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Chapter 17. Governmental Entities: Introduction and General Fund Accounting. Learning Objective 17-1. Understand and explain the basic differences between governmental and private sector accounting. Overview. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Copyright © 2014 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Chapter 17
Governmental Entities:Introduction and
General FundAccounting
Learning Objective 17-1
Understand and explain the basic differences between governmental and private
sector accounting.
17-2
Overview
Governmental entities have operating objectives different from those of commercial entities.
As a result, governmental accounting is different from accounting for commercial enterprises.
17-3
Overview
Nature of governmental entities1. Collect resources and make expenditures to fulfil
societal needs
2. Absence of profit motive except for some activities
3. Have legal authorization for their existence, conduct revenue-raising through the power of taxation, and have mandated expenditures they must make to provide their services
4. Control mechanism – Use of comprehensive budgetary accounting
17-4
Overview
Nature of governmental entities5. Accountability for the flow of financial resources
is a chief objective
6. Typically are required to establish separate funds to carry out various missions; each fund is an independent accounting and fiscal entity
7. Many fund entities do not record fixed assets or long-term debt in their funds
8. An important objective of governmental financial reporting is accountability
17-5
History of Governmental Accounting
History Before 1984, directed by the Municipal Finance
Officers Association (MFOA) In 1934, the first statement on local
governmental accounting published In 1968, Governmental Accounting, Auditing, and
Financial Reporting (GAAFR) was published The GAAFR is periodically updated to include the
most recent governmental reporting standards
17-6
History of Governmental Accounting
History 1974 –The American Institute of Certified Public
Accountants (AICPA) published an industry audit guide, in which it stated that “except as modified in this guide, they [GAAFR] constitute generally accepted accounting principles”
March 1979 – The National Council on Governmental Accounting (NCGA) issued its Statement No. 1, “Governmental Accounting and Financial Reporting Principles” (NCGA 1)
17-7
History of Governmental Accounting
History 1984 – Governmental Accounting Standards
Board (GASB) established GASB Statement No. 1
The GASB stated that all NCGA statements and interpretations issued and in effect on that date were accepted as generally accepted accounting principles for governmental accounting
GASB Statement No. 34 Established government-wide financial statements to
be prepared on the accrual basis of accounting and an array of fund-based financial statements
17-8
History of Governmental Accounting
History The GASB continues to issue new standards to
meet the information needs of users of the financial reports of governmental units.
Accounting for governmental entities is given the general name of fund accounting.
17-9
The Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB)
GASB Created in 1984 A sister organization to the FASB Establishes GAAP for state and local units No authority to establish GAAP for the federal
government Seven members—simple majority vote needed
(4 votes)
17-10
GAAFR: “The Blue Book”
“Governmental Accounting, Auditing, and Financial Reporting”
Published by the Government Finance Officers Association (GFOA).
Neither prescribes nor authoritatively interprets GAAP for governmental units.
Provides detailed guidance (many examples) for applying governmental GAAP.
Widely used by governmental units. 17-11
Practice Quiz Question #1
Which of the following statements is correct?a. The GASB is responsible to set standards
for governmental units and not-for-profit entities.
b. The FASB was created in 1972 and sets standards for governmental units.
c. The Blue Book contains financial accounting standards for privately held governmental agencies and companies.
d. The GASB is responsible for setting standards for state and local governments but not the federal government.
17-12
Learning Objective 17-2
Understand and explain major concepts of
governmental accounting.
17-13
Major Concepts of Governmental Accounting
Elements of a Statement of Financial Condition
1. Assets are resources with present service capacity that the entity presently controls.
2. Liabilities are present obligations to sacrifice resources that the entity has little or no discretion to avoid.
3. A deferred outflow of resources is a consumption of net assets that is applicable to a future reporting period.
4. A deferred inflow of resources is an acquisition of net assets that is applicable to a future reporting period.
5. Net position is the residual of all other elements presented in a statement of financial condition.
17-14
Major Concepts of Governmental Accounting
Elements of a resource flows statements
1. An outflow of resources is a consumption of net assets that is applicable to the current reporting period
2. An inflow of resources is an acquisition of net assets that is applicable to the current reporting period
17-15
Major Concepts of Governmental Accounting
Expendability of resources versus capital maintenance objectives
Commercial Enterprises Government Entities
Measurement focusThe flow of all economic resources
Changes in current financial resources available to provide services to the public in accordance with the budget
Method of accounting
Accrual method Modified accrual method
Balance sheet
Contains both current and noncurrent assets and liabilities, and the change in retained earnings reflects the company’s ability to maintain its capital investment
Reports only current assets, current liabilities, and a fund balance
17-16
Practice Quiz Question #2
Which of the following statements is true?a. Governmental units use the modified accrual
basis of accounting and focus on the flow of current economic resources.
