GPS and Lifestyle Physical Activity

8/6/2019 GPS and Lifestyle Physical Activity

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Oli Blake, Sarah Begg and

Stevie Stockton.


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What is GPS?

GPS is a satellite based location system

24 GPS satellites currently orbit the earth

Developed by the US military since 1978

Accessible to the public since 2000

Position ofGPS receiver calculated by triangulation

dGPS uses ground locations to improve the accuracy ofGPS


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Why is it relevant to lifestyle

physical activity?

Accurate measure of speed and distance

No issues with recall

Captures movement throughout the day

Non-invasive and simple to use by participants


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How does GPS work to measure

Energy Expenditure?

A practical but innacurate measure of Energy Expenditure(EE) compared to gold standard direct calorimetry

Measures speed, distance and elevation Speed/Distancealgorithm

When augmented with other measures can produce amore accurate value


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Using GPS to measure EE

2303m course ofvarying grades atslow and fastself-selectedpaces (N=13)

EEGPS comparedagainst EEACT

EEACT representsdata from aPortableMetabolic unit

More accurate

(when comparedto EEACT) for fastpaced (dashedlines) trials

McKenzie

(2007)


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GPS: validationGPS validation limited to controlled conditions.

Compares favourably with chronometry to derive an individualsspeed while:

Walking

Running

Cycling

Schutz and Herren (2000), Le Faucheur et al (2007)

Position ofGPS device potentially influential: overestimation if

on lanyard or waistband while walking. Duncan, et al., (2007)


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GPS: free-living conditions

GPS generally used to augment accelerometer data.

Provides information on location of activity whenintegrated with GIS (Geographic Information Systems).

Identify where people are most active and mostsedentary.


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A dog walk in Loughborough


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GPS and LPA in school children

High schoolstudents (N=79)

GPS andAccelerometer

data integratedwith GIS

Identifiedlocations ofmoderate tovigorous activity

Results:weekdays mainly

in school andneighbourhood,weekends moredisparate

Maddison

etal.,

(2009)

WeekdaysWeekends


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GPS and LPA in school childrenMackett etal., (2007)

Older primary school children (aged 8-11)(N=162)

Investigating movement patterns of childrenwhen accompanied and unaccompanied byadults

Collected GPS and accelerometer data and self

report diaries

Findings:

More likely to visit a friend on the way home iftravelling alone.

Children walked faster and in a more exploratoryway when not accompanied by an adult.

Walking on pavements tended to be morepurposeful and energetic than in other openspaces


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GPS and LPA in school children

Investigated the feasibility of combining GPSand HR monitoring to measure physicalactivity in primary school children (N=39)

Results showed that GPS could discriminate

the velocity of play-related activity and HRcould then be used to quantify EE

Duncan

etal.,

(2008)

Investigated how schoolyard environments

influenced activity patterns in 14 year oldchildren (N=81)

Results showed low activity levels in bothschools investigated but activities inhandball goal area showed the highestmonitored HR (>160 bpm)

Fjrtoftetal.,

(2010)


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The PEACH Project

Investigated the associationbetween time spent outdoorsand physical activity inchildren (N=1,010)

Physical activity measured byaccelerometry and GPS

GPS was also used to recordhow much time was spentoutdoors

Results

GPS-measured time outdoorswas a significant predictor ofchildrens physical activity

Physical activity was morethan 2.5 times higher outdoorsthan indoors

Cooper

etal.,

(2010)


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GPS and Active Commuting


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GPS and Active Commuting

A number of studies have incorporated GPS to assess travel routes in urban environments

This research has shown that GPS can differentiate travel modes such as riding a bike ortravelling by car (Dill 2009, Van Schaick et al., 2008)

Duncan and Mummery (2007) showed that GPS-measured distance compared well withGIS-estimated distance

Investigated cycling behaviour in

166 commuting utility cyclists A disproportionate share of the

cycling occurred on the streetswith cycle lanes, separate paths,or cycle boulevards

Dill(2009)


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Limitations of using GPS

Using GPS effectively in studies requiresaugmentation with other devices(accelerometers, HR monitors)

Awkward, bulky and expensive prevents scalability

Use ofGPS in phones presented as asolution, however:

Poor battery life

Awkward to carry when doing high intensityphysical activities

Specialist unit that integrates GPS, heart rate

monitoring, and accelerometry developed in

Japan. M. Makikawa et al. (2004)


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Limitations of using GPS

Even specialist GPS devices have batterylife of just 11-16 hrs

Requires charging which reducescompliance

Concerns with privacy reverse identifyingpeoples addresses based on GPS data


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Limitations of GPS technology


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Indoor measurement is rife with errors

Problems associated with interrupted signal

High rise buildings also cause errors in the signal

Many working days are spent indoors, where GPS does not work

Using GPS therefore questionable in these populations


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A note of caution


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References Schutz Y, Herren R. Assessment of speed of human locomotion using a differential satellite global

positioning system. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2000;32:642646.

Le Faucheur A, AbrahamP, Jaquinandi V, Bouy P, Saumet JL, Noury-Desvaux B. Study of humanoutdoor walking with a low-costGPS and simple spreadsheet analysis. Medicine and Science inSports and Exercise. 2007;39:15701578.

Duncan MJ, Mummery KW, Dascombe BJ. Utility ofGlobal Positioning System to measure activetransport in urban areas. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2007;39:18511857.

Maddison R, Exeter D, Hoorn S Vander, Jiang Y, Ni Mhurchu C, Dorey E, Bullen C, Utter J. DescribingPatterns ofPhysical Activity in Adolescents using Global Positioning Systems andAccelerometry.Pediatric Exercise Science. 2009.

Mackett R, Brown B,Gong Y, Kitazawa K, Paskins J. Built Environment. Children's independentmovement in the local environment. 2007;33:458468.

Duncan JS, Badland HM, Schofield G. Combining GPS with heart rate monitoring to measurephysical activity in children: A feasibility study.Journal of Science in Medicine andSport.2008;12:583585.

Dill J. Bicycling for transportation and health: The role of infrastructure.Journal of

Public Healt

hPolicy. 2009;30:S95S110.

Van Schaick J, Van Der Spek SC. In: Urbanism on Track: Application of Tracking Technologies inUrbanism. Van Schaick J, Van Der Spek SC, editor. New IOS Press; 2008.


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References

Fjrtoft, I. Lfman, O. and Thorn, K.H. SchoolyardPhysical Activity in 14 years old Adolescents

assessed by Mobile GPS and Heart rate monitoring analysed in GIS Scandinavian Journal ofPublic

Health. 2010

A.R. Cooper, A.S. Page, B.W. Wheeler, M. Hillsdon, P. Griew and R. Jago, Patterns ofGPS measured

time outdoors after school and objective physical activity in English children: the PEACH project, Int.

J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 7 2010, p. 31.

Duncan M, Mummery WK. GIS or GPS? A comparison of two methods for assessing route taken

during active transport.American Journal ofPreventive Medicine. 2007;33:5153.

Makikawa M, Isaka T, Iida T, Asajima S, Tsukise K, Shiozawa N, Nishiyama K, Wada S, Nakayama K,

Horiguchi M, Torimoto H. Jogging support system with portable monitoring device and health

manage software. Medinfo. 2004;11:12601263.

McKenzie JM. The Use ofGPS to Predict Energy Expenditure for Outdoor Walking. MS Montana

State University. 2007.

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GPS and Lifestyle Physical Activity