 1950s and

1960s, founders of the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust and Jersey Zoo - who demonstrated success

with a wide variety of life forms in the 1970s ranging from birds (e.g. Pink Pigeon), mammals

(e.g. Pygmy Hog), reptiles (e.g. Round Island Boa) and amphibians (e.g. Poison arrow frogs).

C. Their ideas were independently validated by the success of Operation Oryx (under the auspicesof the Fauna and Flora Preservation Society), which captive bred the Arabian Oryx starting in

1963 for eventual reintroduction to the wild. The Przewalski's horse has recently been re-

introduced to the wild in Mongolia, its native habitat.

D. If the captive breeding population is too small, inbreeding may occur due to reduced gene pool,which may lead to the population lacking immunity to diseases and other problems. Over

sufficient number of generations, inbred populations can regain "normal" genetic diversity.

E. Impacts of captive breeding include behavioural problems in released animals and lack ofconservation of habitats being destroyed while a species is being bred. Behavioural problems

include not being able to hunt or forage for food leading to starvation. Released animals do not

avoid predators and are not able to find ample shelter for themselves so they die as a result.

F. When a species is born in captivity and released into the wild they are not able to survivebecause they lack these skills. Golden Lion Tamarin mothers often die in the wild before having

offspring because they do not have the climbing and foraging skills they need to survive. This

results in populations continuing to decline despite reintroduction because the species does not

produce viable offspring. Training can improve antipredator skills, but the effectiveness of such

interventions is influenced by a number of constraints.

G. Another challenge with captive breeding is the habitat loss that occurs while they are in captivity(though it is occurring even before they are captured). This may make release of the species

unviable because there is no habitat left to support larger populations. Since release is the

ultimate goal of captive breeding, habitat loss defeats the purpose. Funds being used for captive

breeding could be used for preserving wild populations and their habitat. The Sumatran Rhino

will not survive purely in captivity and loss of habitat is a major factor to their extinction. If their

habitat disappears, captive populations as well as wild ones will disappear along with it

Source: Wikipedia.com

Questions

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15

27 which are based on Reading Passage 2Questions 15 19

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 15 -19 in your answer sheet write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

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NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

15.A clone is also a case of captive breeding.16.Over sufficient number of generations actively bred animals will lose their natural ability to live.17.Funds being used for captive breeding could be used for child welfare.18.Golden Lion Tamarin mothers often die in the wild.19.Captive breeding is the process of breeding animals in human controlled environments.

Question 20 23

Look at the following topics (questions 20 23) and the list of statements below.

Match each topic to the correct statement.

Write the correct letterA G in boxes 1 4 on your answer sheet.

20.The Sumatran Rhino21.The Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust22.The Przewalski's horse23.Released animals

Questions 24 27

Complete the following statements with the correct alternative from the box.

Write the correct letterA Fin boxes 24 27 on your answer sheet.

24. Impacts of captive breeding include25. If the captive breeding population is too small, inbreeding may26.There is no habitat left to27.The process of captive breeding is construed to include

A Is associated with the American Government.B Demonstrated success with a wide variety of life forms.C Is the first to be reproduced.D Not survive purely in captivity.E The ultimate goal of captive breeding.F Recently been re-introduced to the wild in Mongolia.G

Is a very powerful investment bank.

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Reading Passage 3

A. WITH a trip planned up the back roads to the High Sierras and another 5,000 miles on theodometer since his last oil change, your correspondent spent a recent morning beneath his

superannuated runabout, draining the sump and wondering what precisely to re-fill it with. It is

no good looking at the workshop manual. The lubricants recommended by the manufacturerwhen the car was built back in the 1980s live on in name only. Their formulations have changed

out of all recognition as a consequence of the motor industrys quest for ever better fuel

economy and lower exhaust emissions.

B. All of a sudden, a lot of well-maintained old cars, especially sportier models, have begun to failin surprising numbersas if struck down by some virulent new disease. Engine builders say they

have seen more broken motors suffering from the same camshaft damage over the past three

years than in the previous 30. Reports have circulated within both the classic-car and hot-rod

communities of priceless performance engines failing after only 300 miles since a rebuild.

Modern car engines that use rolling or sliding tappets for transmitting the rapid up-down lifting

motion of the spinning camshaftsto open and close the engines inlet and exhaust valves

seem immune. But those that use the older flat-faced tappets to trace the camshafts profile are

particularly prone to the disease.