b. Commercial enterprises use the modified accrual basis of accounting and focus on the flow of all economic resources.
c. The balance sheets of governmental units contain long-term assets and liabilities.
d. The balance sheets of commercial entities contain a fund balance.
17-17
Learning Objective 17-3
Understand and explain the differences between the
various governmental fundtypes.
17-18
The Nature & Diversity of Governmental Activities
The operations of governmental entities are classified into three categories: Governmental—these activities do not
resemble commercial activities. Proprietary—these activities resemble
commercial activities. Can measure profitability or capital maintenance.
Fiduciary—holding and managing assets owned by others (e.g., pension assets).
17-19
Fund Accounting Accounting for certain activities separately from
all other operations. Fund definition: A fiscal and accounting entity
with a self-balancing set of accounts (like a branch or a division of a commercial entity).
The General Fund: The main and largest fund—records most routine transactions.
The difference between a fund’s assets and liabilities is called:
Use of Fund Accounting
Governmental Funds Proprietary and Fiduciary-type Funds
Fund Balance Net Assets17-20
Three Types of Funds Governmental Funds
Used to provide basic governmental services to the public
Each entity creates only one general fund, but it may create more than one of each of the other types of funds
Proprietary Funds The objective is to recover the unit’s costs through
user charges Fiduciary Funds
Major Concepts of Governmental Accounting
17-21
Major Concepts : Types of Funds
Governmental Funds General Fund: Accounts for all activities not
required to be accounted for in another fund. Special Revenue Fund: A clone of the General
Fund. Capital Projects Funds Debt Service Funds Permanent Funds
17-22
Major Concepts : Types of Funds
Proprietary Funds Enterprise Funds:
Provides services primarily to nongovernmental users
Examples: City-owned utilities or recreational facilities
Internal Service Funds: Provides services solely to governmental
departments.
17-23
Fiduciary Funds Trust Funds
Pension (and similar) Trust Funds
Investment Trust Funds
Private-Purpose Trust Funds (these activities do not benefit the government unit)
Agency Funds
Major Concepts : Types of Funds
17-24
Major Concepts of Governmental Accounting
Governmental Fund Types
General fund
Accounts for all financial resources except for those accounted for in another fund. Includes transactions for general governmental services provided by the executive, legislative, and judicial operations of the governmental entity.
Special revenue fund
Accounts for the proceeds of specific revenue sources that are restricted for specified purposes.
Capital projects fund
Accounts for financial resources for the acquisition or construction of major capital facilities that benefit many citizens, such as parks and municipal buildings.
Debt service fundAccounts for the accumulation of resources for, and the payment of, general long-term debt principal and interest.
Permanent fund
Accounts for resources that are restricted such that only earnings, but not principal, may be used in support of governmental programs that benefit the government or its citizenry.
17-25
Major Concepts of Governmental Accounting
Proprietary Fund Types
Enterprise fundAccounts for operations of governmental units that charge for services provided to the general public.
Internal service fund
Accounts for the financing of goods or services provided by one department or agency to other departments or agencies of the governmental unit. Services are offered only to governmental agencies.
Fiduciary Fund Types and Similar Component UnitsPension (and other employee benefit) trust fund
Accounts for resources required to be held in trust for the members and beneficiaries of pension plans, other post-employment benefit plans, or other EBPs.
Investment trust fund
Accounts for the external portion of investment pools reported by the sponsoring government.
Private-purpose trust fund
Accounts for all other trust arrangements under which the fund’s resources are to be used to benefit specific individuals, private organizations, or other governments.
Agency fundAccounts for assets held by a governmental unit in an agency capacity for employees or for other governmental units.
17-26
Practice Quiz Question #3
The three major categories of governmental funds are: a. Governmental, commercial, and
proprietary.b. Governmental, trust, and fiduciary.c. Enterprise, proprietary, and fiduciary .d. Governmental, proprietary, and fiduciary.e. Governmental Service, proprietary, and
commercial
17-27
Learning Objective 17-4
Understand and explain basic concepts for financial reporting
in governmentalaccounting.
17-28
Financial Reporting of Governmental Entities
Governmental funds – financial statements Balance sheet Statement of revenues, expenditures and
changes in fund balance
The five governmental funds use the current financial resources measurement focus
17-29
Specific General Ledger Accounts Used defined by GASB 54:
Fund Accounting
Governmental Funds
Proprietary and Fiduciary-type
Funds
Fund Balance Net Assets
Non-spendable Restricted
Spendable:• Restricted• Limited• Assigned• Unassigned
Unrestricted
17-30
Financial Reporting of Governmental EntitiesBalance Sheet for Governmental Funds
Assets (financial resources available for current use; presented in order of liquidity)
$X,XXX
Total Assets $X,XXXLiabilities and Fund Balances:
Liabilities (due and expected to be paid from current financial resources; presented in order of due date)
$ XXX
Fund Balances Nonspendable $ XX
Spendable: Restricted XX Limited XX Assigned XX Unassigned XX XX
Total Liabilities and Fund Balances $X,XXX
17-31
Financial Reporting of Governmental Entities Statement of revenues, expenditures, and
changes in fund balance Often called the operating statement of the governmental
fundsStatement of Revenues, Expenditures, and Changes in Fund Balance
Revenues (recognized when both measurable and available; presented by source of revenue) $XX,XXXExpenditures (approved decreases in net financial resources; presented by function and character) X,XXX
Excess of Revenues over Expenditures $ XXXOther Financing Sources or Uses (other increases or decreases in net financial resources available, such as bond issue proceeds and interfund transfers) XX
Special Items and Extraordinary Items (X)Net Change in Fund Balance $ XXFund Balance—Beginning XXXFund Balance—Ending (reconciles to total fund balance on balance sheet) $ XXX
17-32
Practice Quiz Question #4
Which of the following is true?a. The operating statements of governmental
entities focus on revenues and expenses.b. The balance sheets of governmental entities
focus on the normal accounting equation: Assets – Liabilities = Owner’s Equity.
c. The operating statements of governmental entities focus on revenues and liabilities.
d. The balance sheets of governmental entities focus a modified accounting equation: Assets – Liabilities = Fund Balance.
e. All governmental fund balances are spendable.
17-33
Learning Objective 17-5
Understand and explain the basic differences in the
measurement focus and basisof accounting between
governmental and private sector accounting.
17-34
Measurement Focus And Basis Of Accounting (MFBA)
Measurement Focus What flows to measure for operations.
Basis of Accounting When should transactions and events be recognized
in the financial statements.
17-35
MFBA: Governmental Activities
Measure flow: Current financial resources
Basis of Accounting: Modified accrual basis of accounting
Present a Statement of Revenues and Expenditures and Changes in Fund Balance Shows financial resources received and spent.
Shows change in net financial resources Available for spending in the near future.
17-36
MFBA: Current Financial Resources
Current financial resources: Cash, property tax receivables, prepaids, and
supplies inventories. Claims against current financial resources:
Wages, payroll taxes, payables to vendors, and liabilities expected to be paid in the near future (typically within 60 days after the year-end).
17-37
MFBA: Proprietary and Fiduciary Activities
Measure flow: All economic resources
Basis of Accounting: Accrual basis of accounting
Present a Statement of Revenues and Expenses Shows the change in the economic condition.
Also present a Statement of Cash Flows
17-38
Measurement Focus and Basis of Accounting
The modified accrual basis is used in funds that have a flow of current financial resources measurement focus The five governmental funds have this focus
The accrual basis is used in funds that have a flow of economic resources measurement focus Proprietary funds and fiduciary funds have this
focus The government-wide financial statements
are based on the accrual basis17-39
Modified Accrual Basis Funds Governmental funds
General Fund
Special Revenues Fund
Capital Projects Funds
Debt Service Funds
Permanent Funds
Measurement Focus and Basis of Accounting
17-40
Measurement Focus and Basis of Accounting
Accrual Basis Funds Proprietary funds
Enterprise Funds
Internal Service Funds
Fiduciary funds Trust Funds (3 types)
Agency Funds
The two propriety funds and the three trust funds have either a profitability or capital maintenance orientation.