C. The first sign of illness is a sudden loss of power which, if not rectified immediately, can causethe engine to self-destruct. On stripping down a damaged motor, the tappets are invariably

found to be heavily pitted and bits of metal broken off the camshaft lobes. With metal

fragments lodged in the oil galleries downstream of the oil filter, the engine block has to be

flushed to prevent the loose bits from causing further damage to bearings and cylinder walls.

Some point a finger at the aggressiveness of the cam profiles used on elderly performance

cars as a possible source of the problem. Indeed, it was because similarly aggressive camshafts

started being used on modern family carsto get more power out of smaller engines and hence

better fuel economythat flat tappets were eventually abandoned for less stressful rolling or

sliding camshaft followers.

D. In any event, the sharply pointed shapes of the lobes on aggressively profiled camshafts exertpressures in excess of 200,000lb per square inch (14,000 kg/cm) at the contact point between

the tappet and the lobe. Some believe that the hardened gray iron used to make the

components simply fatigues with ageas metal parts that go through millions of stress

A Release of individual organisms to the wild.B Support larger populations.C Occur due to reduced gene pool.D Pushed their life into danger.E Behavioural problems in released animals.F Habitat scarcity in released animals.

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reversals eventually do. But that does not explain the short life of many engines after a rebuild

using new components. Others put the outbreak of camshaft failures down to the recent influx

of poorly made components from abroad. Once roller tappets started being used on push-rod

engines and slider followers on engines with overhead camshafts, half the automotive

component firms in America making flat tappets either ceased production or went out of

business. Today, only GM and Stanadyne produce flat-head tappetsand, even then, in nothing

like the volumes they used to do.

E. The shortage has created an opening for Asian suppliers. Unfortunately, though flat tappetsfrom China are cheap, their metallurgy is suspectand the same goes for the quality of their

machining, heat treatment and surface-hardening. Nevertheless, while such tappets are unlikely

to last anywhere near as long as the original parts, they are hardly going to disintegrate after a

few hundred miles. Shoddy manufacturing is unlikely to explain the sudden failures observed.

F. That leaves only one other suspectthe oil used to lubricate the engine. To prevent excessivewear of the valve gear, motor oils have traditionally contained a fair amount of a zinc and

phosphorus in the form of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP)with typically 1,700 parts per

million (ppm) of zinc and 1,600 ppm of phosphorus. The ZDDP additive works by getting the zinc

to react with the iron of the tappet surface and cam lobe, creating a glassy sacrificial barrier

between the two. As the barrier wears away, it is replenished constantly by the ZDDP in the oil.

The phosphorus plays a similar, though lesser, role in protecting the engines valve gear.

G. When it left the factory in Britain 23 years ago, the 20W-50 blend of mineral oil in yourcorrespondents car contained ZDDP in the above proportions. He has tried to use something

similar ever since. Unfortunately, that has become increasingly difficult of late. Carmakers

everywhere have pressed suppliers into reducing the amount of ZDDP in their motor oils. Having

abandoned flat tappets, their modern cars no longer need the zinc and phosphorus in such

proportions.

Source: The Economist

Questions

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 2840which are based on Reading Passage 3.

Questions 28 32

The passage has seven paragraphs labelledAG.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet.

NB: You may use any letter more than once.

28. It is no good looking at the workshop manual.29. The 20W-50 blend of mineral oil in your correspondents car contained ZDDP .30. Though flat tappets from China are cheap, their metallurgy is suspect.

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31. Only GM and Stanadyne produce flat-head tappets.32. The hardened gray iron used to make the components simply fatigues with age .

Questions 33 36

Complete the sentences below with words taken from Reading Passage 3.

Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet.

33. The shortage has created an opening for .34. The first sign of illness is a sudden loss of power which can cause the engine .35. Carmakers everywhere have pressed suppliers into reducing the amount of ZDDP in .36. Shoddy manufacturing is unlikely to explain the sudden .

Questions 3740

Complete the summary of the paragraphs A C below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDSfor each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

The lubricants recommended by the manufacturer when the car was built back in the 1980s live 37

All of a sudden, a lot of well -maintained old cars, especially sportier models, have begun to

fail 38. On stripping down a damaged motor, the tappets are invariably found to be

heavily pitted and bits of metal broken 39. Flat tappets were eventually abandoned for

less stressful rolling or 40.