17-41
Modified Accrual Basis Revenues: Recognize in period in which they
become available and measurable. Available means: Collectible within the current
period or soon enough thereafter to be used to pay current period liabilities.
Expenditures: Recognize in the accounting period in which the liabilities are both measurable and incurred and are payable out of current financial resources. One exception exists for interest on general long-term
liabilities.
Measurement Focus and Basis of Accounting
17-42
Measurement Focus and Basis of Accounting
Recognition of revenue: how revenues are recognized depends on the category1. Derived tax revenues, resulting from assessments on exchange
transactions The asset is recognized when the underlying transaction occurs or
resources are received, whichever comes first. Revenue recognition depends on the accounting basis used to measure
the transaction.
2. Imposed nonexchange revenues, resulting from assessments on nongovernmental entities, including individuals The asset is recognized when the government has an enforceable legal
claim to the resources or the resources are received, whichever comes first.
Revenue recognition is made in the period when use of the resources for current expenditures is first permitted or required, or at the time the asset is recorded if no time restriction on the fund’s use of the resources exists.
17-43
Measurement Focus and Basis of Accounting
Recognition of revenue: how revenues are recognized depends on the category3. Imposed nonexchange revenues, resulting from assessments on
nongovernmental entities, including individuals The asset is recognized when the government has an enforceable legal
claim to the resources or the resources are received, whichever comes first.
Revenue recognition is made in the period when use of the resources for current expenditures is first permitted or required, or at the time the asset is recorded if no time restriction on the fund’s use of the resources exists.
4. Government-mandated nonexchange transactions, resulting from one governmental unit’s provision of resources to a governmental unit at another level and the requirement that the recipient use the resources for a specific purpose
5. Voluntary nonexchange transactions, resulting from legislative or contractual agreements, other than exchanges
17-44
Practice Quiz Question #5
The modified accrual basis of accounting:a. recognizes revenues when earned and
expenditures when incurred.b. recognizes revenues when they become
available and measureable and expenditures when liabilities become measurable and incurred.
c. recognizes revenues when earned and expenses when incurred
d. recognizes revenues when they become available and measureable and expenditures when they become available and spendable.
17-45
Learning Objective 17-6
Understand and explain basic budgeting concepts in
governmental accounting.
17-46
Budgetary Aspects of Governmental Operations
Budgets Used in governmental accounting to assist in
management control and to provide the legal authority to levy taxes, collect revenue, and make expenditures in accordance with the budget
Types of budgets: Operating budgets
Capital budgets
17-47
Budgetary Aspects of Governmental Operations
Appropriation: The statutory authorization for spending a budgeted amount during a coming year.
Annual Budgets for the General Fund and the Special Revenue Funds are always recorded in the general ledger for control purposes. Also done for Capital Projects Funds and Debt Service Funds if
useful.
Encumbrances: Commitments related to unperformed (executory) contracts for goods or services.
Special general ledger accounts are used to record encumbrances—the purpose is to prevent spending more than has been appropriated.
Budget entries have no effect on reported operations.17-48
Introduction: Budget / Expenditure Process
1. Budget—Recorded in the books CAPITAL LETTERS (legally binding)
2. Expenditures Appropriation (authorization of the expenditure) Encumbrance (set aside or reserve part of the
budgetary appropriation) Expenditure Disbursement
17-49
Recording the Operating BudgetAssume that at July 1, 20X1, the first day of the new fiscal period, the city council of Angela City approves the operating budget for the general fund, providing for $900,000 in revenue and $850,000 in expenditures. Approval of the budget provides the legal authority to levy the local property taxes and to appropriate resources for the expenditures. The entry made in the general fund’s accounting records on this date is as follows:
Budgetary Aspects of Governmental Operations
July, 20X1(1) ESTIMATED REVENUES CONTROL 900,000
APPROPRIATIONS CONTROL 850,000BUDGETARY FUND BALANCE—UNASSIGNED 50,000
Record general fund budget for year.
17-50
The ESTIMATED REVENUES CONTROL account is an anticipatory asset.
The APPROPRIATIONS CONTROL account is an anticipatory liability.
The excess of estimated revenues over anticipated expenditures is the budget surplus and is recorded to BUDGETARY FUND BALANCE—UNASSIGNED.
Some approved budgets have budget deficits in which expected expenditures exceed anticipated revenue. These budgets are recorded with a debit to BUDGETARY
FUND BALANCE—UNASSIGNED.
Budgetary Aspects of Governmental Operations
17-51
Example: Budget / Expenditure Process
Assume the same budget from the previous example is approved for Angela City as of July 1, 20X1 :
$900,000 in Revenues $850,000 in Appropriations
In addition, assume a particular appropriation of $15,000 is approved for the purchase of a chipper machine, but that the actual list price turns out to be less than anticipated. As a result, only $14,000 is paid for the final voucher.
17-52
Example: Budget / Expenditure Process
1. Budget
2. Expenditures Appropriation
Authorization of the expenditure (Annual Budget) Person with authority (each expenditure authorized)
Encumbrance
ESTIMATED REVENUES CONTROL 900,000APPROPRIATIONS CONTROL 850,000BUDGETARY FUND BALANCE—UNASSIGNED 50,000
ENCUMBRANCES 15,000BUDGETARY FUND BALANCE—ASSIGNED FOR ENC. 15,000
17-53
Example: Budget / Expenditure Process
2. Expenditures Expenditure
Disbursement
BUDGETARY FUND BALANCE—ASSIGNED FOR ENC. 15,000ENCUMBRANCES 15,000
Expenditures 14,000Vouchers Payable 14,000
Vouchers Payable 14,000Cash 14,000
17-54
Text Page 860
17-55
Assume that Angela City approves the operating budget with $850,000 of expenditures on July 1, 20X1. As of November 18, 20X1, total expenditures to date amount to $400,000. In addition, assume that $30,000 of encumbrances are currently on the books. How much appropriating authority still remains for the year?
$850,000 APPROPRIATIONS
$400,000 Expenditures
$30,000 ENCUMBRANCES
Remaining Appropriating
Ability (X)
X = $850,000 – ($30,000 + $400,000) = $420,000
Practice Quiz Question #6
Why do state and local governments record encumbrances?
a. To ensure that the entity earns sufficient revenues to achieve profitability.
b. To ensure that the entity does not spend more than has been appropriated.
c. To ensure that all sub-entities within the organization are not encumbered.
d. To ensure that the entity spends at least as much as has been appropriated.
17-56
Learning Objective 17-7
Make calculations and record journal entries for the general
fund.
17-57
Two methods for accounting for outstanding encumbrances at fiscal year end
Should governmental units honor outstanding encumbrances from the previous year? They are not technically required to do so. In virtually all instances they re-budget and honor them.
Option 1: Encumbrances lapse at year end At year end, outstanding encumbrances are closed and an
amount is set aside in assigned fund balance. The encumbrance is re-established at the beginning of the
new period to await the delivery of goods or services. Option 2: Encumbrances do not lapse at year end
At year end, outstanding encumbrances are closed and an amount is set aside in assigned fund balance.
The encumbrance is not re-established in the new period. The entity awaits the delivery of goods or services to
record the expenditure. 17-58
Comparison of Accounting for Lapsing and Nonlapsing Encumbrances at Year-End
17-59
Two Ways to Account for Supplies Inventories
Consumption Method The preferred method—it parallels business practice. The use of inventory is treated as an outflow of
resources. The expenditure = the amount “consumed”
Purchase Method The acquisition of inventory is treated as an outflow of
resources (debit Expenditures or Expenses). The expenditure = the amount “purchased”
17-60
Two Ways to Account for Supplies Inventories
The specific method to follow depends on the governing unit’s policy and how inventory expenditures are included in the budget.
Immaterial inventories need not be shown on the balance sheet.
If the inventory is material, it is presented as an asset on the balance sheet. An amount equal to the inventory also should be shown as a
reservation of the fund balance, indicating that that amount is no longer expendable.
17-61
Inventory Example:
Baker County, Iowa purchased $6,000 of supplies inventory on 7/1/X5, the first day of the fiscal year. Assume that the beginning inventory balance was $1,500 and that the county has a policy of initially recording all inventory purchases as expenditures and then adjusting the balances at the end of the accounting period based on the actual amount of inventory on hand per the physical count. Assume the actual inventory on hand on 6/30/X6 is $2,500.
REQUIRED1. Assuming the consumption method, record the initial inventory purchase on 7/1/X5. Then, record the adjusting entry on 6/30/X6.2. Assuming the purchase method, record the initial inventory purchase on 7/1/X5. Then, record the adjusting entry on 6/30/X6. 17-62
InventoryExpenditures
Consumption Method
17-63
6,000 BB 1,500
EB 2,500
To record the purchase of $6,000 of inventory on 7/1/X5.
To adjust inventory balance per the physical count on 6/30/X6.
Fund Balance—NS
1,500 BB
2,500 BB
To adjust non-spendable fund balance to the actual on 6/30/X6.
InventoryExpenditures
Purchase Method(Expenditure = Amount Purchased)
BB 1,500
EB 2,500
To record the purchase of $6,000 of inventory on 7/1/X5.
To adjust inventory and the non-spendable fund balance to the actual inventory balance per the physical count on 6/30/X6.
Fund Balance—NS
1,500 BB
2,500 BB17-64
Accounting for Inventories
17-65
Accounting for Expenditures
Accounting for fixed assets Governmental funds: Recognized as an expenditure in
the year the asset is acquired Proprietary funds: Account for acquisitions of capital
assets in the same manner as commercial entities
Works of art and historical treasures For the purposes of government-wide financial
statements, governments should capitalize these assets at their historical costs at acquisition or at their fair values at the date of the contribution
17-66
Accounting for Expenditures
Long-term debt and capital leases The governmental funds record the proceeds from a
bond issue as a debit to Cash and a credit to Bond Issue Proceeds, an other-financing source.
Bond issue proceeds are not revenue because the bonds must be repaid.
Bonds are not reported on the governmental funds’ balance sheets but only on the government-wide financial statements.
Capital leases are accounted for in a manner similar to long-term debt.
17-67
Accounting for Expenditures
Investments GASB 31 established a general rule of fair market
valuation for investments held by a government entity. Changes in the fair value of investments should be
recognized as an element of investment income in the operating statement (or statement of activities) of each fund.
GASB 40 requires footnote disclosures of the policies and the profiles of the government’s investment portfolios.
17-68
Group Exercise: Comprehensive General Fund Entries
The City of Cottersen, Texas is a small town with a population of approximately 15,000. The city noted the following transactions during fiscal 20X8.
REQUIRED1. Prepare General Fund journal entries only for these items.2. Prepare closing entries at 6/30/X8.3. Prepare a Statement of Revenues, Expenditures, and Changes in Fund Balance as of 6/30/X8.4. Provide a summary of the fund balance by category as of 6/30/X8.
17-69
Group Exercise: Requirement 1 (Journal Entries)
1. The Cottersen city council approved the following budget:Estimated revenues $820,000Authorized expenditures (including $60,000 reappropriated for encumbrances outstanding at 6/30/X7 that had lapsed) 720,000Authorized transfers out to other funds($35,000 and $20,000) 55,000Estimated inflow from the discontinuance ofthe Auto Repair Internal Service Fund 25,000
17-70
Group Exercise: Requirement 1 (Journal Entries)
2. The city levied property taxes totaling $570,000. Of this amount, $10,000 was estimated to be uncollectible. Collections during the year totaled $525,000, of which $12,000 were associated with property taxes levied in the prior year that had been declared delinquent at the end of the prior year. All of the remaining property taxes receivable at the beginning of the current year, totaling $5,000, were written off as uncollectible. The net realizable amount at 6/30/X7 ($11,000) is expected to be collected within 60 days.
17-71
Allowance for Uncollectibles—Delinquent
Property Taxes Receivable—Delinquent
Group Exercise: Requirement 1 (Journal Entries)
2. The city levied property taxes totaling $570,000. Of this amount, $10,000 was estimated to be uncollectible. Collections during the year totaled $525,000, of which $12,000 were associated with property taxes levied in the prior year that had been declared delinquent at the end of the prior year. All of the remaining property taxes receivable at the beginning of the current year, totaling $5,000, were written off as uncollectible. The net realizable amount at 6/30/X7 ($11,000) is expected to be collected within 60 days.
12,000 Collected
Given 5,000
BB 17,000 6,000 BB
5,000 5,000Writeoff 1,000 Left over
NRV = 11,000
Close out 17-72
Allowance for Uncollectibles—Delinquent
Property Taxes Receivable—Delinquent
Group Exercise: Requirement 1 (Journal Entries)
12,000 Collected
Given 5,000
BB 17,000 6,000 BB
5,000 5,000Writeoff 1,000 Left over
Close out 17-73
Group Exercise: Requirement 1 (Journal Entries)
2. The city levied property taxes totaling $570,000. Of this amount, $10,000 was estimated to be uncollectible. Collections during the year totaled $525,000, of which $12,000 were associated with property taxes levied in the prior year that had been declared delinquent at the end of the prior year. All of the remaining property taxes receivable at the beginning of the current year, totaling $5,000, were written off as uncollectible. The net realizable amount at 6/30/X7 ($11,000) is expected to be collected within 60 days.
17-74
Group Exercise: Requirement 1 (Journal Entries)
3. The estimated revenues for the year include a $44,000 entitlement from the federal government. During the year, the city received $50,000.
17-75
Group Exercise: Requirement 1 (Journal Entries)
4. The City’s income taxes, sales taxes, permits, licenses, and other miscellaneous revenues totaled 225,000.
17-76
5. Encumbrances outstanding at the beginning of the year totaled $60,000. The goods and services related to these encumbrances were received along with invoices for $58,000.
Group Exercise: Requirement 1 (Journal Entries)
17-77
5. Encumbrances outstanding at the beginning of the year totaled $60,000. The goods and services related to these encumbrances were received along with invoices for $58,000.
Group Exercise: Requirement 1 (Journal Entries)
17-78
Group Exercise: Requirement 1 (Journal Entries)
6. Purchase orders and contracts totaling $380,000 were entered into during the year. For $340,000 of this amount, invoices that totaled $336,000 for services and goods were received. The city generally allows encumbrances outstanding at year-end to laps but reappropriates the amounts in the following year to honor the encumbrances. Of the $336,000 invoiced, $75,000 relates to the acquisition of supplies inventory. The city uses the consumption method for accounting for supplies.
17-79
Group Exercise: Requirement 1 (Journal Entries)
6. Purchase orders and contracts totaling $380,000 were entered into during the year. For $340,000 of this amount, invoices that totaled $336,000 for services and goods were received. The city generally allows encumbrances outstanding at year-end to laps but reappropriates the amounts in the following year to honor the encumbrances. Of the $336,000 invoiced, $75,000 relates to the acquisition of supplies inventory. The city uses the consumption method for accounting for supplies.
17-80
Group Exercise: Requirement 1 (Journal Entries)
7. Payroll and other items not involving the use of purchase orders and contracts totaled $270,000. This amount does not include interfund billings.
8. Cash disbursements (not including payments to other funds) totaled $664,000.
17-81
Group Exercise: Requirement 1 (Journal Entries)
9. The Auto Repair internal service fund was discontinued as determined by the city council at the beginning of the year. The actual amount disbursed to the General Fund when the fund was discontinued was $22,000.
10. A payment was made for $30,000 to the Electric Utility Enterprise Fund to make up its operating deficit, which had originally been estimated to be $35,000.
17-82
Group Exercise: Requirement 1 (Journal Entries)
11. A $20,000 payment was made to a Capital Projects fund to cover a portion of street improvements (which was exactly the amount budgeted).
17-83
Group Exercise: Requirement 1 (Journal Entries)
12. The Electric Utility Enterprise fund billed the city for a total of $28,000 for electricity used by the city and supplied by the Electric Utility. The cash disbursements throughout the year for periodic billings totaled $24,000.
17-84
Group Exercise: Requirement 1 (Journal Entries)
13. The City disbursed $79,000 to the City Center for the Performing Arts Enterprise Fund as a loan. The repayment is expected in three years.
17-85
Group Exercise: Requirement 1 (Journal Entries)
14. A physical count of the supplies inventory at year-end indicates that the balance decreased from $44,000 to $41,000 during the year.
ExpendituresSupplies Inventory
EB 41,000
BB 44,000
Fund Balance—Unassigned Fund Bal.—Non-spendable
Inv. 75,000
41,000 EB
44,000 BB
17-86
Group Exercise: Requirement 1 (Journal Entries)
14. A physical count of the supplies inventory at year-end indicates that the balance decreased from $44,000 to $41,000 during the year.
17-87
Group Exercise: Requirement 2 (Encumbrances Closing Entries)
BUGETARY FUND BALANCE ASSIGNED FOR
ENCUMBRANCESENCUMBRANCES
40,000
Fund Balance—Unassigned Fund Bal.—Assigned for Enc.
40,000
17-88
Group Exercise: Requirement 2 (Encumbrances Closing Entries)
To close encumbrances outstanding at year-end by reversing the entry that previously recorded them (see #6).
To record the actual fund balance reserve account to indicate the portion of year-end fund balance segregated for expenditure upon vendor performance.
17-89
Group Exercise: Requirement 2 (Budget Closing Entry)
To reverse the entry previously made to record the legally adopted annual operating budget.
17-90
Group Exercise: Requirement 2 (Closing Operating Accounts)
Revenues—Property Tax
Revenues—Entitlements
Revenues—Other
Other Financing Sources—Trans. In
Other Financing Uses—Transfers OutExpenditures
560,000 #2
1,000 #2
561,000
44,000 #3
6,000 #3
50,000
225,000 #4
225,000
#5 58,000
695,000
22,000 #9
22,000
#6 336,000#7 270,000#12 28,000#14 3,000
#10 30,000
#11 20,000
50,00017-91
Revenues—Property TaxesRevenues—EntitlementsRevenues—OtherOther Financing Sources—Transfer In
ExpendituresOther Financing Uses—Transfer OutUnassigned Fund Balance
To close the actual revenues, expenditures, and other financing uses into Unassigned Fund Balance.
Group Exercise: Requirement 2 (Closing Operating Accounts)
17-92
Group Exercise: Requirement 2 (Statement of Revenues, Expenditures, and Changes in Fund Balance)
Variance FavorableBudget Actual (Unfavorable)
Revenues:Property taxes ($560,000 + $1,000) $570,000) $561,000) $(9,000))Intergovernmental entitlement 44,000) 50,000) 6,000)Miscellaneous 206,000) 225,000) 19,000)
Total Revenues $820,000) $836,000) $16,000)
Expenditures: 720,000) 695,000) 25,000)Excess of Revenues over Expenditures $100,000) $141,000) $41,000)
Other Financing Sources (Uses):Transfer in from Auto Repair Internal Service Fund $25,000) $22,000) $(3,000)Transfers Out— to Electric Utility Enterprise Fund (35,000) (30,000) 5,000) to Capital Projects Fund (20,000) (20,000) 0)
Total Other Financing Sources (Uses) $(30,000) $(28,000) $2,000)
Excess of Revenues over Expenditures and Other Financing Uses: $70,000) $113,000) $43,000)
Fund Balance – 7/1/X7 200,000) 200,000) 0)Fund Balance – 6/30/X8 $270,000) $313,000) $43,000) )
Note: The large favorable variance is attributable primarily to encumbrances of $40,000 outstanding at year-end that will be reflected as expenditures in the following year and a decrease in supplies inventory of $3,000. 17-93
Fund Balance:Nonspendable:
Supplies Inventory $ 41,000Spendable:
Assigned forGovernmental Services 40,000
Unassigned 232,000Total Fund Balance $313,000
Group Exercise: Requirement 4 (Fund Balance Summary)
17-94
Learning Objective 17-8
Make calculations and record journal entries for basic
interfund activities.
17-95
Interfund Activities
17-96
Overview of Accounting and Financial Reporting for the General Fund
17-97
Overview of Accounting and Financial Reporting for the General Fund
17-98
Conclusion
The End